Surrealism

Surrealist music Surrealist films Surrealist Manifesto Surrealist techniques Surrealist humor Surrealism articles

Surrealism^[1] is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. The Elephant Celebes (or Celebes) is a 1921 painting by the German Dadaist and Surrealist Max Ernst Surrealist music is Music which uses unexpected Juxtapositions and other Surrealist techniques. Surrealist Films include Un chien andalou and L'Âge d'Or by Luis Buñuel and Dalí; Buñuel went Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively Surrealism in Art, Poetry, and Literature utilizes numerous unique techniques and games to provide inspiration Surreal humour is a form of humour, laughingly in a style related to the artistic ambitions of the surrealists, based on bizarre Juxtapositions absurd situations The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost with the works being an artifact, and leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. A non sequitur (ˌnɒnˈsɛkwɨtɚ is a conversational and literary device often used for comical purposes (as opposed to its use in formal logic) André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, From the Dada activities of World War I Surrealism was formed with the most important center of the movement in Paris. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All From the 1920s on it spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film, music, and video games of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice and philosophy and social theory.

Contents 1 Founding of the movement 1.1 Surrealist Manifesto 1.2 La Révolution surréaliste 1.3 Bureau of Surrealist Research 2 Expansion 2.1 Writing continues 2.2 Films by Surrealists 2.3 Music by Surrealists 3 Surrealism and international politics 3.1 Internal politics 4 Golden age 4.1 World War II and the Post War period 5 Post Breton Surrealism 6 Impact of Surrealism 6.1 Surrealist groups 6.2 Surrealism and theatre 6.3 Surrealism and film 6.4 Surrealism and comedy 7 Criticism of Surrealism 7.1 Feminist 7.2 Freudian 7.3 Situationist 8 Timeline of Membership 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 11.1 André Breton writings 11.2 Overview websites 11.3 Surrealism and politics

Founding of the movement

World War I scattered the writers and artists who had been based in Paris, and while away from Paris many involved themselves in the Dada movement, believing that excessive rational thought and bourgeois values had brought the terrifying conflict upon the world. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released The Dadaists protested with anti-rational anti-art gatherings, performances, writing and art works. Anti-art is the definition of a work which may be exhibited or delivered in a conventional context but makes fun of serious Art or challenges the nature of art After the war when they returned to Paris the Dada activities continued.

During the war Surrealism's soon-to-be leader André Breton, who had trained in medicine and psychiatry, served in a neurological hospital where he used the psychoanalytic methods of Sigmund Freud with soldiers who were shell-shocked. André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded He also met the young writer Jacques Vaché and felt that he was the spiritual son of writer and 'pataphysician Alfred Jarry, and he came to admire the young writer's anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition. Jacques Vaché ( 7 September 1895 - 6 January[[ 919]] was a friend of André Breton, the founder of Surrealism. 'Pataphysics ( French: 'Pataphysique) a term coined by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873 – 1907 is a Alfred Jarry ( 8 September 1873 &ndash 1 November 1907) was a French Writer born in Laval, Mayenne Later Breton wrote, "In literature, I am successively taken with Rimbaud, with Jarry, with Apollinaire, with Nouveau, with Lautréamont, but it is Jacques Vaché to whom I owe the most. "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ Guillaume Apollinaire (in French ɡijom apɔliˈnɛʁ ( August 26, 1880 &ndash November 9, 1918) was a French Poet Germain Nouveau born and died in Pourrières, Var, in France ( 31 July 1851 - 4 April 1920) was a French poet Comte de Lautréamont (lotʁeaˈmɔ̃ in French was the Pen name of Isidore Lucien Ducasse ( April 4 "^[2]

Back in Paris, Breton joined in the Dada activities and also started the literary journal Littérature along with Louis Aragon and Philippe Soupault. Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist Philippe Soupault ( 2 August 1897 &ndash 12 March 1990) was a French writer and poet novelist critic and political activist They began experimenting with automatic writing—spontaneously writing without censoring their thoughts—and published the "automatic" writings, as well as accounts of dreams, in Littérature. Automatism has taken on many forms the Automatic writing and drawing initially (and still to this day practiced by surrealists can be compared to similar or perhaps Breton and Soupault delved deeper into automatism and wrote The Magnetic Fields (Les Champs Magnétiques) in 1919. For the Jean-Michel Jarre album "Les Chants Magnétiques" see Magnetic Fields (album. They continued the automatic writing, gathering more artists and writers into the group, and coming to believe that automatism was a better tactic for societal change than the Dada attack on prevailing values. In addition to Breton, Aragon and Soupault the original Surrealists included Paul Éluard, Benjamin Péret, René Crevel, Robert Desnos, Jacques Baron, Max Morise, Marcel Noll, Pierre Naville, Roger Vitrac, Simone Breton, Gala Éluard, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Hans Arp, Georges Malkine, Michel Leiris, Georges Limbour, Antonin Artaud, Raymond Queneau, André Masson, Joan Miró, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Prévert and Yves Tanguy. Paul Éluard was the Pen name of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ( 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952) a French Benjamin Péret ( 4 July 1899 - 18 September 1959) was a French poet and Surrealist. René Crevel ( August 10, 1900 – June 18, 1935) was a French Writer involved with the surrealist movement Robert Desnos ( 4 July 1900 - 8 June 1945) was a French Surrealist poet who played a key role in the surrealistic movement of his day Jacques Baron (1905 - 1986 was a French surrealist poet whose first collection of poems was published in Aventure in 1921 Max Morise (1900-1973 was a French artist writer & actor associated with the Surrealist movement in Paris from 1924 to 1929 Pierre Naville ( Paris, 1904 — Paris, 1993 was a French Writer and Sociologist. Roger Vitrac (1899–1952 was a French surrealist playwright and poet Gala Dalí ( &ndash 10 June, 1982) usually known simply as Gala, was the wife of first Paul Éluard, then Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Georges Alexandre Malkine (1898-1970 was the only painter to sign the Surrealist Manifesto of 1924 the other signatories were for the most part writers Julien Michel Leiris ( April 20 1901 in Paris &ndash September 30 1990 in Saint-Hilaire Essonne) was a French Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud ( September 4, 1896, in Marseille – March 4, 1948 in Raymond Queneau ( February 21, 1903 &ndash October 25, 1976) was a French Poet and Novelist and the co-founder André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist. Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist Jacques Prévert (ʒak pʀeˈvɛʀ in French February 4, 1900 - April 11, 1977) was a French Poet and Screenwriter Raymond Georges Yves Tanguy ( January 5, 1900 &ndash January 15, 1955) was a Surrealist painter ^[3]

As they developed their philosophy they felt that while Dada rejected categories and labels, Surrealism would advocate the idea that ordinary and depictive expressions are vital and important, but that the sense of their arrangement must be open to the full range of imagination according to the Hegelian Dialectic. In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions They also looked to the Marxist dialectic and the work of such theorists as Walter Benjamin and Herbert Marcuse. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( July 15, 1892 &ndash September 27, 1940) was a German - Jewish Marxist Herbert Marcuse ( July 19, 1898 &ndash July 29, 1979) was a German philosopher and sociologist, and a member of

Freud's work with free association, dream analysis and the hidden unconscious was of the utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded However, they embraced idiosyncrasy, while rejecting the idea of an underlying madness or darkness of the mind. Idiosyncrasy, from Greek ιδιοσυγκρασία idiosunkrasia, "a peculiar temperament" "habit of body" ( idios "one's own" (Later the idiosyncratic Salvador Dalí explained it as: "There is only one difference between a madman and me. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist I am not mad. "^[4])

The group aimed to revolutionize human experience, including its personal, cultural, social, and political aspects, by freeing people from what they saw as false rationality, and restrictive customs and structures. Breton proclaimed, the true aim of Surrealism is "long live the social revolution, and it alone!" To this goal, at various times surrealists aligned with communism and anarchism. André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i

In 1924 they declared their intents and philosophy with the issuance of the first Surrealist Manifesto. Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively That same year they established the Bureau of Surrealist Research, and began publishing the journal La Révolution surréaliste. The Bureau of Surrealist Research, also known as the Centrale Surréaliste, was a Paris -based office in which a loosely affiliated group of Surrealist writers La Révolution surréaliste (The Surrealist Revolution was a publication by Surrealists in Paris

Surrealist Manifesto

Main article: Surrealist Manifesto

Breton wrote the manifesto of 1924 (another was issued in 1929) that defines the purposes of the group and includes citations of the influences on Surrealism, examples of Surrealist works and discussion of Surrealist automatism. Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively He defined Surrealism as:

Dictionary: Surrealism, n. Pure psychic automatism, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought. Dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation.

Encyclopedia: Surrealism. Philosophy. Surrealism is based on the belief in the superior reality of certain forms of previously neglected associations, in the omnipotence of dream, in the disinterested play of thought. It tends to ruin once and for all other psychic mechanisms and to substitute itself for them in solving all the principal problems of life.

