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Republiek Suriname
Republic of Suriname
Flag of Suriname Coat of arms of Suriname
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Justitia - Pietas - Fides  (Latin)
"Justice - Duty - Loyalty"
Anthem: God zij met ons Suriname   (Dutch)
('God be with us Suriname')
Location of Suriname
Capital
(and largest city)		 Paramaribo
5°50′N, 55°10′W
Official languages Dutch
Recognised regional languages Sranan Tongo, Hindi, English, Hindustani, Javanese, Marathi, Bhojpuri, Hakka, Cantonese, Boni, Saramaccan, Paramakan, Ndyuka, Kwinti, Matawai, Cariban, Arawakan, Aluku, Kalina
Demonym Surinamese
Government Parliamentary republic
 -  President Ronald Venetiaan
Independence From the Netherlands 
 -  Date November 25, 1975 
Area
 -  Total 163,820 km² (91st)
63,251 sq mi 
 -  Water (%) 1. The Flag of Suriname is formed by five horizontal bands of green (top double width white red (quadruple width white and green (double width On 25 November 1975 the independent Republic of Suriname adopted an official Coat of arms. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's God zij met ons Suriname or Opo kondreman is the National anthem of Suriname. Most Surinamers live in the narrow northern coastal plain The population is one of the most ethnically varied in the world Paramaribo (nickname Par′bo) is the Capital and largest City of Suriname, located on banks of the Suriname River in the An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or Sranan (also Sranan Tongo "Surinamean tongue" Surinaams, Surinamese, Suriname Creole) is a Creole language spoken Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Bhojpuri ( is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. Saramaccan ( Autonym: Saamáka) is a Creole language spoken by about 24000 people near the Saramacca and upper Suriname Ndyuká ( in English also called Ndyuká tongo or Okanisi is a Creole language of Suriname. The Kwinti are an ethnic group living in the forested interior of Suriname, and the eponymous term for their language which has less than 1000 speakers The Cariban languages are an indigenous Language family of South America. The Arawakan languages (also Arahuacan, Arawakanas, Arahuacano, Maipurean, Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúrean The Aluku are a Maroon ethnic group living in the forested interior of Suriname, and the eponymous term for their language which has less than 1000 speakers Carib, also known as Caribe, Cariña, Galibi, Galibí, Kali'na, Kalihna, Kalinya, Galibi Carib, A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government Presidents of Suriname 1975-present No Name Took office Left office Party Ronald Runaldo Venetiaan (born June 18, 1936) is a mathematician and the current president of Suriname. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here Surface areas between 100000 km² and 1000000 km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 1
Population
 -  July 2005 estimate 470,784 (170th)
 -  2004 census 487,024 
 -  Density 2. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 7/km² (223rd)
7. List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² 0/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2005 estimate
 -  Total $2. The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 898 billion (160st)
 -  Per capita $5,683 (96th)
HDI (2007) ▲ 0. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 774 (medium) (85th)
Currency Surinamese dollar (SRD)
Time zone ART (UTC-3)
 -  Summer (DST) not observed (UTC-3)
Internet TLD .sr
Calling code +597

Suriname[1] (Dutch: Republiek Suriname), officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by the English who founded the first colony at Marshall's Creek[2], along the Suriname River, but the Dutch spelling is more widely accepted; in Sranan Tongo Sranan), is a country in northern South America. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The dollar ( ISO 4217 code SRD) has been the Currency of Suriname since 2004. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The Suriname River is 480 km long and flows through the country of Suriname. Sranan (also Sranan Tongo "Surinamean tongue" Surinaams, Surinamese, Suriname Creole) is a Creole language spoken South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a

Suriname was formerly known as Nederlands Guyana, Netherlands Guiana or Dutch Guiana. Geographical renaming is the act of changing the name of a geographical feature or area The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Suriname is situated between French Guiana to the east and Guyana to the west. French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state The southern border is shared with Brazil and the northern border is the Atlantic coast. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The southernmost border with French Guiana is disputed along the Marowijne river; while the once-disputed boundary with Guyana was arbitrated by the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea on September 20, 2007. The Maroni or Marowijne (Maroni Marowijne Sranan Tongo: Marwina-Libya) is a River in South America. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS) also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty is the international agreement that resulted Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The country is the smallest sovereign state in terms of area and population in South America. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology

Contents

History

Main article: History of Suriname

European exploration of the area began in the 16th century by Dutch, French, Spanish and English explorers. Native American period The history of Suriname dates from 3000 BCE when Native Americans first inhabited the area This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In the 17th century, plantation colonies were established by the Dutch and English along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The earliest documented colony in Guiana was by an Englishman named Marshall called Marshall's Creek, along the Suriname River[2]. At the Treaty of Breda, in 1667, the Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of Suriname conquered from the British, while leaving the small trading post of New Amsterdam in North America, now New York City, in the hands of the British. For other meanings see Treaty of Breda (disambiguation. The Treaty of Breda was signed at the Dutch city of Breda, July 31 The City of New York

The Dutch planters relied heavily on African slaves to cultivate the coffee, cocoa, sugar cane and cotton plantations along the rivers. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World Treatment of the slaves by their owners was notoriously bad, and many slaves escaped the plantations. With the help of the native South Americans living in the adjoining rain forests, these runaway slaves established a new and unique culture that was highly successful in its own right. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Known collectively in English as the Maroons, and in Dutch as "Bosnegers," (literally meaning "Bush negroes"), they actually established several independent tribes, among them the Saramaka, the Paramaka, the Ndyuka or Aukan, the Kwinti, the Aluku or Boni and the Matawai. Maroons redirects here and may refer to Queensland state rugby league team. Saramaka, sometimes spelled Saramacca is the name of a group of Maroons (escaped African slaves who established small communities along the Suriname Ndyuká ( in English also called Ndyuká tongo or Okanisi is a Creole language of Suriname. The Kwinti are an ethnic group living in the forested interior of Suriname, and the eponymous term for their language which has less than 1000 speakers The Aluku are a Maroon ethnic group living in the forested interior of Suriname, and the eponymous term for their language which has less than 1000 speakers

The Maroons would often raid the plantations to recruit new members, acquire women, weapons, food and supplies. These attacks were often deadly for the planters and their families, and after several unsuccessful campaigns against the Maroons, the European authorities signed several peace treaties with them in the 19th century, granting the Maroons sovereign status and trade rights.

