A 'nest' of surveillance cameras at the Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts

A helicopter flying over Lille, France, watching for possible rioting after the 2007 presidential election

Surveillance is the monitoring of behavior. Gillette Stadium is the home Stadium for the New England Patriots football team and the New England Revolution soccer team Foxborough is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, approximately 22 miles (35 km southwest of Boston and 18 miles (29 km Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The 2007 French presidential election, the ninth of the Fifth French Republic was held to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or Reactions of an object or Organism, usually Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people, objects or processes within systems for conformity to expected or desired norms in trusted systems for security or social control. Social norms have been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values beliefs attitudes and behaviors In the Security engineering subspecialty of Computer science, a trusted system is a system that is relied upon to a specified extent to enforce a specified security Security is the condition of being protected against danger loss and criminals Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior leading to conformity and compliances to the rules of a given Society or Clinical surveillance refers to the monitoring of diseases or public health–related indicators (for example symptoms indicating an act of bioterrorism) by epidemiologists and public health professionals. Clinical surveillance (or Syndromic surveillance) refers to the Surveillance (systematic collection analysis and interpretation of health data about a clinical A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the Health and Illness of populations and serves as the foundation and Logic of interventions made in the The word is pronounced /sɚˈveɪəns/ or /sɚˈveɪləns/. ^[1]

Although the word surveillance in French literally means "watching over",^[2] the term is often used for all forms of observation or monitoring, not just visual observation. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Nevertheless, the all-seeing "eye in the sky" is still a general icon of surveillance. The eye in the sky is a term given to Casino and other commercial security closed circuit cameras. Surveillance in many modern cities and buildings often uses closed-circuit television cameras. Closed-circuit television ( CCTV) is the use of Video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place limited set of monitors Although surveillance can be a useful tool for law enforcement and security companies, many people have concerns about the loss of privacy. Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively

The word surveillance is commonly used to describe observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment or other technological means. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt For example:

• eavesdropping
• telephone tapping
• directional microphones
• covert listening devices or "bugs"
• Minox subminiature cameras
• closed-circuit television
• Night vision
• GPS tracking
• Bait car
• electronic tagging
• CCTV Images
• military reconnaissance
• Reconnaissance aircraft, e. Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation Wiretap redirects here For the radio program see WireTap (radio program Telephone tapping (or wire tapping / wiretapping in A covert listening device, more commonly known as a bug, is usually a combination of a Miniature Radio transmitter with a Microphone. Minox is the brand name of a Spy camera and Minox GmbH is the name of the company which produced them after World War II. Closed-circuit television ( CCTV) is the use of Video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place limited set of monitors Night vision is the ability to see in a dark environment Whether by biological or technological means night vision is made possible by a combination of two approaches sufficient A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine the precise location of a vehicle person or other asset to which it is attached and A bait car also called a decoy car or rat trap, is a vehicle used by a law enforcement agency to capture car thieves. Electronic tagging is a form of non-surreptitious Surveillance consisting of an electronic device attached to a person or vehicle especially certain criminals allowing their CCTV cameras can produce images or recordings for Surveillance purposes and can be either video cameras or digital stills cameras Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information Surveillance aircraft are military Aircraft used for monitoring enemy activity usually carrying no armament g. Lockheed U-2
• Reconnaissance satellites
• "trusted" computing devices
• Internet and computer surveillance

However, surveillance also includes simple, relatively no- or low-technology methods such as direct observation, observation with binoculars, postal interception, or similar methods. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A spy satellite (officially referred to as a reconnaissance satellite) is an Earth observation satellite or Communications satellite deployed for Trusted Computing (TC is a technology developed and promoted by the Trusted Computing Group. Computer surveillance is the act of surveilling people generally their Computer activity possibly without their knowledge Binocular telescopes, or binoculars (also known as field glasses are two identical or Mirror - symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and Postal interception is the act of retrieving another person's Mail for the purpose of ensuring that the mail is not delivered to the recipient or to spy on them