La Révolution surréaliste

Main article: La Révolution surréaliste

Shortly after releasing the first Surrealist Manifesto in 1924, the Surrealists published the inaugural issue of La Révolution surréaliste and publication continued into 1929. La Révolution surréaliste (The Surrealist Revolution was a publication by Surrealists in Paris Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively La Révolution surréaliste (The Surrealist Revolution was a publication by Surrealists in Paris Pierre Naville and Benjamin Péret were the initial directors of the publication and modeled the format of the journal on the conservative scientific review La Nature. Pierre Naville ( Paris, 1904 — Paris, 1993 was a French Writer and Sociologist. Benjamin Péret ( 4 July 1899 - 18 September 1959) was a French poet and Surrealist. The format was deceiving, and to the Surrealists' delight La Révolution surréaliste was consistently scandalous and revolutionary. The journal focused on writing with most pages densely packed with columns of text, but also included reproductions of art, among them works by Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, André Masson and Man Ray. Giorgio de Chirico ( July 10, 1888 &ndash November 20, 1978) was an influential pre-Surrealist and then Surrealist Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised

Bureau of Surrealist Research

Main article: Bureau of Surrealist Research

The Bureau of Surrealist Research (Centrale Surréaliste) was the Paris office where the Surrealist writers and artists gathered to meet, hold discussions, and conduct interviews with the goal of investigating speech under trance. The Bureau of Surrealist Research, also known as the Centrale Surréaliste, was a Paris -based office in which a loosely affiliated group of Surrealist writers The Bureau of Surrealist Research, also known as the Centrale Surréaliste, was a Paris -based office in which a loosely affiliated group of Surrealist writers

Expansion

The movement in the mid-1920s was characterized by meetings in cafes where the Surrealists played collaborative drawing games and discussed the theories of Surrealism. The Surrealists developed techniques such as automatic drawing. Automatism has taken on many forms the Automatic writing and drawing initially (and still to this day practiced by surrealists can be compared to similar or perhaps (See Surrealist techniques and games. Surrealism in Art, Poetry, and Literature utilizes numerous unique techniques and games to provide inspiration )

Breton initially doubted that visual arts could even be useful in the Surrealist movement since they appeared to be less malleable and open to chance and automatism. Automatism has taken on many forms the Automatic writing and drawing initially (and still to this day practiced by surrealists can be compared to similar or perhaps This caution was overcome by the discovery of such techniques as frottage, and decalcomania. Surrealism in Art, Poetry, and Literature utilizes numerous unique techniques and games to provide inspiration In Art, frottage (from French frotter, "to rub" is a surrealist and "automatic" method of creative production developed by Decalcomania, from the French décalcomanie, is a decorative technique by which engravings and prints may be transferred to pottery or other materials

Soon more visual artists joined Surrealism including Giorgio de Chirico, Salvador Dalí, Enrico Donati, Alberto Giacometti, Valentine Hugo, Méret Oppenheim, Toyen, Grégoire Michonze, and Luis Buñuel. Giorgio de Chirico ( July 10, 1888 &ndash November 20, 1978) was an influential pre-Surrealist and then Surrealist Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Enrico Donati Alberto Giacometti ( October 10, 1901 – January 11, 1966) was a Swiss sculptor, painter, draftsman, Valentine Hugo (1887 &ndash 1968 was an artist She was born Boulogne-sur-Mer and died in Paris. Meret Oppenheim ( 6 October 1913, Berlin &mdash 15 November 1985, Switzerland) was a German -born Swiss Marie Čermínová ( September 21 1902, Prague &ndash November 9 1980, Paris) known as Toyen, was a Czech Grégoire Michonze (1902-1982 (variant name Grégoire Michonznic) was a Russian French painter born in 1902 in Kishinev ( Bessarabia Luis Buñuel Portolés (22 February 1900 &ndash 29 July 1983 was a Spanish -born Filmmaker and naturalized Mexican who worked mainly in Mexico Though Breton admired Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp and courted them to join the movement, they remained peripheral. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist ^[5]

More writers also joined, including former Dada leader Tristan Tzara, René Char, Georges Sadoul, André Thirion and Maurice Heine. Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S René Char ( June 14, 1907 &ndash February 19, 1988) was a 20th century French Poet. Georges Sadoul (born Nancy 1904 died Paris 1967 was a French journalist and cinema writer

In 1925 an autonomous Surrealist group formed in Brussels becoming official in 1926. The group included the musician, poet and artist E.L.T. Mesens, painter and writer René Magritte, Paul Nougé, Marcel Lecomte, Camille Goemans, and André Souris. ELT Mesens (Edouard Léon Théodore (1903 &ndash 1971 was a Belgian Artist and Writer associated with the Belgian Surrealist movement René François Ghislain Magritte ( 21 November 1898 - 15 August 1967) was a Belgian Surrealist artist Paul Nougé (1895 - 1967 was a Belgian Poet and Philosopher. He was one of the most influential members of the Surrealist school in Belgium Marcel Lecomte ( September 25 1900, Saint-Gilles ( Brussels) - November 19 1966, Brussels was a Belgian André Souris ( 10 July 1899 – 12 February 1970) was a Belgian Composer and Writer associated with the In 1927 they were joined by the writer Louis Scutenaire. Louis Scutenaire was a Poet, Anarchist, Surrealist and Civil servant. They corresponded regularly with the Paris group, and in 1927 both Goemans and Magritte moved to Paris and frequented Breton’s circle. ^[3]

The artists, with their roots in Dada and Cubism, the abstraction of Wassily Kandinsky and Expressionism, and Post-Impressionism, also reached to older "bloodlines" such as Hieronymus Bosch, and the so-called primitive and naive arts. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Wassily Kandinsky (Russian Василий Кандинский first name pronounced as) ( – 13 December 1944 was a Russian painter, Printmaker Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and Art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Manet. Hieronymus Bosch ( Dutch, born Jeroen Anthonissen van Aken c 1450 &ndash August 9, 1516) was an Early Netherlandish

André Masson's automatic drawings of 1923, are often used as the point of the acceptance of visual arts and the break from Dada, since they reflect the influence of the idea of the unconscious mind. André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist. Automatism has taken on many forms the Automatic writing and drawing initially (and still to this day practiced by surrealists can be compared to similar or perhaps Many observers throughout history have argued that there are influences on Consciousness from other parts of the Mind. Another example is Alberto Giacometti's 1925 Torso, which marked his movement to simplified forms and inspiration from preclassical sculpture. Alberto Giacometti ( October 10, 1901 – January 11, 1966) was a Swiss sculptor, painter, draftsman,

However, a striking example of the line used to divide Dada and Surrealism among art experts is the pairing of 1925's Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person (Von minimax dadamax selbst konstruiertes maschinchen)^[6] with The Kiss (Le Baiser)^[7] from 1927 by Ernst. Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and The first is generally held to have a distance, and erotic subtext, whereas the second presents an erotic act openly and directly. In the second the influence of Miró and the drawing style of Picasso is visible with the use of fluid curving and intersecting lines and colour, where as the first takes a directness that would later be influential in movements such as Pop art. Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States.

Giorgio de Chirico, and his previous development of Metaphysical art, was one of the important joining figures between the philosophical and visual aspects of Surrealism. Giorgio de Chirico ( July 10, 1888 &ndash November 20, 1978) was an influential pre-Surrealist and then Surrealist Giorgio de Chirico ( July 10, 1888 &ndash November 20, 1978) was an influential pre-Surrealist and then Surrealist Metaphysical art (Pittura metafisica is the name of an Italian Art movement, created by Giorgio de Chirico and Carlo Carrà. Between 1911 and 1917, he adopted an unornamented depictional style whose surface would be adopted by others later. The Red Tower (La tour rouge) from 1913 shows the stark colour contrasts and illustrative style later adopted by Surrealist painters. His 1914 The Nostalgia of the Poet (La Nostalgie du poete)^[8] has the figure turned away from the viewer, and the juxtaposition of a bust with glasses and a fish as a relief defies conventional explanation. He was also a writer, and his novel Hebdomeros presents a series of dreamscapes with an unusual use of punctuation, syntax and grammar designed to create a particular atmosphere and frame around its images. His images, including set designs for the Ballets Russes, would create a decorative form of visual Surrealism, and he would be an influence on the two artists who would be even more closely associated with Surrealism in the public mind: Salvador Dalí and Magritte. See also Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, The Ballets Russes ( French for The Russian Ballets) was a Ballet company established Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist René François Ghislain Magritte ( 21 November 1898 - 15 August 1967) was a Belgian Surrealist artist He would, however, leave the Surrealist group in 1928.

In 1924, Miro and Masson applied Surrealism theory to painting explicitly leading to the La Peinture Surrealiste exhibition. Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist.

Breton published Surrealism and Painting in 1928 which summarized the movement to that point, though he continued to update the work until the 1960s.

Major exhibitions in the 1920s

• 1925 - La Peinture Surrealiste - The first ever Surrealist exhibition at Gallerie Pierre in Paris. Displayed works by Masson, Man Ray, Klee, Miró, and others. André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality The show confirmed that Surrealism had a component in the visual arts (though it had been initially debated whether this was possible), techniques from Dada, such as photomontage were used. Photomontage is the process (and result of making a composite photograph by cutting and joining a number of other photographs
• Galerie Surréaliste opened on March 26, 1926 with an exhibition by Man Ray. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised

Writing continues

The first Surrealist work, according to leader Breton, was Magnetic Fields (Les Champs Magnétiques) (May–June 1919). The Treachery of Images ( La trahison des images 1928&ndash29 is a series of paintings by Belgian Surrealist painter René Magritte André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, For the Jean-Michel Jarre album "Les Chants Magnétiques" see Magnetic Fields (album. Littérature contained automatist works and accounts of dreams. The magazine and the portfolio both showed their disdain for literal meanings given to objects and focused rather on the undertones, the poetic undercurrents present. Not only did they give emphasis to the poetic undercurrents, but also to the connotations and the overtones which "exist in ambiguous relationships to the visual images. "

Because Surrealist writers seldom, if ever, appear to organize their thoughts and the images they present, some people find much of their work difficult to parse. This notion however is a superficial comprehension, prompted no doubt by Breton's initial emphasis on automatic writing as the main route toward a higher reality. But — as in Breton's case itself — much of what is presented as purely automatic is actually edited and very "thought out". Breton himself later admitted that automatic writing's centrality had been overstated, and other elements were introduced, especially as the growing involvement of visual artists in the movement forced the issue, since automatic painting required a rather more strenuous set of approaches. Thus such elements as collage were introduced, arising partly from an ideal of startling juxtapositions as revealed in Pierre Reverdy's poetry. Pierre Reverdy ( 13 September 1889 - 17 June 1960) was a French poet associated with Surrealism and Cubism. And — as in Magritte's case (where there is no obvious recourse to either automatic techniques or collage) the very notion of convulsive joining became a tool for revelation in and of itself. René François Ghislain Magritte ( 21 November 1898 - 15 August 1967) was a Belgian Surrealist artist Surrealism was meant to be always in flux — to be more modern than modern — and so it was natural there should be a rapid shuffling of the philosophy as new challenges arose.

Surrealists revived interest in Isidore Ducasse, known by his pseudonym "Le Comte de Lautréamont" and for the line "beautiful as the chance meeting on a dissecting table of a sewing machine and an umbrella", and Arthur Rimbaud, two late 19th century writers believed to be the precursors of Surrealism. Comte de Lautréamont (lotʁeaˈmɔ̃ in French was the Pen name of Isidore Lucien Ducasse ( April 4 "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ

Examples of Surrealist literature are Crevel's Mr. René Crevel ( August 10, 1900 – June 18, 1935) was a French Writer involved with the surrealist movement Knife Miss Fork (1931), Aragon's Irene's Cunt (1927), Breton's Sur la route de San Romano (1948), Peret's Death to the Pigs (1929), and Artaud's Le Pese-Nerfs (1926). Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Benjamin Péret ( 4 July 1899 - 18 September 1959) was a French poet and Surrealist. Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud ( September 4, 1896, in Marseille – March 4, 1948 in

La Révolution surréaliste continued publication into 1929 with most pages densely packed with columns of text, but also included reproductions of art, among them works by de Chirico, Ernst, Masson and Man Ray. La Révolution surréaliste (The Surrealist Revolution was a publication by Surrealists in Paris Giorgio de Chirico ( July 10, 1888 &ndash November 20, 1978) was an influential pre-Surrealist and then Surrealist Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Other works included books, poems, pamphlets, automatic texts and theoretical tracts.

Films by Surrealists

Main article: List of surrealist films

Early films by Surrealists include:

• Entr'acte by René Clair (1924)
• La Coquille et le clergyman by Germaine Dulac, screenplay by Antonin Artaud (1928)
• Un chien andalou by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí (1929)
• L'Étoile de mer by Man Ray (1928)
• L'Âge d'Or by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí (1930)
• Le sang d'un poète by Jean Cocteau (1930)

Music by Surrealists

Main article: Surrealist music

In the 1920s several composers were influenced by Surrealism, or by individuals in the Surrealist movement. Surrealist Films include Un chien andalou and L'Âge d'Or by Luis Buñuel and Dalí; Buñuel went Entr'acte is French for "between the acts" (German Zwischenspiel, Italian Intermezzo) René Clair (11 November 1898 &ndash 15 March 1981 was a French Filmmaker. La Coquille et le clergyman ( English: The Seashell and the Clergyman) ( 1928) is considered by many to be the first Surrealist Germaine Dulac ( 17 November 1882, Amiens, France - 20 July 1942, Paris) was a French film director and early Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud ( September 4, 1896, in Marseille – March 4, 1948 in Un chien andalou ( An Andalusian Dog) is a 1928 short Surrealist film made in France by two Spanish auteurs the Aragonian L'Étoile de Mer (English The Starfish) is a 1928 Film directed by Man Ray. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised L'Âge d'Or ( The Golden Age) is a 1930 surrealist Film directed by Luis Buñuel and written by Buñuel and Salvador Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist The Blood of a Poet ( French: Le Sang d'un Poete) ( 1930) is an avant-garde film directed by Jean Cocteau and financed by Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 &ndash 11 October 1963 was a French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, Designer, Boxing Surrealist music is Music which uses unexpected Juxtapositions and other Surrealist techniques. Among them were Bohuslav Martinů, André Souris, and Edgard Varèse, who stated that his work Arcana was drawn from a dream sequence. Bohuslav Martinů ( (December 8 1890 – August 28 1959 was a prolific Bohemian Czech Composer, who wrote six symphonies, 15 Operas André Souris ( 10 July 1899 – 12 February 1970) was a Belgian Composer and Writer associated with the WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Edgard Victor Achille Charles Varèse, whose name was also spelled Edgar Varèse Souris in particular was associated with the movement: he had a long relationship with Magritte, and worked on Paul Nouge's publication Adieu Marie. René François Ghislain Magritte ( 21 November 1898 - 15 August 1967) was a Belgian Surrealist artist Paul Nougé (1895 - 1967 was a Belgian Poet and Philosopher. He was one of the most influential members of the Surrealist school in Belgium

Germaine Tailleferre of the French group Les Six wrote several works which could be considered to be inspired by Surrealism, including the 1948 Ballet Paris-Magie (scenario by Lise Deharme), the Operas La Petite Sirène (book by Philippe Soupault) and Le Maître (book by Eugène Ionesco). Germaine Tailleferre ( April 19, 1892 - November 7, 1983) was a French Composer and the only female member of the famous Les Six is a name inspired by The Five, given in 1923 by critic Henri Collet in an article titled ‘Les cinq Russes les Lise Deharme (née Hirtz (1898-1979 was a French Writer associated with the Surrealist movement Tailleferre also wrote popular songs to texts by Claude Marci, the wife of Henri Jeanson, whose portrait had been painted by Magritte in the 1930s.

Even though Breton by 1946 responded rather negatively to the subject of music with his essay Silence is Golden, later Surrealists have been interested in—and found parallels to—Surrealism in the improvisation of jazz and the blues. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Surrealists such as Paul Garon have written articles and full-length books on the subject. Paul Garon is an Author, Writer, and editor, noted for his meditations on Surrealist works and also a noted scholar on Blues as a Jazz and blues musicians have occasionally reciprocated this interest. For example, the 1976 World Surrealist Exhibition included performances by Honeyboy Edwards. The Chicago Surrealist Group was founded in Chicago Illinois in July 1966 by Franklin and Penelope Rosemont after a 1965 trip to Paris, during David "Honeyboy" Edwards (born June 28 1915, Shaw, Mississippi United States) is an American Delta blues

Surrealism and international politics

Surrealism as a political force developed unevenly around the world, in some places more emphasis was on artistic practices, in other places political and in other places still, Surrealist praxis looked to supersize both the arts and politics. During the 1930s the Surrealist idea spread from Europe to North America, South America, Central America, the Caribbean, and throughout Asia. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting As both an artistic idea and as an ideology of political change.

Politically, Surrealism was ultra-leftist, communist, or anarchist. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i The split from Dada has been characterised as a split between anarchists and communists, with the Surrealists as communist. Breton and his comrades supported Leon Trotsky and his International Left Opposition for a while, though there was an openness to anarchism that manifested more fully after World War II. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Left communism and the Left Opposition are distinct Left communism should not be confused with the Trotskyist tendency described below World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Some Surrealists, such as Benjamin Peret, Mary Low, and Juan Breá, aligned with forms of left communism. Benjamin Péret ( 4 July 1899 - 18 September 1959) was a French poet and Surrealist. Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the Communist Left, which opposes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks Dalí supported capitalism and the fascist dictatorship of Francisco Franco but cannot be said to represent a trend in Surrealism in this respect; in fact he was considered, by Breton and his associates, to have betrayed and left Surrealism. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Péret, Low, and Breá joined the POUM during the Spanish Civil War. POUM Campesinosjpg|thumb|A POUM poster appeals to peasants "Peasants the land is yours"]]The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM Spanish: Partido Obrero The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of

Breton’s followers, along with the Communist Party, were working for the "liberation of man. A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of " However, Breton’s group refused to prioritize the proletarian struggle over radical creation such that their struggles with the Party made the late 1920s a turbulent time for both. The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian Many individuals closely associated with Breton, notably Louis Aragon, left his group to work more closely with the Communists. Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist

Surrealists have often sought to link their efforts with political ideals and activities. In the Declaration of January 27, 1925,^[9] for example, members of the Paris-based Bureau of Surrealist Research (including André Breton, Louis Aragon, and, Antonin Artaud, as well as some two dozen others) declared their affinity for revolutionary politics. The Bureau of Surrealist Research, also known as the Centrale Surréaliste, was a Paris -based office in which a loosely affiliated group of Surrealist writers While this was initially a somewhat vague formulation, by the 1930s many Surrealists had strongly identified themselves with communism. The foremost document of this tendency within Surrealism is the Manifesto for a Free Revolutionary Art,^[10] published under the names of Breton and Diego Rivera, but actually co-authored by Breton and Leon Trotsky. Diego Rivera (December 8 1886 &ndash November 24 1957 was born Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij ^[11]

However, in 1933 the Surrealists’ assertion that a 'proletarian literature' within a capitalist society was impossible led to their break with the Association des Ecrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires, and the expulsion of Breton, Éluard and Crevel from the Communist Party. ^[3]

In 1925, the Paris Surrealist group and the extreme left of the French Communist Party came together to support Abd-el-Krim, leader of the Rif uprising against French colonialism in Morocco. The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of Abd el-Krim (c1882 Ajdir &ndash February 6, 1963, Cairo) ( Mulay Abdelkrim, full name Muhammad Ibn 'Abd El-Karim El-Khattabi For the Eleventh Century Talmudist see Isaac Alfasi The Rif ( Berber: Arabic:جبال الريف is a mainly mountainous Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa In an open letter to writer and French ambassador to Japan, Paul Claudel, the Paris group announced:

"We Surrealists pronounced ourselves in favour of changing the imperialist war, in its chronic and colonial form, into a civil war. Paul Claudel ( 6 August 1868 &ndash 23 February 1955) was a French Poet, Dramatist and Diplomat, Thus we placed our energies at the disposal of the revolution, of the proletariat and its struggles, and defined our attitude towards the colonial problem, and hence towards the colour question. "

The anticolonial revolutionary and proletarian politics of "Murderous Humanitarianism" (1932) which was drafted mainly by Rene Crevel, signed by André Breton, Paul Éluard, Benjamin Peret, Yves Tanguy, and the Martiniquan Surrealists Pierre Yoyotte and J. René Crevel ( August 10, 1900 – June 18, 1935) was a French Writer involved with the surrealist movement André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Paul Éluard was the Pen name of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ( 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952) a French Benjamin Péret ( 4 July 1899 - 18 September 1959) was a French poet and Surrealist. Raymond Georges Yves Tanguy ( January 5, 1900 &ndash January 15, 1955) was a Surrealist painter M. Monnerot perhaps makes it the original document of what is later called 'black Surrealism',^[12] although it is the contact between Aimé Césaire and Breton in the 1940s in Martinique that really lead to the communication of what is known as 'black Surrealism'. Aimé Fernand David Césaire (26 June 1913 &ndash 17 April 2008 was a Afro-[[Martinique Martinican]] Francophone Poet, Author and Politician

Anticolonial revolutionary writers in the Négritude movement of Martinique, a French colony at the time, took up Surrealism as a revolutionary method - a critique of European culture and a radical subjective. Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² This linked with other Surrealists and was very important for the subsequent development of Surrealism as a revolutionary praxis. The journal Tropiques, featuring the work of Cesaire along with René Ménil, Lucie Thésée, Aristide Maugée and others, was first published in 1940. René Ménil (1907-2004 was a French Surrealist writer and philosopher who lived on the island of Martinique. ^[13]