Impact of surveillance

What are you looking at? — Graffiti by Banksy commenting on the neighbouring surveillance camera in a concrete subway underpass near Hyde Park in London. Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property Banksy is a well-known pseudo-anonymous British Graffiti Artist. Hyde Park is one of the largest Parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner

The greatest impact of computer-enabled surveillance is the large number of organizations involved in surveillance operations:

• The state and security services still have the most powerful surveillance systems, because they are enabled under the law. But today levels of state surveillance have increased, and using computers they are now able to draw together many different information sources to produce profiles of persons or groups in society.
• Many large corporations now use various form of "passive" surveillance. This is primarily a means of monitoring the activities of staff and for controlling public relations. Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred But some large corporations actively use various forms of surveillance to monitor the activities of activists and campaign groups who may impact their operations. Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change
• Many companies trade in information lawfully, buying and selling it from other companies or local government agencies who collect it. This data is usually bought by companies who wish to use it for marketing or advertising purposes. In popular usage "marketing" is the promotion of products especially Advertising and Branding However in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand
• Personal information is obtained by many small groups and individuals. Some of this is for harmless purposes, but increasingly sensitive personal information is being obtained for criminal purposes, such as credit card and other types of fraud. A credit card is part of a system of Payments named after the small Plastic card issued to users of the system In the broadest sense a fraud is a Deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual

Modern surveillance cannot be totally avoided. However, non-state groups may employ surveillance techniques against an organization, and some precautions can reduce their success. Some states are also legally limited in how extensively they can conduct general surveillance of people they have no particular reason to suspect.

Note: In all the forms of surveillance mentioned below, the issue of patterns is important. Although in isolation a single piece of communications data seems useless, when collected together with the communications data of other people it can disclose a lot of information about organizational relationships, work patterns, contacts and personal habits. The collection and processing of communications data is largely automated using computers. See also Traffic analysis. Traffic analysis is the process of intercepting and examining messages in order to deduce information from patterns in Communication.

Telephones and mobile telephones

Main article: Telephone tapping

The official and unofficial tapping of telephone lines is widespread. Wiretap redirects here For the radio program see WireTap (radio program Telephone tapping (or wire tapping / wiretapping in

The contracts or licenses by which the state controls telephone companies means that they must provide access for tapping lines to the security services and the police.

For mobile phones the major threat is the collection of communications data. These not only include information about the time and duration of the call, but also from where the call was made and to whom. These data can be determined generally because the geographic communications cell that the call was made in is stored with the details of the call. But it is also possible to get greater resolution of a person's location by combining information from a number of cells surrounding the person's location.

Mobile phones are, in surveillance terms, a major liability. This liability will only increase as the new third-generation (3G) phones are introduced. This is because the base stations will be located closer together .

Postal services

As more people use faxes and e-mail the significance of the postal system is decreasing. Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, "make similar" i Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving (This may not be the case in all countries, certainly the case with international communications, but probably not local. ) But interception of post is still very important to security services.

Surveillance devices, or "bugs"

Main articles: Covert listening device and bug sweeping

Surveillance devices, or "bugs", are not really a communications medium, but they are a device that requires a communications channel. A covert listening device, more commonly known as a bug, is usually a combination of a Miniature Radio transmitter with a Microphone. TSCM ( Technical Surveillance Counter-Measures) is the original Unites States Military Abbreviation denoting the process of bug -sweeping A "bug" usually involves a radio transmitter, but there are many other options for carrying a signal; you can send radio frequencies through the main wiring of a building and pick them up outside, you can pick up the transmissions from a cordless phones, and you can pick up the data from poorly configured wireless computer networks or tune in to the radio emissions of a computer monitor.

Bugs come in all shapes and sizes. The original purpose of bugs was to relay sound. Today the miniaturization of electronics has progressed so far that even TV pictures can be broadcast via bugs that incorporate miniature video cameras (something made popular recently during TV coverage sports events, etc. ). The cost of these devices has dramatically fallen.