It is interesting to note that when in 1938 André Breton traveled with his wife the painter Jacqueline Lamba to Mexico to meet Trotsky; staying as the guest of Diego Rivera's former wife Guadalupe Marin; he met Frida Kahlo and saw her paintings for the first time. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Diego Rivera (December 8 1886 &ndash November 24 1957 was born Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez Frida Kahlo (July 6 1907 – July 13 1954 was a Mexican painter, who has achieved great international popularity Breton declared Kahlo to be an "innate" Surrealist painter. ^[14]

Internal politics

In 1929 the satellite group around the journal Le Grand Jeu, including Roger Gilbert-Lecomte, Maurice Henry and the Czech painter Josef Sima, was ostracized. Roger Gilbert-Lecomte ( May 18 1907 in Reims, France - December 31, 1943 in Paris) was a French poet Also in February, Breton asked Surrealists to assess their "degree of moral competence", and theoretical refinements included in the second manifeste du surréalisme excluded anyone reluctant to commit to collective action: Leiris, Limbour, Morise, Baron, Queneau, Prévert, Desnos, Masson and Boiffard. Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively Julien Michel Leiris ( April 20 1901 in Paris &ndash September 30 1990 in Saint-Hilaire Essonne) was a French Jacques Baron (1905 - 1986 was a French surrealist poet whose first collection of poems was published in Aventure in 1921 Raymond Queneau ( February 21, 1903 &ndash October 25, 1976) was a French Poet and Novelist and the co-founder Jacques Prévert (ʒak pʀeˈvɛʀ in French February 4, 1900 - April 11, 1977) was a French Poet and Screenwriter Robert Desnos ( 4 July 1900 - 8 June 1945) was a French Surrealist poet who played a key role in the surrealistic movement of his day André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist. Jacques-André Boiffard (1902-1961 born in Paris lived in Roche-sur-Yon They moved to the periodical Documents, edited by Georges Bataille, whose anti-idealist materialism produced a hybrid Surrealism exposed the base instincts of humans. Documents was a late 1920s-era Surrealist journal edited and masterminded by Georges Bataille. Georges Bataille (ʒɔʀʒ baˈtaj ( September 10, 1897 &ndash July 8, 1962) was a French Writer. ^[3][15]

Other members were ousted over the years for a variety of infractions, both political and personal, and others left of to pursue creativity of their own style.

Golden age

Throughout the 1930s, Surrealism continued to become more visible to the public at large. A Surrealist group developed in Britain and, according to Breton, their 1936 London International Surrealist Exhibition was a high water mark of the period and became the model for international exhibitions. Eileen Agar (1899-1991 Emmy Bridgwater (1906-1999 David Gascoyne (1916-2001 Humphrey Jennings (1907-1950 The International Surrealist Exhibition was held from 11 June to 4 July 1936 at the New Burlington Galleries in London, England

Dalí and Magritte created the most widely recognized images of the movement. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist René François Ghislain Magritte ( 21 November 1898 - 15 August 1967) was a Belgian Surrealist artist Dalí joined the group in 1929, and participated in the rapid establishment of the visual style between 1930 and 1935.

Surrealism as a visual movement had found a method: to expose psychological truth by stripping ordinary objects of their normal significance, in order to create a compelling image that was beyond ordinary formal organization, in order to evoke empathy from the viewer.

1931 marked a year when several Surrealist painters produced works which marked turning points in their stylistic evolution: Magritte's Voice of Space (La Voix des airs)[1] is an example of this process, where three large spheres representing bells hang above a landscape. Another Surrealist landscape from this same year is Yves Tanguy's Promontory Palace (Palais promontoire), with its molten forms and liquid shapes. Raymond Georges Yves Tanguy ( January 5, 1900 &ndash January 15, 1955) was a Surrealist painter Liquid shapes became the trademark of Dalí, particularly in his The Persistence of Memory, which features the image of watches that sag as if they are melting. La persistencia de la memoria ( 1931) or The Persistence of Memory is the most famous Painting by artist Salvador Dalí

The characteristics of this style - a combination of the depictive, the abstract, and the psychological - came to stand for the alienation which many people felt in the modern period, combined with the sense of reaching more deeply into the psyche, to be "made whole with one's individuality". Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century

From 1936 through 1938 Wolfgang Paalen, Gordon Onslow Ford and Roberto Matta joined the group. Gordon Onslow Ford ( December 26, 1912 &ndash November 9, 2003) was the last surviving member of the 1930s Paris surrealist group surrounding Roberto Antonio Sebastián Matta Echaurren ( November 11, 1911 – November 23, 2002) usually known as Matta, was one of Paalen contributed Fumage and Onslow Ford Coulage as new pictorial automatic techniques. Fumage is a surrealist technique invented by Wolfgang Paalen in which impressions are made by the Smoke of a Candle or Kerosene lamp Surrealism in Art, Poetry, and Literature utilizes numerous unique techniques and games to provide inspiration

Long after personal, political and professional tensions fragmented the Surrealist group, Magritte and Dalí continued to define a visual program in the arts. This program reached beyond painting, to encompass photography as well, as can be seen from a Man Ray self portrait, whose use of assemblage influenced Robert Rauschenberg's collage boxes. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised

During the 1930s Peggy Guggenheim, an important American art collector, married Max Ernst and began promoting work by other Surrealists such as Tanguy and the British artist John Tunnard. Peggy Guggenheim ( August 26, 1898 – December 23, 1979) was an American Art collector Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and Raymond Georges Yves Tanguy ( January 5, 1900 &ndash January 15, 1955) was a Surrealist painter John Samuel Tunnard ( 7 May 1900 - 12 December 1971) was an English Surrealist and Modernist Designer

Major exhibitions in the 1930s

• 1936 - London International Surrealist Exhibition is organised in London by the art historian Herbert Read, with an introduction by André Breton. The International Surrealist Exhibition was held from 11 June to 4 July 1936 at the New Burlington Galleries in London, England Sir Herbert Edward Read, DSO, MC (1893&ndash1968 was an English anarchist Poet, and Critic of Literature and André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer,
• 1936 - Museum of Modern Art in New York shows the exhibition Fantastic Art, Dada and Surrealism. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street between Fifth
• 1938 - A new International Surrealist Exhibition was held at the Beaux-arts Gallery, Paris, with more than 60 artists from different countries, and showed around 300 paintings, objects, collages, photographs and installations. The Surrealists wanted to create an exhibition which in itself would be a creative act and called on Marcel Duchamp to do so. Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist At the exhibition's entrance he placed Salvador Dalí's Rainy Taxi (an old taxi rigged to produce a steady drizzle of water down the inside of the windows, and a shark-headed creature in the driver's seat and a blond mannequin crawling with live snails in the back) greeted the patrons who were in full evening dress. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Surrealist Street filled one side of the lobby with mannequins dressed by various Surrealists. He designed the main hall to seem like subterranean cave with 1,200 coal bags suspended from the ceiling over a coal brazier with a single light bulb which provided the only lighting,[2] so patrons were given flashlights with which to view the art. The floor was carpeted with dead leaves, ferns and grasses and the aroma of roasting coffee filled the air. Much to the Surrealists' satisfaction the exhibition scandalized the viewers. ^[5]

World War II and the Post War period

World War II created havoc not only for the general population of Europe but especially for the European artists and writers that opposed Fascism, and Nazism. Raymond Georges Yves Tanguy ( January 5, 1900 &ndash January 15, 1955) was a Surrealist painter World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Many important artists fled to North America, and relative safety in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The art community in New York City in particular was already grappling with Surrealist ideas and several artists like Arshile Gorky, Jackson Pollock, Robert Motherwell, and Roberto Matta, converged closely with the surrealist artists themselves, albeit with some suspicion and reservations. The City of New York Arshile Gorky (real name - Vostanik Manoog Adoyan; Արշիլ Գորկի Վոստանիկ Մանուկի Ադոյան ( April 15, 1904 ? – July Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28 1912 &ndash August 11 1956 was an influential American painter and a major force in the abstract expressionist movement Robert Motherwell ( January 24, 1915 – July 16, 1991) was an American abstract expressionist painter and Roberto Antonio Sebastián Matta Echaurren ( November 11, 1911 – November 23, 2002) usually known as Matta, was one of Ideas concerning the unconscious and dream imagery were quickly embraced. By the Second World War, the taste of the American avant-garde swung decisively towards Abstract Expressionism with the support of key taste makers, including Peggy Guggenheim, Leo Steinberg and Clement Greenberg. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. Peggy Guggenheim ( August 26, 1898 – December 23, 1979) was an American Art collector Leo Steinberg (born 1920 is an American art historian He has won literary awards as well as awards for his criticism Clement Greenberg ( January 16, 1909 - May 7, 1994) was an influential American However, it should not be easily forgotten that Abstract Expressionism itself grew directly out of the meeting of American (particularly New York) artists with European Surrealists self-exiled during WWII. In particular, Arshile Gorky and Wolfgang Paalen influenced the development of this American art form, which, as Surrealism did, celebrated the instantaneous human act as the well-spring of creativity. Arshile Gorky (real name - Vostanik Manoog Adoyan; Արշիլ Գորկի Վոստանիկ Մանուկի Ադոյան ( April 15, 1904 ? – July The early work of many Abstract Expressionists reveals a tight bond between the more superficial aspects of both movements, and the emergence (at a later date) of aspects of Dadaistic humor in such artists as Rauschenberg sheds an even starker light upon the connection. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Up until the emergence of Pop Art, Surrealism can be seen to have been the single most important influence on the sudden growth in American arts, and even in Pop, some of the humor manifested in Surrealism can be found, often turned to a cultural criticism. Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States.

The Second World War overshadowed, for a time, almost all intellectual and artistic production. In 1940 Yves Tanguy married American Surrealist painter Kay Sage. Raymond Georges Yves Tanguy ( January 5, 1900 &ndash January 15, 1955) was a Surrealist painter Katherine Linn Sage ( June 25 1898 - January 8 1963) usually known as Kay Sage, was an American Surrealist In 1941, Breton went to the United States, where he co-founded the short-lived magazine VVV with Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp, and the American artist David Hare. Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and David Hare ( March 10, 1917 &ndash December 21, 1992) was an American Artist, associated with the Surrealist However, it was the American poet, Charles Henri Ford, and his magazine View which offered Breton a channel for promoting Surrealism in the United States. Charles Henri Ford ( February 10 1913 - September 27 2002) was an American novelist poet filmmaker photographer and Collage artist View was an American literary and art magazine published from 1940 to 1947 by artist and writer Charles Henri Ford, and writer and film critic Parker Tyler The View special issue on Duchamp was crucial for the public understanding of Surrealism in America. It stressed his connections to Surrealist methods, offered interpretations of his work by Breton, as well as Breton's view that Duchamp represented the bridge between early modern movements, such as Futurism and Cubism, to Surrealism. Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Wolfgang Paalen left the group in 1942 due to political/philosophical differences with Breton, founding his journal Dyn. Dyn or DYN may refer to DYN (journal Dyne, unit of force

Though the war proved disruptive for Surrealism, the works continued. Many Surrealist artists continued to explore their vocabularies, including Magritte. Many members of the Surrealist movement continued to correspond and meet. While Dalí may have been excommunicated by Breton, he neither abandoned his themes from the 1930s, including references to the "persistence of time" in a later painting, nor did he become a depictive pompier. His classic period did not represent so sharp a break with the past as some descriptions of his work might portray, and some, such as Thirion, argued that there were works of his after this period that continued to have some relevance for the movement.

During the 1940s Surrealism's influence was also felt in England and America. Mark Rothko took an interest in biomorphic figures, and in England Henry Moore, Lucian Freud, Francis Bacon and Paul Nash used or experimented with Surrealist techniques. Mark Rothko, born Marcus Rothkowitz ( Latvian: Marks Rotko; September 25, 1903 &ndash February 25, 1970 Biomorphism is an art movement that began in the 20th century Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986 was an English artist and sculptor. Lucian Michael Freud, OM, CH (born 8 December 1922 is a British painter of German Origin Francis Bacon' (28 October 1909 – 28 April 1992 was an Irish-born British figurative painter. Paul Nash, ( 11 May 1889 &ndash 11 July 1946) was an English War artist. However, Conroy Maddox, one of the first British Surrealists whose work in this genre dated from 1935, remained within the movement, and organized an exhibition of current Surrealist work in 1978 in response to an earlier show which infuriated him because it did not properly represent Surrealism. Conroy Maddox ( 27 December 1912 &ndash 14 January 2005) was an English Surrealist painter, collagist Maddox's exhibition, titled Surrealism Unlimited, was held in Paris and attracted international attention. He held his last one-man show in 2002, and died three years later. Magritte's work became more realistic in its depiction of actual objects, while maintaining the element of juxtaposition, such as in 1951's Personal Values (Les Valeurs Personneles)[3] and 1954's Empire of Light (L’Empire des lumières). [4] Magritte continued to produce works which have entered artistic vocabulary, such as Castle in the Pyrenees (La Chateau des Pyrenees),[5] which refers back to Voix from 1931, in its suspension over a landscape.

Other figures from the Surrealist movement were expelled. Several of these artists, like Roberto Matta (by his own description) "remained close to Surrealism. Roberto Antonio Sebastián Matta Echaurren ( November 11, 1911 – November 23, 2002) usually known as Matta, was one of "^[5]

Many new artists explicitly took up the Surrealist banner for themselves. Dorothea Tanning and Louise Bourgeois continued to work, for example, with Tanning's Rainy Day Canape from 1970. Dorothea Tanning (born August 25 1910) is an American painter printmaker sculptor and writer Louise Bourgeois ( born in Paris, December 25, 1911) is an Artist and Sculptor. Duchamp continued to produce sculpture in secret including an installation with the realistic depiction of a woman viewable only through a peephole.

Breton continued to write and espouse the importance of liberating of the human mind, as with the publication The Tower of Light in 1952. Breton's return to France after the War, began a new phase of Surrealist activity in Paris, and his critiques of rationalism and dualism found a new audience. Breton insisted that Surrealism was an ongoing revolt against the reduction of humanity to market relationships, religious gestures and misery and to espouse the importance of liberating of the human mind.

Major exhibitions of the 1940s, '50s and '60s

• 1942 - First Papers of Surrealism - New York - The Surrealists again called on Duchamp to design an exhibition. This time he wove a 3-dimensional web of string throughout the rooms of the space, in some cases making it almost impossible to see the works. [6] He made a secret arrangement with an associate's son to bring his friends to the opening of the show, so that when the finely dressed patrons arrived they found a dozen children in athletic clothes kicking and passing balls, and skipping rope. His design for the show's catalog included "found", rather than posed, photographs of the artists. ^[5]
• 1947 - International Surrealist Exhibition - Paris
• 1959 - International Surrealist Exhibition - Paris
• 1960 - Surrealist Intrusion in the Enchanters' Domain - New York

Post Breton Surrealism

There is no clear consensus about the end, or if there was an end, to the Surrealist movement. Some art historians suggest that WWII effectively disbanded the movement. However, art historian Sarane Alexandrian (1970) states, "the death of André Breton in 1966 marked the end of Surrealism as an organized movement. Sarane Alexandrian is a French Philosopher, Essayist and art critic. " There have also been attempts to tie the obituary of the movement to the 1989 death of Salvador Dalí.

In the 1960s, the artists and writers grouped around the Situationist International were closely associated with Surrealism. The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the While Guy Debord was critical of and distanced himself from Surrealism, others, such as Asger Jorn, were explicitly using Surrealist techniques and methods. Guy Ernest Debord ( December 28, 1931 - November 30, 1994) was a Marxist theorist French writer Filmmaker, hypergraphist Asger Oluf Jorn ( March 3, 1914 - May 1, 1973) was a founding member of the Situationist International, and a prolific artist and essayist The events of May 1968 in France included a number of Surrealist ideas, and among the slogans the students spray-painted on the walls of the Sorbonne were familiar Surrealist ones. For other events in May 1968 see 1968. Joan Miró would commemorate this in a painting titled May 1968. Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality There were also groups who associated with both currents and were more attached to Surrealism, such as the Revolutionary Surrealist Group.

In Europe and all over the world since the 1960s, artists have combined Surrealism with what is believed to be a classical 16th century technique called mischtechnik, a kind of mix of egg tempera and oil paint rediscovered by Ernst Fuchs, a contemporary of Dalí, and now practiced and taught by many followers, including Robert Venosa and Chris Mars. Mischtechnik (mixed technique is a method of painting where Egg tempera is used to build up volume and is then glazed with oil paints mixed with Resin Tempera (also known as egg tempera) is a type of artist's Paint and associated art techniques that were known from the classical world where it appears Ernst Fuchs (born February 13 1930) is an Austrian visionary painter, draftsman printmaker Sculptor, Architect, stage Robert Venosa is an American artist living in Boulder Colorado, USA Chris Mars (born April 26, 1961) is an American Musician. He was the drummer for seminal Minneapolis Minnesota alternative The former curator of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Michael Bell, has called this style "veristic Surrealism," which depicts with meticulous clarity and great detail a world analogous to the dream world. The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ( SFMOMA) is a major Modern art Museum and San Francisco Landmark. Other tempera artists, such as Robert Vickrey, regularly depict Surreal imagery. Tempera (also known as egg tempera) is a type of artist's Paint and associated art techniques that were known from the classical world where it appears Robert Vickrey (born 1926 is a Massachusetts -based Artist and Author who specializes in the ancient medium of Egg tempera.

During the 1980s, behind the Iron Curtain, Surrealism again entered into politics with an underground artistic opposition movement known as the Orange Alternative. The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end The Orange Alternative was created in 1981 by Waldemar Fydrych (alias 'Major'), a graduate of history and art history at the University of Wrocław. Waldemar "Major" Fydrych (born April 8, 1953) is a Polish activist best known as the founder and leader of the Orange Alternative movement Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia They used Surrealist symbolism and terminology in their large scale happenings organized in the major Polish cities during the Jaruzelski regime, and painted Surrealist graffiti on spots covering up anti-regime slogans. Major himself was the author of a "Manifesto of Socialist Surrealism". In this manifesto, he stated that the socialist (communist) system had become so Surrealistic that it could be seen as an expression of art itself.

Surrealistic art also remains popular with museum patrons. The Guggenheim Museum in New York City held an exhibit, Two Private Eyes, in 1999, and in 2001 Tate Modern held an exhibition of Surrealist art that attracted over 170,000 visitors. This article refers to the Guggenheim's landmark New York museum The Tate Modern in London is Britain 's national museum of international Modern art and is with Tate Britain, Tate Liverpool, In 2002 the Met in New York City held a show, Desire Unbound, and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris a show called La Révolution surréaliste. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement

Impact of Surrealism

While Surrealism is typically associated with the arts, it has been said to transcend them; Surrealism has had an impact in many other fields. In this sense, Surrealism does not specifically refer only to self-identified "Surrealists", or those sanctioned by Breton, rather, it refers to a range of creative acts of revolt and efforts to liberate imagination.