A recent trend has been the development of surveillance devices or bugs concurrently with that of popular electronic devices. For example, a new surveillance gadget system involves the insertion of recording devices and cameras and communication devices into iPods and laptops; the surveillance agents pretending to be listening to music with iPods or using laptops then sit near their targets to record their conversation. The control center gives commands to the surveillance agents through the iPods. The popularity of such items as iPods and laptops helps mask the widespread surveillance conducted in society after 9/11. The system is employed by the Department of Homeland Security among others.

Computer surveillance

Main article: Computer surveillance

At a basic level, computers are a surveillance target because large amounts of personal information are stored on them. Computer surveillance is the act of surveilling people generally their Computer activity possibly without their knowledge Anyone who can access or remove a computer can retrieve information. If someone is able to install software on a computer system, they can turn the computer into a surveillance device.

Computers can be tapped by a number of methods, ranging from the installation of physical bugs or surveillance software to the remote interception of the radio transmissions generated by the normal operation of computers.

Spyware, a term coined by self-proclaimed computer security expert Steve Gibson, is often used to describe computer surveillance tools that are installed against a user's will. Such content will be deleted Specific software is to be mentioned in this article only Steve Gibson may refer to Steve Gibson (businessman (born 1958 English entrepreneur and chairman of Middlesbrough Football Club Steve Gibson (computer High-speed Internet connections have made computers more vulnerable than ever before.

Photography

Photography is becoming more valuable as a means of surveillance. In recent years there has been a significant expansion in the level of stills and video photography carried out at public demonstrations in many countries. At the same time there have been advances in closed circuit television (CCTV) technology and computer image processing that enable digital images taken from cameras to be matched with images stored in a database. Closed-circuit television ( CCTV) is the use of Video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place limited set of monitors

Photographs have long been collected as a form of evidence. But as protest and civil disobedience become an ever-greater liability to governments and corporations, images are gathered not only as evidence for prosecution, but also as a source of intelligence information. The collection of photographs and video also has another important function — it scares people

See Forward intelligence Team, Secret photography. Secret photography involves a person or persons being unaware that they are being intentionally photographed

Closed-circuit television

Main article: Closed-circuit television

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) — with which the picture is viewed or recorded, but not broadcast — initially developed as a means of security for banks. Closed-circuit television ( CCTV) is the use of Video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place limited set of monitors Today it has developed to the point where it is simple and inexpensive enough to be used in home security systems, and for everyday surveillance.

Citizens under surveillance in Cairns, Queensland

The widespread use of CCTV by the police and governments has developed over the last 10 years. In the UK, cities and towns across the country have installed large numbers of cameras linked to police authorities. The justification for the growth of CCTV in towns is that it deters crime — although there is still no clear evidence that CCTV reduces crime. The recent growth of CCTV in housing areas also raises serious issues about the extent to which CCTV is being used as a social control measure rather than simply a deterrent to crime.

The development of CCTV in public areas, linked to computer databases of people's pictures and identity, has been argued by some to present a risk to civil liberties. thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government.

Electronic trails

Modern society creates large amounts of transaction data. Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's In the past this data would be documented in paper records and would leave a "paper trail" but today many of these records are electronic, resulting in an "electronic trail" that is easily reconstructed through automated means. Paper Trail is the sixth studio album by American hip hop artist T Every time you use a bank machine, pay by credit card, use a phone card, make a call from home, or otherwise complete a recorded transaction you generate an electronic record. When aggregated and analyzed, this information can identify individual behavior patterns that describe how you live and work.

One way to protect autonomy and individual freedom in a paper-based world is through anonymous transactions, for example by using cash. When transactions are electronic, that anonymity may be lost.

Today, large aggregations of transaction information are assembled by marketing, credit reporting, and other data aggregation companies in order to analyze consumer behavior to determine how companies should manage their marketing or sales strategies, or to assess counterparty "trust" for financial transaction. A credit rating agency ( CRA) is a company that assigns Credit ratings for Issuers of certain types of Debt obligations as well as the debt instruments A counterparty (sometimes contraparty) is a legal and financial term These data sets are also sold to other companies or to government agencies for additional use.

The availability of large data sets of transaction information facilitates the use of automated surveillance or analysis techniques such as data mining to perform dataveillance. Data mining is the process of Sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information

Data profiling of individuals

Data profiling in this context is the process of assembling information about a particular individual in order to generate a profile — that is, a picture of their patterns and behavior (compare this use of the term data profiling with that used in statistics or data management where data profiling is the examination of information describing the data or data set itself). Data profiling is the process of examining the data available in an existing data source (e

Data profiling is used in security, law enforcement and intelligence operations for a variety of applications — for example, to assess "trust" for security clearances or to grant authorization relating to a trusted system, or to identify or apprehend suspects or threats. Security is the condition of being protected against danger loss and criminals An intelligence agency is a governmental agency that is devoted to the Information gathering (known in the context as " intelligence " In the Security engineering subspecialty of Computer science, a trusted system is a system that is relied upon to a specified extent to enforce a specified security The government is able to access information from third parties — for example, banks, credit companies or employers, etc.  — by requesting access informally, by compelling access through the use of subpoenas or other procedures, or by purchasing data from commercial data aggregators or data brokers. Under United States v. Miller (1976), data held by third parties is generally not subject to Fourth Amendment warrant requirements. Private companies and private investigators can also generally access or purchase data from these aggregators. A private investigator or private detective (often shortened to PI or private eye) is a person who can be hired by individuals or groups to undertake

Information relating to any individual transaction is easily available because it is not generally highly valued in isolation, however, when many such transactions are aggregated they can be used to assemble a detailed profile revealing the actions, habits and preferences of the individual.

In the past, much information about individuals has been protected by practical obscurity (a term used by Justice Stevens in his opinion in USDOJ v. Reporters Committee, 1989). Practical obscurity refers to the practical difficulty of aggregating or analyzing a large number of data points in different physical locations. In addition, information was often transient and not easily available after the fact. Further, even where data was available, correlation of paper-based records was a laborious process. Electronic, particularly digital, record-keeping has undermined this practical obscurity by making data easily available and potentially making aggregation and analysis possible at significantly lower costs.

Thus, as more information becomes available in electronic form — for example, as public records such birth, court, tax and other records are made available online — the ability to create very detailed data profiles increases and may raise concerns.

Biometric surveillance

Swiss European surveillance: facial recognition and vehicle make, model, color and license plate reader. A facial recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source Automatic number plate recognition ( ANPR; see also other names below is a Mass surveillance method that uses Optical character recognition on In Germany and Switzerland these are quite widespread in use.

Side View.

Close-up of the Infrared Illuminator. This light is invisible to the human eye but it creates a day like environment for the surveillance cameras.

Biometric surveillance refers to technologies that measure and analyze human physical and/or behavioral characteristics for authentication, identification, or screening purposes. Examples of physical characteristics include fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, DNA, facial patterns and hand measurements, while examples of mostly behavioral characteristics include signature, gait, voice, and typing patterns. All behavioral biometric characteristics have a physiological component. Another form of behavioral biometrics has been introduced by IBM in 2006, called the Smart Surveillance System, or S3, which uses video surveillance and algorithms to detect suspicious activity or behavior and will send an alert when necessary. Most forms of biometric surveillance are still in the research and developmental mode. As the technologies for biometric surveillance become more accurate and reliable, it may become more popular to use the body as a password, instead of using PINs or pass codes.

The main advantages of biometrics over standard identification and validation systems are:

• Biometric traits cannot be lost or forgotten (while passwords can)
• Biometric traits are difficult to copy, share and distribute (while passwords can be announced in websites of crackers)
• Biometrics require the person being authenticated to be present at the time and point of authentication

A biometric system can provide the following three functions:

• Verification: Is the person who he claims to be? A person’s identity can be checked if his/her biometric information is already known and stored on a card or in a database.
• Identification: Who is the person? Biometric information can be extracted from a person and compared with other entries of a database to see if the resulting match provides one clear answer.
• Screening: Is the person on a watch-list? Biometric information can be used to determine if a person is cleared to be in a restricted area, or if the person is on a watch list (e. g. the F. B. I. Most Wanted list).