In addition to Surrealist ideas that are grounded in the ideas of Hegel, Marx and Freud, Surrealism is seen by its advocates as being inherently dynamic and as dialectical in its thought. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Surrealists have also drawn on sources as seemingly diverse as Clark Ashton Smith, Montague Summers, Horace Walpole, Fantomas, The Residents, Bugs Bunny, comic strips, the obscure poet Samuel Greenberg and the hobo writer and humourist T-Bone Slim. Clark Ashton Smith ( January 13, 1893 - August 14, 1961) was a Poet, sculptor, painter and author of fantasy Augustus Montague Summers ( 10 April, 1880 - 10 August, 1948) was an eccentric English author and clergyman Horace Walpole 4th Earl of Orford ( 24 September, 1717 &ndash 2 March, 1797) more commonly known as Horace Walpole, was a politician Fantômas is a Fictional arch- Villain and master criminal by French Writers Marcel Allain (1885–1970 and Pierre The Residents is an American Avant-garde music and Visual arts collective who have created over sixty albums created numerous musical short films Clyde Rabbit (uncleMrs Bugs Bunny (wifePapa Bunny (fatherMama Bunny (motherRugs Bunny A comic strip is a sequence of drawings that tells a story Currently in the Western world, most comic strips are written and drawn by a Comics artist Samuel Greenberg ( December 13, 1893 – August 16, 1917) was an Austrian - American Jewish Poet Hobo is a term that refers to a Subculture of wandering Homeless people particularly those who make a habit of hopping freight trains. Matti Valentine Huhta (c1890? - May 11 ? 1942 better known by his pen name T-Bone Slim, was a Humourist, Poet, Songwriter, One might say that Surrealist strands may be found in movements such as Free Jazz (Don Cherry, Sun Ra, Cecil Taylor etc. For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. Don (Donald Eugene Cherry ( November 18 1936 &ndash October 19 1995) was an innovative African-American Jazz Trumpeter Sun Ra (born Herman Poole Blount, Legal name Le Sony'r Ra; Cecil Percival Taylor (born March 15 or March 25, 1929 in New York City) is an American Pianist and poet ) and even in the daily lives of people in confrontation with limiting social conditions. Thought of as the effort of humanity to liberate imagination as an act of insurrection against society, Surrealism finds precedents in the alchemists, possibly Dante, Hieronymus Bosch, Marquis de Sade, Charles Fourier, Comte de Lautreamont and Arthur Rimbaud. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Hieronymus Bosch ( Dutch, born Jeroen Anthonissen van Aken c 1450 &ndash August 9, 1516) was an Early Netherlandish Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, Marquis de Sade ( June 2, 1740 – December 2, 1814) ( was a French aristocrat François Marie Charles Fourier ( April 7, 1772 - October 10, 1837) was a French Utopian Comte de Lautréamont (lotʁeaˈmɔ̃ in French was the Pen name of Isidore Lucien Ducasse ( April 4 "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ

Surrealists believe that non-Western cultures also provide a continued source of inspiration for Surrealist activity because some may strike up a better balance between instrumental reason and imagination in flight than Western culture. Surrealism has had an identifiable impact on radical and revolutionary politics, both directly — as in some Surrealists joining or allying themselves with radical political groups, movements and parties — and indirectly — through the way in which Surrealists' emphasize the intimate link between freeing imagination and the mind, and liberation from repressive and archaic social structures. This was especially visible in the New Left of the 1960s and 1970s and the French revolt of May 1968, whose slogan "All power to the imagination" rose directly from French Surrealist thought and practice. The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a For other events in May 1968 see 1968.

Many significant literary movements in the later half of the 20th century were directly or indirectly influenced by Surrealism. This period is known as the Postmodern era; though there's no widely agreed upon central definition of Postmodernism, many themes and techniques commonly identified as Postmodern are nearly identical to Surrealism. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Perhaps the writers within the Postmodern era who have the most in common with Surrealism are the playwrights of Theatre of the Absurd. The Theatre of the Absurd ( French: Théâtre de l'Absurde) is a designation for particular plays written by a number of primarily European Playwrights Though not an organized movement, these playwrights were grouped together based on some similarities of theme and technique; these similarities can perhaps be traced to influence from the Surrealists. Eugene Ionesco in particular was fond of Surrealism, claiming at one point that Breton was one of the most important thinkers in history. Eugène Ionesco, born Eugen Ionescu ( November 26, 1909 – March 28, 1994 Samuel Beckett was also fond of Surrealists, even translating much of the poetry into English; he may have had closer ties had the Surrealists not been critical of Beckett's mentor and friend James Joyce. Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Many writers from and associated with the Beat Generation were influenced greatly by Surrealists. Philip Lamantia and Ted Joans are often categorized as both Beat and Surrealist writers. Philip Lamantia ( October 23, 1927 - March 7, 2005) was a United States Poet and lecturer Theodore "Ted" Joans ( July 4, 1928 - April 25, 2003) was an American Trumpeter, jazz poet and Many other Beat writers claimed Surrealism as a significant influence. A few examples include Bob Kaufman, Gregory Corso, and Allen Ginsberg. Bob Kaufman ( April 18, 1925 &ndash January 12, 1986) born Robert Garnell Kaufman, was an American Beat poet Gregory Nunzio Corso ( March 26, 1930 &ndash January 17, 2001) was an American Poet, youngest of the inner circle Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. In popular culture much of the stream of consciousness song writing of the young Bob Dylan, c. Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major 1960s and including some of Dylan's more recent writing as well, (c. Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major mid - 1980s-2006) clearly have Surrealist connections and undertones. Magic Realism, a popular technique among novelists of the latter half of the 20th century especially among Latin American writers, has some obvious similarities to Surrealism with its juxtaposition of the normal and the dream-like. Magic realism, or magical realism, is an artistic Genre in which magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or even "normal" The prominence of Magic Realism in Latin American literature is often credited in some part to the direct influence of Surrealism on Latin American artists (Frida Kahlo, for example). Frida Kahlo (July 6 1907 – July 13 1954 was a Mexican painter, who has achieved great international popularity

Surrealist groups

Surrealist individuals and groups have attempted to carry on with Surrealism after the death of Andre Breton in 1966. The original Paris Surrealist Group was disbanded by member Jean Schuster in 1969.

Surrealism and theatre

Surrealist theater depicts the subconscious experience, moody tone and disjointed structure, sometimes imposing a unifying idea. ^[16]

Antonin Artaud, one of the original Surrealists, rejected Western theatre as a perversion of the original intent of theatre, which he felt should be a religious and mystical experience. Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud ( September 4, 1896, in Marseille – March 4, 1948 in He thought that rational discourse comprised "falsehood and illusion," which embodied the worst of discourse. Endeavouring to create a new theatrical form that would be immediate and direct, linking the unconscious minds of performers and spectators, a sort of ritual event,^[17] Artaud created the Theatre of Cruelty where emotions, feelings, and the metaphysical were expressed not through text or dialogue but physically, creating a mythological, archetypal, allegorical vision, closely related to the world of dreams. This article is about the style of drama For the short story see Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld The Theatre of Cruelty is a concept ^[18]

These sentiments also led to the Theatre of the Absurd whose inspiration came, in part, from silent film and comedy, as well as the tradition of verbal nonsense in early sound film (Laurel and Hardy, W. C. Fields, the Marx Brothers). The Theatre of the Absurd ( French: Théâtre de l'Absurde) is a designation for particular plays written by a number of primarily European Playwrights Laurel and Hardy were the popular American -based comedy team of thin British-born Stan Laurel (1890-1965 and heavy American-born Oliver Hardy (1892-1957 W C Fields ( January 29, 1880 &ndash December 25, 1946) was an American Juggler, Comedian, and Actor The Marx Brothers were a popular team of sibling Comedians who appeared in Vaudeville, stage plays film and television

Surrealism and film

See also, List of surrealist films. Surrealist Films include Un chien andalou and L'Âge d'Or by Luis Buñuel and Dalí; Buñuel went

Surrealism and comedy

Main article: Surrealist humor

Criticism of Surrealism

Feminist

Feminists have in the past critiqued the Surrealist movement, claiming that it is fundamentally a male movement and a male fellowship, despite the occasional few celebrated woman Surrealist painters and poets. Surreal humour is a form of humour, laughingly in a style related to the artistic ambitions of the surrealists, based on bizarre Juxtapositions absurd situations Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate They believe that it adopts typical male attitudes toward women, such as worshipping them symbolically through stereotypes and sexist norms. Women are often made to represent higher values and transformed into objects of desire and of mystery. ^[19]

One of the pioneers in feminist critique of Surrealism was Xavière Gauthier. Her book Surréalisme et sexualité (1971) inspired further important scholarship related to the marginalization of women in relation to "the avant-garde. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard " However these criticisms are perhaps more so of other avant-garde movements like Situationism, where women had a much more subordinate role to the men. The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the Also, despite the theoretical objectification, Surrealism as a living praxis allowed room for women artists and painters in particular to work and produce work on their own terms.

Freudian

Freud initiated the psychoanalytic critique of Surrealism with his remark that what interested him most about the Surrealists was not their unconscious but their conscious. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded His meaning was that the manifestations of and experiments with psychic automatism highlighted by Surrealists as the liberation of the unconscious were highly structured by ego activity, similar to the activities of the dream censorship in dreams, and that therefore it was in principle a mistake to regard Surrealist poems and other art works as direct manifestations of the unconscious, when they were indeed highly shaped and processed by the ego. In this view, the Surrealists may have been producing great works, but they were products of the conscious, not the unconscious mind, and they deceived themselves with regard to what they were doing with the unconscious. In psychoanalysis proper, the unconscious does not just express itself automatically but can only be uncovered through the analysis of resistance and transference in the psychoanalytic process.

Situationist

While some individuals and groups on the core and fringes of the Situationist International were Surrealists themselves, others were very critical of the movement, or indeed what remained of the movement in the late 1950s and '60s. The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the The Situationist International could therefore be seen as a break and continuation of the Surrealist praxis.