As a means of combating the problem of people carrying or falsifying credentials, researchers are increasingly looking at biometrics — measuring biological or physical characteristics — as a way to determine identity. Biometrics ( ancient Greek: bios life metron measure refers to two very different fields of study and application One of the oldest forms of biometrics is fingerprints. A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger Every finger of every person (identical twins included) has a unique pattern, and these have been used for many years to help identify suspects in police inquiries. A finger/thumb print can be reduced to a brief numeric description, and such systems are being used in banks and secure areas to verify identity. However, it should be noted that as of 2006, electronic fingerprint readers are subject to high error rates, misidentifying individuals as frequently as one time in ten.

A more recent development is DNA fingerprinting, which looks at some of the major markers in the body's DNA to produce a match. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known However, the match produced is less accurate than ordinary fingerprints because it only identifies people to a certain probability of matching. Further, identical twins have identical DNA, and so are indistinguishable by this method.

Handwriting — primarily one's signature — has been used for many years to determine identity. However other characteristics of the individual can also be used to check identity. Voice analysis has been used for some as a means to prove identity, but it is not suited to portable use because of the problems of storing a range of voiceprints. But perhaps the two most viable portable systems, because identities can be reduced to a series of numeric data points rather than a detailed image or sound, are:

• Iris recognition. Some banks are now using this method of security. The human iris has a unique pattern that can be reduced to a simple series of numeric descriptions. The iris reader matches the pattern of the iris to one stored and verifies the match.
• Facial recognition. The configuration of the facial features can be used to accurately identify one individual from another. Again, the configuration can be reduced to a short numeric description.

By combining some form of personal identifying feature, with a system of verification it is possible to do everything from buying food to travelling abroad. The important issue is how this information is managed in order to reduce the likelihood of tracking. If you were to combine a particular biometric system with new smart card technology to store the description, that system would be immune from tracking (unless the transaction produced a document/electronic trail). However, if the identifying features are stored centrally, and a whole range of systems have access to those descriptions, it is possible that other uses could be made of the data; for example, using high resolution CCTV images with a database of facial identities in order to identify people at random.

Identities

As we move towards the development of electronic identities, it becomes more difficult for people to hide their identities. The development of electronic identities could, therefore, be perceived as an infringement of people's civil liberties. There are two aspects to this:

• Development of systems of credentials — where you carry a card or a document; and
• Development of biometrics — where you are recognized from your unique biological characteristics. Biometrics ( ancient Greek: bios life metron measure refers to two very different fields of study and application

The development of identity systems is being pushed on two fronts:

• The banking industry, who wish to find a more fool-proof system of verifying financial transactions than the possession of a plastic card or the use of a signature;
• Law enforcement, as a way of identifying individuals easily.

One of the simplest forms of identification is the carrying of credentials. Some countries have an identity card system to aid identification, whilst many, such as Britain, are considering it but face public opposition. An identity document, also called a piece of identification ( ID) is a document used to verify aspects of a person's Identity. Other documents, such as driver's licenses, library cards, bankers or credit cards are also used to verify identity. One problem with identity based on credentials is that the individual must carry them, and be identifiable, or face a legal penalty. This problem is compounded if the form of the identity card is "machine-readable," usually using an encoded magnetic stripe that corroborates the subject's identifying data. In this case it may create a document trail as it is used to verify transactions, like, for instance, swiping an ID card before entering a night club or bar to confirm age and possibly aid police in case of a criminal incident on the premises.

Human operatives and social engineering

The most invasive form of surveillance is the use of human operatives. This takes two forms:

• The use of operatives to infiltrate an organization; and
• The use of social engineering techniques to obtain information.

In groups dealing with issues that are directly contrary to government policy the issue of infiltration often arises. Also, where groups oppose large corporations, infiltration by agents of the corporation may occur. As well as operatives, the police and security services may put pressure on certain members of an organization to disclose the information they hold on other members.

Running operatives is very expensive, and for the state the information recovered from operatives can be obtained from less problematic forms of surveillance. If discovered, it can also be a public relations disaster for the government or corporation involved. For these reasons, the use of operatives to infiltrate organizations is not as widespread as many believe. But infiltration is still very likely from other organizations who are motivated to discover and monitor the work of campaign groups. This may be for political or economic motivations. There are also many informal links between large corporations and police or security services, and the trading of information about groups and activists is part of this relationship.

It is not possible to guard against the infiltration of an organization without damaging the viability or effectiveness of the organization. Worrying too much about infiltration within the organization can breed mistrust and bad working relationships within an organization. Rather like other forms of surveillance, the professional infiltration of operatives into an organization is difficult to guard against.

Another more likely scenario, especially when dealing with third-party collections agencies or banks seeking debt payment, as well as the media or corporate public relations, is social engineering, also known as "pretexting. " This involves the inquiring agent phoning or physically talking to the subject in a way as to make him believe they are someone else, or someone with an innocuous interest in the subject. The inquirer's real, clandestine interest is to obtain some specific information that they believe the subject possesses. This form of information gathering is most often used, on a regular basis, by financial operatives pursuing delinquent debts. A collection agency is a business that pursues payments on Debts owed by individuals or businesses

In order to avoid disclosing sensitive information to undesirable third parties, precautions may be taken:

• One should not disclose sensitive information over the telephone or in person to unverified third parties.
• Social engineering may be identified by asking a series of questions to see if the inquirer is aware of facts or future plans that they should not be aware of. In case the inquirer claims to represent a familiar financial institution or other "trusted" organization, one may ask for a number to call back, which may then be verified, either through a phone directory or organization web site.

Journalists for well known media organization can be verified by phoning the editor of that organization, but freelance or independent journalists should be treated with care — they could be working for anyone.

In case one is member of certain organizations, such as activist groups, a balance between privacy and accessibility is often necessary, especially when running a public campaign. This often requires a security policy for dealing with media and other inquiries. Security policy is a definition of what it means to be secure for a system organization or other entity

Natural surveillance

Natural surveillance is a term used in "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" (CPTED) and "Defensible Space" models for crime prevention. Crime prevention through environmental design ( CPTED) is a multi-disciplinary approach to deterring criminal behavior through Environmental design. These models rely on the ability to influence offender decisions preceding criminal acts. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Research into criminal behavior demonstrates that the decision to offend or not to offend is more influenced by cues to the perceived risk of being caught than by cues to reward or ease of entry. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. Consistent with this research CPTED based strategies emphasize enhancing the perceived risk of detection and apprehension.

Natural surveillance limits the opportunity for crime by taking steps to increase the perception that people can be seen. Natural surveillance occurs by designing the placement of physical features, activities and people in such a way as to maximize visibility and foster positive social interaction. Potential offenders feel increased scrutiny and limitations on their escape routes. It is typically free of cost, however its effectiveness to deter crime varies with the individual offender.

Jane Jacobs, North American editor, urban activist, urban planning critic, and author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), formulated the natural surveillance strategy based on her work in New York's Greenwich Village. Natural surveillance is naturally occurring. As people are moving around an area, they will be able to observe what is going on around them, provided the area is open and well lit. Supporting a diversity of uses within a public space is highly effective. A public space refers to an area or place that is open and accessible to all citizens regardless of Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Age or Other ways to promote natural surveillance include low landscaping, street lights, street designs that encourage pedestrian use, removing hiding and lurking places, and placing high risk targets, such as expensive or display items, in plain view of legitimate users, such as near a receptionist or sales clerk. A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard or lamp standard, is a raised source of Light on the edge of a Road

Included in the design are features that maximize visibility of people, parking areas and building entrances: doors and windows that look out on to streets and parking areas, see-through barriers (glass brick walls, picket fences), pedestrian-friendly sidewalks and streets, and front porches. GlassWindowjpg|thumb|right|190px|A stained glass panel depicting Biblical scenes at a historic church in Scotland]] A window is an opening A pedestrian is a person travelling on foot whether Walking or Running. A sidewalk (chiefly North American English) pavement ( British English and Philadelphia dialect) footpath ( Australian English Designing nighttime lighting is particularly important: uniform high intensity "carpet" lighting of large areas is discouraged, especially where lights glare into (and discourage) observers eyes. Lighting includes both artificial Light sources such as lamps and natural illumination of interiors from Daylight. In its place is feature lighting that draws the observer's focus to access control points and potential hiding areas. Area lighting is still used, but with shielded and cut-off luminaries to control glare. Light sources are typically placed lower to the ground, at a higher density, and with lower intensity than the lighting it is designed to replace.