Timeline of Membership

Year	Membership
1919	Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, and Philippe Soupault started Littérature, began an association with Dada. André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist Philippe Soupault ( 2 August 1897 &ndash 12 March 1990) was a French writer and poet novelist critic and political activist For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released
1922	Breton appropriated the term "Surrealism" as a group -- which now included Paul Éluard, Benjamin Péret, Man Ray, Jacques Baron, René Crevel, Robert Desnos, Georges Limbour, Roger Vitrac, and Joseph Delteil -- organized under Breton and pulled away from the influence of Tristan Tzara and the Dadaists. Paul Éluard was the Pen name of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ( 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952) a French Benjamin Péret ( 4 July 1899 - 18 September 1959) was a French poet and Surrealist. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Jacques Baron (1905 - 1986 was a French surrealist poet whose first collection of poems was published in Aventure in 1921 René Crevel ( August 10, 1900 – June 18, 1935) was a French Writer involved with the surrealist movement Robert Desnos ( 4 July 1900 - 8 June 1945) was a French Surrealist poet who played a key role in the surrealistic movement of his day Roger Vitrac (1899–1952 was a French surrealist playwright and poet Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S Marcel Duchamp frequently associated with this group but never officially joined. Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist
1924	The year the first Surrealist Manifesto was published, members also included Antonin Artaud, Andre Masson, Raymond Queneau, Joan Miró, Max Morise, Pierre Naville, Mathias Lübeck, Jacques-André Boiffard and Georges Malkine. Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud ( September 4, 1896, in Marseille – March 4, 1948 in André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist. Raymond Queneau ( February 21, 1903 &ndash October 25, 1976) was a French Poet and Novelist and the co-founder Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality Max Morise (1900-1973 was a French artist writer & actor associated with the Surrealist movement in Paris from 1924 to 1929 Pierre Naville ( Paris, 1904 — Paris, 1993 was a French Writer and Sociologist. Jacques-André Boiffard (1902-1961 born in Paris lived in Roche-sur-Yon Georges Alexandre Malkine (1898-1970 was the only painter to sign the Surrealist Manifesto of 1924 the other signatories were for the most part writers Giorgio de Chirico briefly associated with the group but never joined. Giorgio de Chirico ( July 10, 1888 &ndash November 20, 1978) was an influential pre-Surrealist and then Surrealist
1925	Jacques Prévert, Yves Tanguy, Pierre Brasseur, Marcel Duhamel, and Michel Leiris joined the group. Jacques Prévert (ʒak pʀeˈvɛʀ in French February 4, 1900 - April 11, 1977) was a French Poet and Screenwriter Raymond Georges Yves Tanguy ( January 5, 1900 &ndash January 15, 1955) was a Surrealist painter Pierre Brasseur, born Pierre-Albert Espinasse ( December 22, 1905 in Paris &ndash died August 16, 1972 in Bruneck-Brunico Marcel Duhamel was a French Actor and Screenwriter, founder of the Série noire publishing imprint Julien Michel Leiris ( April 20 1901 in Paris &ndash September 30 1990 in Saint-Hilaire Essonne) was a French
1926	Rene Magritte, E. L. T. Mesens, and others started a Surrealist group in Belgium. René François Ghislain Magritte ( 21 November 1898 - 15 August 1967) was a Belgian Surrealist artist ELT Mesens (Edouard Léon Théodore (1903 &ndash 1971 was a Belgian Artist and Writer associated with the Belgian Surrealist movement Pablo Picasso associated with the Surrealists but never officially joined. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973
1927	Soupault, Artaud, and Vitrac were kicked out of the group.
1929	For various reasons, including the political direction Breton was taking Surrealism, several members -- Prévert, Baron, Desnos, Leiris, Limbour, Masson, Queneau, Morise, Boiffard -- broke with the group and organized under Georges Bataille. Georges Bataille (ʒɔʀʒ baˈtaj ( September 10, 1897 &ndash July 8, 1962) was a French Writer. However, several new members joined: Salvador Dalí, Luis Buñuel, Alberto Giacometti, René Char, and Lee Miller. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Luis Buñuel Portolés (22 February 1900 &ndash 29 July 1983 was a Spanish -born Filmmaker and naturalized Mexican who worked mainly in Mexico Alberto Giacometti ( October 10, 1901 – January 11, 1966) was a Swiss sculptor, painter, draftsman, René Char ( June 14, 1907 &ndash February 19, 1988) was a 20th century French Poet. Elizabeth 'Lee' Miller Lady Penrose ( 23 April 1907 - 21 July 1977) was an American photographer. Breton also reconciled with Tzara. When the second Surrealist Manifesto was published, it was signed by Aragon, Ernst, Buñuel, Char, Crevel, Dali, Eluard, Ernst, Péret, Tanguy, Tzara, Maxime Alexandre, Joe Bousquet, Camille Goemans, Paul Nougé, Francis Ponge, Marco Ristitch, Georges Sadoul, André Thirion, and Albert Valentin. Joë Bousquet ( Narbonne, March 19, 1897 - Carcassonne, September 28, 1950) was a French Poet. Paul Nougé (1895 - 1967 was a Belgian Poet and Philosopher. He was one of the most influential members of the Surrealist school in Belgium Francis Jean Gaston Alfred Ponge ( March 27, 1899 - August 6, 1988) was a French Essayist and Poet. Georges Sadoul (born Nancy 1904 died Paris 1967 was a French journalist and cinema writer Federico García Lorca was friends with Dalí and Buñuel and is often called a Surrealist though he never officially joined the group; he broke contact with Dalí and Buñuel in 1929 when he interpreted their film, Un chien andalou (An Andalusian Dog), as an attack on him. Federico García Lorca' ( 5 June 1898 &ndash 19 August 1936) was a Spanish Poet and dramatist also remembered as
1932	Aragon and Sadoul left the Surrealists because of the conflict between Communism and Surrealism and their dedication to the Communist party. Meret Oppenheim, Victor Brauner, Roger Caillois, Georges Hugnet, Jehan Mayoux, Henri Pastoureau, Guy Rosey, Claude Cahun and J. Meret Oppenheim ( 6 October 1913, Berlin &mdash 15 November 1985, Switzerland) was a German -born Swiss Victor Brauner ( June 15 1903 - March 12 1966) was a Romanian Jewish painter the brother of Harry Brauner (a known Roger Caillois ( 3 March 1913 - 21 December 1978) was a French Intellectual whose idiosyncratic work brought together Claude Cahun ( 25 October, 1894 &ndash 8 December, 1954) was a French Artist, Photographer and Writer M. Monnerot joined the group.
1934	Óscar Domínguez, Dora Maar, Richard Oelze, Giséle Prassinos, Kurt Seligmann, and Brion Gysin joined the group. Oscar M Domínguez (1906-1957 was a Spanish surrealist painter Henriette Theodora Markovitch alias Dora Maar ( November 22 1907 &ndash July 16 1997) was a French Photographer, Poet Richard Oelze (born June 29, 1900 in Magdeburg; died November 26, 1980 in Gut Posteholz near Hameln) was a Kurt Seligmann (1900–1962 was a Swiss-American Surrealist painter and engraver Brion Gysin ( January 19, 1916 - July 13, 1986) was a painter, Writer, Sound poet, and Performance
1935	Wolfgang Paalen, Pierre Mabille, and Jacques-B. Brunius joined the group. Hans Bellmer's work was published in Minotaure. Hans Bellmer ( 13 March[[ 902]] Katowice, Silesia, &ndash 23 February 1975 Paris, France) was an artist best Brion Gysin was expelled. Brion Gysin ( January 19, 1916 - July 13, 1986) was a painter, Writer, Sound poet, and Performance
1936	Joseph Cornell debuted Rose Hobart. Joseph Cornell ( December 24, 1903 &ndash December 29, 1972) was an American artist and sculptor one of the pioneers and most celebrated Though Cornell was influenced by the Surrealists and friendly with many of them, he never officially joined the group. Dalí's negative criticism of Rose Hobart further inspired Cornell to distance himself.
1937	Kay Sage met Tanguy, and Leonora Carrington met Ernst. Katherine Linn Sage ( June 25 1898 - January 8 1963) usually known as Kay Sage, was an American Surrealist Leonora Carrington (born April 6 1917) is a British -born artist a surrealist painter and while living in Mexico, a novelist Also, Remedios Varo settled in Paris with Peret. Remedios Varo Uranga (December 16 1908 - October 8 1963) was a Spanish-Mexican Surrealist painter.
1938	Breton had a falling out with Eluard but reconciled with Masson. Also, Breton met Frida Kahlo in Mexico; she is often called a Surrealist though she never officially joined. Frida Kahlo (July 6 1907 – July 13 1954 was a Mexican painter, who has achieved great international popularity Roberto Matta, Gordon Onslow Ford and Bellmer joined the group. Roberto Antonio Sebastián Matta Echaurren ( November 11, 1911 – November 23, 2002) usually known as Matta, was one of Gordon Onslow Ford ( December 26, 1912 &ndash November 9, 2003) was the last surviving member of the 1930s Paris surrealist group surrounding
1939	Dali was kicked out of the group for multiple reasons including his apparent support of Francisco Franco, his commercialism, and his abrasive personality. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Breton referred to him from that point on as "Avida Dollars", and the group essentially referred to him as if he were dead. Caillois and Hugnet also left the group.
1940	Wifredo Lam joined the group. Wifredo Oscar de la Concepción Lam y Castilla (b December 8, 1902, Sagua La Grande, Cuba; &ndash d
1941	Breton met Aimé Césaire in Martinique. Aimé Fernand David Césaire (26 June 1913 &ndash 17 April 2008 was a Afro-[[Martinique Martinican]] Francophone Poet, Author and Politician Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km²
1942	Breton, Duchamp, Ernst, Calas, and Carrington gained a following in New York with the publication of VVV. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Newer members included Dorothea Tanning, Enrico Donati, Charles Duits, David Hare, Robert Lebel, Isabelle and Patrick Waldberg. Dorothea Tanning (born August 25 1910) is an American painter printmaker sculptor and writer Enrico Donati Charles Duits (1925-1991 was a French Writer of the Fantastique. David Hare ( March 10, 1917 &ndash December 21, 1992) was an American Artist, associated with the Surrealist Robert Lebel (born September 21, 1905 in Quebec City Quebec, died September 20, 1999) was a Canadian Ice hockey administrator Other artists directly influenced by the Surrealists in New York include Robert Motherwell, William Baziotes, Alexander Calder, and Frederick Kiesler. Robert Motherwell ( January 24, 1915 – July 16, 1991) was an American abstract expressionist painter and William Baziotes (1912&ndash1963 was an American painter influenced by Surrealism and was a contributor to Abstract Expressionism. Alexander Calder (22 July 1898 – 11 November 1976 also known as Sandy Calder, was an American sculptor and Artist most famous for inventing Frederick John Kiesler (Czernowitz or Tschernovitz Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Chernivtsi, Ukraine) September 22, 1890 –
1943	The View published the poetry of 15-year-old Philip Lamantia who later became acquainted with Breton and others in New York. Philip Lamantia ( October 23, 1927 - March 7, 2005) was a United States Poet and lecturer
1944	Breton and Matta met with Arshile Gorky. Arshile Gorky (real name - Vostanik Manoog Adoyan; Արշիլ Գորկի Վոստանիկ Մանուկի Ադոյան ( April 15, 1904 ? – July Seligman left the group.
1948	Matta, blamed for Gorky's suicide, was kicked out of the group.
1951	In what was called "The Carrouges affair", Michel Carrouges, a writer associated with the Surrealists, was found to be a practicing Catholic and was expelled. Maurice Henry, Jacques Hérold, Marcel Jean, Robert Lebel, Patrick Waldberg, and Henri Pastoureau were also expelled. Robert Lebel (born September 21, 1905 in Quebec City Quebec, died September 20, 1999) was a Canadian Ice hockey administrator
1954	Ernst received the Grand Prix of the Venice Biennale and was subsequently expelled from the group.
1959	Jean Benoît and Mimi Parent joined the group. Jean Benoît is an artist called "The Enchanter of Serpents" best known for his surrealist sculptures Mimi Parent ( September 8, 1924 - June 14, 2005) born Marie Parent in Montreal, was a Canadian Surrealist
1960	Ted Joans met Breton in Paris. Theodore "Ted" Joans ( July 4, 1928 - April 25, 2003) was an American Trumpeter, jazz poet and