Any architectural design that enhances the chance that a potential offender will be, or might be, seen is a form of natural surveillance. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Often, it is not just the fact that the offender might be seen that matters. It is that the offender "thinks" they will be seen that can help deter the opportunity for crime. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment (See also security lighting. In the field of Physical security, security lighting is often used as a preventative and corrective measure against intrusions or other criminal activity on a physical piece )

Counter surveillance, inverse surveillance, sousveillance

Main article: Sousveillance

"Eye-in-the-sky" surveillance dome camera mounted atop a tall steel pole, in Canada. Sousveillance (suːˈveɪləns original French) as well as inverse surveillance are terms coined by Steve Mann to describe the recording of an activity Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

Surveillance is the art of watching over the activities of persons or groups from a position of higher authority. Surveillance may be covert (without their knowledge) or overt (perhaps with frequent reminders such as "we are watching over you"). Surveillance has been an intrinsic part of human history. Sun Tzu's The Art of War, written 2,500 years ago, discusses how spies should be used against a person's enemies. Sun Tzu ( ("Master Sun" also called Sun Wu ( is traditionally considered to be the author of The Art of War (also simply called the The Art of War ( is a Chinese military Treatise that was written during the 6th century BC by Sun Tzu. But modern electronic and computer technology have given surveillance a whole new field of operation. Surveillance can be automated using computers, and people leave extensive records that describe their activities.

Counter surveillance is the practice of avoiding surveillance or making surveillance difficult. Countersurveillance refers to measures undertaken to prevent Surveillance, including Covert surveillance. Before computer networks, counter surveillance involved avoiding agents and communicating secretly. With recent developments — the Internet, increasing prevalence of electronic security systems, and computer databases — counter surveillance has grown in scope and complexity. Now counter surveillance involves everything from knowing how to delete a file on a computer to avoiding becoming the target of direct advertising agencies. A computer file is a block of Arbitrary Information, or resource for storing information which is available to a Computer program and is usually Direct marketing is a sub-discipline and type of Marketing. There are two main definitional characteristics which distinguish it from other types of marketing

Inverse surveillance is the practice of reversalism on surveillance, e. Sousveillance (suːˈveɪləns original French) as well as inverse surveillance are terms coined by Steve Mann to describe the recording of an activity g. , citizens photographing police, shoppers photographing shopkeepers, and passengers photographing cab drivers who usually have surveillance cameras in their cabs. A well-known example is George Holliday's recording of the Rodney King beating. Rodney Glen King April 9, 1965 in Fort Worth Texas) --> (born April 2, 1965 Rodney Glen King April 9, 1965 in Fort Worth Texas) --> (born April 2, 1965 Inverse surveillance attempts to subvert the Panoptic gaze of surveillance, and often attempts to subvert the secrecy of surveillance through making the inverse surveillance recordings widely available (in contrast to the usually secret or restricted surveillance tapes). The Panopticon is a type of Prison building designed by English architect Jeremy Bentham in 1785

Sousveillance (a term coined by Steve Mann, a professor at the University of Toronto) is inverse surveillance that includes the recording of an activity by a participant in the activity. Sousveillance (suːˈveɪləns original French) as well as inverse surveillance are terms coined by Steve Mann to describe the recording of an activity Sousveillance (suːˈveɪləns original French) as well as inverse surveillance are terms coined by Steve Mann to describe the recording of an activity ^[3] Recent sousveillance workshops such as Microsoft's Continuous Archival and Recording of Personal Experience are evidence of a growing sousveillance industry<fact> including Microsoft (wearable cameras), Nokia, Hewlett Packard ("Casual Capture") and many others. Sousveillance (suːˈveɪləns original French) as well as inverse surveillance are terms coined by Steve Mann to describe the recording of an activity Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Nokia Corporation (pronunciation /'nɔkiɑ/),,) is a Finnish multinational Communications Corporation, headquartered

Clinical surveillance is the monitoring of events (including, for example, the occurrences of infectious diseases or chronic diseases) with a significant impact on public health. Clinical surveillance (or Syndromic surveillance) refers to the Surveillance (systematic collection analysis and interpretation of health data about a clinical An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic In Medicine, a chronic disease is a Disease that is long-lasting or recurrent Increasingly, clinical surveillance is being used to inform public policy in allocating health care resources and meeting patient needs. As health care becomes increasingly dependent on information systems and the use of clinical surveillance becomes more widespread, privacy concerns may arise. Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively Patient-centeredness is a form of clinical sousveillance in which information is managed with equiveillance and transparency. Equiveillance is the a state of equilibrium or a desire to attain a state of equilibrium between Surveillance and Sousveillance.

Equiveillance is the balance between surveillance and sousveillance. Equiveillance is the a state of equilibrium or a desire to attain a state of equilibrium between Surveillance and Sousveillance. Ian Kerr and Steve Mann have suggested that equiveillance might better preserve the contextual integrity of veillance data^[4]

World-wide counter surveillance system. There have been various attempts to formulate a formal basis for what might constitute a world-wide counter-surveillance system. A recent world-wide web phenomenon has seen the appearance of a jpeg image that states: this image has been removed by the world-wide counter-surveillance system. The file originated on a computer in Colombia in May of 2008 and has since quickly spread through social network sites.

See also

• Access control
• Big Brother (TV series)
• Cabinet noir
• Closed-circuit television
• Conspiracy theory
• Countersurveillance
• Disease surveillance
• ECHELON
• Espionage
• Information Awareness Office
• IP video surveillance
• ISTAR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance)
• Mass surveillance
• Night vision
• Physical Security
• Privacy
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
• Surveillance aircraft
• Secure computing
• Security
• Security engineering
• TEMPEST
• Treaty on Open Skies
• Trusted system
• Technical Surveillance Counter-Measures
• Web bug, also known as "web beacon"

References

• David Brin (1998), The Transparent Society. Glen David Brin, PhD (born October 6, 1950) is an American scientist and award-winning author of Science fiction. The Transparent Society (1998 is a non-fiction book by the science-fiction author David Brin in which he forecasts the erosion of Privacy, as it is New York: Addison-Wesley: ISBN 0-201-32802-X
• Simson Garfinkel, Database Nation; The Death of Privacy in the 21st Century. Simson L Garfinkel is an Associate Professor at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey California and an Associate of the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ISBN 0-596-00105-3
• Jacobs, Jane (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities New York: Random House. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ISBN 0-679-60047-7
• Peter Jenkins, Advanced Surveillance Training Manual, ISBN 0-9535378-1-1, Intel Publishing, UK
• Mobbs, Paul Living Under Surveillance, Association for Progressive Communications, Licensed under the GFDL. The GNU Free Documentation License ( GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a Copyleft License for free documentation designed by the Free Software
• Monahan, Torin, ed. (2006), Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life. New York: Routledge: ISBN 0-415-95393-6

External links

• Surveillance & Society Free academic e-journal on surveillance. Includes resources.
• Videos and info
• The Surveillance-Industrial Complex: How the American Government Is Conscripting Businesses and Individuals in the Construction of a Surveillance Society
• Guide to lawful intercept legislation around the world
• A Report on the Surveillance Society for the Information Commissioner by the Surveillance Studies Network, September, 2006
• [1]
• Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). Kenneth George Wilson (1923–2003 was the author of The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, published in 1993 "surveillance, surveillant (nn.), surveil (v.)", The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Bartleby.com. Bartlebycom is an electronic text archive headquartered in New York and named after Herman Melville 's Bartleby the Scrivener.