See also

• Art periods
• Western painting
• Chicago Surrealist Group
• Peggy Guggenheim
• Fantastic art
• Impossible object
• Neosurrealism
• Magic realism
• Social criticism
• Simulated reality
• Visionary art
• Bodley Gallery

Techniques and humor

• Surreal humour
• Surrealist techniques

Surrealist publications

• Acéphale, a surrealist review created by Georges Bataille, published from 1936 to 1939
• Documents, a surrealist journal edited by Georges Bataille from 1929 to 1930
• Minotaure, a primarily surrealist-oriented publication founded by Albert Skira, published in Paris from 1933 to 1939
• La Révolution surréaliste, a seminal Surrealist publication founded by André Breton, published in Paris from 1924 to 1929
• View, an American art magazine, primarily covering avant-garde and surrealist art, published from 1940 to 1947
• VVV, a New York journal published by émigré European surrealists from 1942 through 1944

References

1. ^ In 1917, Guillaume Apollinaire coined the term "Surrealism" in the program notes describing the ballet Parade which was a collaborative work by Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie, Pablo Picasso and Léonide Massine: "From this new alliance, for until now stage sets and costumes on one side and choreography on the other had only a sham bond between them, there has come about, in Parade, a kind of super-realism ('sur-réalisme'), in which I see the starting point of a series of manifestations of this new spirit ('esprit nouveau'). An art period is a phase in the development of the work of an Artist, groups of artists or Art movement. See also Western art, History of painting, Western art history, History of art, Art history, Painting, Outline of painting The Chicago Surrealist Group was founded in Chicago Illinois in July 1966 by Franklin and Penelope Rosemont after a 1965 trip to Paris, during Peggy Guggenheim ( August 26, 1898 – December 23, 1979) was an American Art collector Fantastic art is an art genre The parameters of fantastic art has been fairly rigourously defined in the scholarship on the subject An impossible object (also known as an impossible figure or an undecidable figure) is a type of Optical illusion consisting of a two- Dimensional Neosurrealism or Neo-Surrealism is an Artistic Genre that illustrates the complex imagery of Dream or subconscious visions in irrational Magic realism, or magical realism, is an artistic Genre in which magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or even "normal" Social criticism analyzes Social structures which are seen as flawed and aims at practical solutions by specific measures radical Reform or even Revolutionary Simulated reality is the proposition that Reality could be simulated—perhaps by Computer simulation —to a degree indistinguishable from "true" Reality Visionary art is Art that purports to transcend the physical world and portray a wider vision of Awareness including spiritual or Mystical The Bodley Gallery was a prominent Art gallery in New York City, USA, from the late 1940s through the early 1980s Surreal humour is a form of humour, laughingly in a style related to the artistic ambitions of the surrealists, based on bizarre Juxtapositions absurd situations Surrealism in Art, Poetry, and Literature utilizes numerous unique techniques and games to provide inspiration Acéphale (from the Greek a-cephalus, literally "headless" designates both a public review created by Georges Bataille (which counted five issues from Documents was a late 1920s-era Surrealist journal edited and masterminded by Georges Bataille. Minotaure (1933 to 1939 was a primarily Surrealist -oriented publication founded by Albert Skira in Paris Albert Skira (1904 - 1973 was a French publisher In 1933 he contacted André Breton about a new journal which he planned to be the most luxurious art and literary La Révolution surréaliste (The Surrealist Revolution was a publication by Surrealists in Paris View was an American literary and art magazine published from 1940 to 1947 by artist and writer Charles Henri Ford, and writer and film critic Parker Tyler VVV was a journal devoted to the dissemination of Surrealism, published in New York City from 1942 through 1944. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Guillaume Apollinaire (in French ɡijom apɔliˈnɛʁ ( August 26, 1880 &ndash November 9, 1918) was a French Poet Parade is a Ballet with Music by Erik Satie and a one-act scenario by Jean Cocteau. Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 &ndash 11 October 1963 was a French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, Designer, Boxing Alfred Éric Leslie Satie ( Honfleur, 17 May 1866 – Paris, 1 July 1925) was a French Composer and Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 See also Leonid Fyodorovich Myasin (Russian Леонид Фёдорович Мясин better known in the French transliteration Léonide Massine ( August "
2. ^ Breton, "Vaché is surrealist in me," in Surrealist Manifesto. Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Dawn Ades, with Matthew Gale: "Surrealism", The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2007. Accessed March 15, 2007, http://www.groveart.com/
4. ^ Dalí, Salvador, Diary of a Genius quoted in The Columbia World of Quotations (1996)
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Tomkins, Calvin, Duchamp: A Biography. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Calvin Tomkins (1925 New Jersey –) is an author and art critic for The New Yorker magazine Henry Holt and Company, Inc, 1996. ISBN 0-8050-5789-7
6. ^ Link to Guggenheim collection with reproduction of the painting and further information.
7. ^ Link to Guggenheim collection with reproduction of the painting and further information.
8. ^ Link to Guggenheim collection with reproduction of the painting and further information.
9. ^ Modern History Sourcebook: A Surrealist Manifesto, 1925
10. ^ http://www.generation-online.org/c/fcSurrealism1.html
11. ^ Lewis, Helena. Dada Turns Red. 1990. University of Edinburgh Press. A history of the uneasy relations between Surrealists and Communists from the 1920s through the 1950s.
12. ^ Kelley, Robin D.G. A Poetics of Anticolonialism. Robin DG Kelley (born 1962 is a professor of history and American studies and ethnicity at the University of Southern California. Nov. 1999.
13. ^ Kelley, Robin D.G. "Poetry and the Political Imagination: Aimé Césaire, Negritude, & the Applications of Surrealism". Robin DG Kelley (born 1962 is a professor of history and American studies and ethnicity at the University of Southern California. July 2001
14. ^ Frida Kahlo, Paintings, Chronology, Biography, Bio
15. ^ Surrealist Art from Centre Pompidou. Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement Accessed March 20, 2007
16. ^ Samuel Beckett Terms
17. ^ Artaud and Semiotics
18. ^ The Theatre Of The Absurd
19. ^ Greer, Germaine, "Double vision: Surrealism's women thought they were celebrating sexual emancipation. But were they just fulfilling men's erotic fantasies?", Guardian Unlimited, March 5, 2007. Germaine Greer (born 29 January 1939 is an Australian born Writer, Academic, Journalist and Scholar of early modern English literature guardiancouk, formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group. (Accessed March 25, 2007).

André Breton

• Breton, André, Manifestoes of Surrealism containing the first, second and introduction to a possible third manifesto, the novel The Soluble Fish, and political aspects of the Surrealist movement. André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, ISBN 0-472-17900-4 .
• Breton, André, What is Surrealism?: Selected Writings of André Breton. ISBN 0-87348-822-9 .
• Breton, André, Conversations: The Autobiography of Surrealism (Gallimard 1952) (Paragon House English rev. ed. 1993). ISBN 1-56924-970-9.
• Breton, André, The Abridged Dictionary of Surrealism, reprinted in:
  • Bonnet, Marguerite, ed. (1988). Oeuvres complètes, 1:328. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.

Other sources

• Alexandrian, Sarane. Surrealist Art London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.
• Appollinaire, Guillaume 1917, 1991. Guillaume Apollinaire (in French ɡijom apɔliˈnɛʁ ( August 26, 1880 &ndash November 9, 1918) was a French Poet Program note for Parade, printed in Oeuvres en prose complètes, 2:865-866, Pierre Caizergues and Michel Décaudin, eds. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
• Brotchie, Alastair and Gooding, Mel, eds. A Book of Surrealist Games Berkeley, CA: Shambhala, 1995. ISBN 1-57062-084-9.
• Caws, Mary Ann Surrealist Painters and Poets: An Anthology 2001, MIT Press. Mary Ann Caws (born 1933 is an American author art historian and literary critic
• Durozoi, Gerard, History of the Surrealist Movement Translated by Alison Anderson University of Chicago Press. 2004. ISBN 0-226-17411-5.
• Lewis, Helena. Dada Turns Red. Edinburgh, Scotland: University of Ednburgh Press, 1990.
• Lewis, Helena. The Politics Of Surrealism 1988
• Low Mary, Breá Juan, Red Spanish Notebook, City Light Books, Sans Francisco, 1979, ISBN 087286-132-5 [7]
• Melly, George Paris and the Surrealists Thames & Hudson. 1991.
• Moebius, Stephan. Die Zauberlehrlinge. Soziologiegeschichte des Collège de Sociologie. Konstanz: UVK 2006. About the College of Sociology, its members and sociological impacts. The College of Sociology ( "Collège de Sociologie" in French was a loosely-knit group of French Intellectuals named after the informal discussion series
• Nadeau, Maurice. History of Surrealism Cambridge, Mass. : Belknap Press, 1989. ISBN 0-674-40345-2.

External links

André Breton writings

• Manifesto of Surrealism by André Breton. 1924.
• What is Surrealism? Lecture by Breton, Brussels 1934

Overview websites

• Dutch Surrealism,
• Dutch Surrealisme on Wikipedia.
• Timeline of Surrealism from Centre Pompidou. Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement
• (French) Le Surréalisme
• Surrealist.com, A general history of the art movement with artist biographies and art.
• Surrealist-plays, an historical overview

Surrealism and politics

• The radical politics of Surrealism, 1919-1950, an article looking at Surrealisms connections to anarchist, socialist and working class politics.
• "Herbert Marcuse and the Surrealist Revolution", an article from Arsenal/Surrealist Subversion.
• "How the Surrealists sold out," The Guardian, 28 March 2007.
• (French) Benjamin Péret.

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