Slavery was abolished by the Netherlands in Suriname in 1863, but the slaves in Suriname were not fully released until 1873, after a mandatory 10 year transition period during which time they were required to work on the plantations for minimal pay and without state sanctioned torture. As soon as they became truly free, the slaves largely abandoned the plantations where they had suffered for several generations, in favor of the city, Paramaribo. Paramaribo (nickname Par′bo) is the Capital and largest City of Suriname, located on banks of the Suriname River in the As a plantation colony, Suriname was still heavily dependent on manual labor, and to make up for the shortfall, the Dutch brought in contract laborers from the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia) and India (through an arrangement with the British). See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country In addition, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, small numbers of mostly men were brought in from China and the Middle East. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Although Suriname's population remains relatively small, because of this history it is one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse in the world.

In 1954, the Dutch placed Suriname under a system of limited self-government, with the Netherlands retaining control of defense and foreign affairs. In 1973, the local government, led by the NPK (a largely Creole, meaning ethnically African or mixed African-European, party) started negotiations with the Dutch government leading towards full independence, which was granted on 25 November 1975. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The severance package was very substantial, and a large part of Suriname's economy for the first decade following independence was fueled by foreign aid provided by the Dutch government.

The first President of the country was Johan Ferrier, the former governor, with Henck Arron (leader of the Suriname National Party) as Prime Minister. Johan Ferrier (born May 12, 1910) was the president of Suriname from 1975 to 1980 Henck Alphonsus Eugène Arron (b 1936 d 2000 was the Prime Minister of Suriname from 24 December 1973 to 25 February 1980, Nearly one third of the population of Suriname at that time emigrated to the Netherlands in the years leading up to independence, as many people feared that the new country would fare worse under independence than it did as an overseas colony of the Netherlands. Suriname's diaspora therefore includes more than a quarter of one million people of Suriname origin living in the Netherlands today, including several recent members of the Dutch national football (soccer) team.

On February 25, 1980, a military coup sidelined the democratic government, and with it began a period of economic and social hardship for the country. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system On 8 December 1982, the military, then under the leadership of Desi Bouterse, rounded up several prominent citizens who were accused of plotting against the government. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Desiré Delano Bouterse of Suriname (born October 13, 1945) has been a military sports instructor coup leader army leader and a Politician They were allegedly tortured and certainly killed during the night, and the Netherlands quickly suspended all foreign aid to Suriname after this event. (Desi Bouterse is scheduled to stand trial in Suriname in the fall of 2007 for his role in these killings. )

Elections were held in 1987 and a new constitution was adopted, which among other things allowed the dictator to remain in charge of the army. Dissatisfied with the government, Bouterse summarily dismissed them in 1990, by telephone. This event became popularly known as "the telephone coup". Bouterse's power began to wane after the 1991 elections however, and a brutal civil war between the Suriname army and the Maroons, loyal to the rebel leader Ronnie Brunswijk, further weakened his position during the 1990s. Ronnie Brunswijk (born circa 1962) was the rebel leader of the Junglecommando (JC in Suriname.

Suriname's democracy gained some strength after the turbulent 1990s, and its economy became more diversified and less dependent on Dutch financial assistance. Bauxite (Aluminum ore) mining continues to be a strong revenue source, but the discovery and exploitation of oil and gold has added substantially to Suriname's economic independence. Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and Agriculture, especially of rice and bananas, remains a strong component of the economy, and ecotourism is providing new economic opportunities. Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of Tourism that appeals to ecologically and socially conscious individuals More than 80% of Suriname's land-mass consists of unspoiled rain forest, and with the establishment of the Central Suriname Nature Reserve in 1998, Suriname signaled its commitment to conservation of this precious resource. The Central Suriname Nature Reserve was created in 1998 by Conservation International and the government of Suriname. The Central Suriname Nature Reserve became a World Heritage Site in 2000. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex

Districts and resorts

Main articles: Districts of Suriname and Resorts of Suriname
Suriname is divided into ten districts:

Suriname is further subdivided into 62 resorts (ressorten). |||} Suriname is divided into 10 districts. Brokopondo Commewijne Coronie Marowijne Nickerie The districts of Suriname are divided into 62 resorts ( ressorten) Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. Brokopondo is a district of Suriname. Its Capital city is Brokopondo; other towns include Brownsweg and Kwakoegron. Commewijne is a district of Suriname, located on the right bank of the Suriname River. Coronie is a district of Suriname, situated on the Coast. Coronie's Capital city is Totness, with other towns including Corneliskondre Marowijne is a district of Suriname, located on the north-east coast Nickerie is a district of Suriname, on the north-west Coast. Nickerie's Capital city is Nieuw-Nickerie, the second largest City in Para is a district of Suriname, in the north Para's Capital city is Onverwacht, with other towns including Paranam, Sabana and Paramaribo is a district of Suriname, encompassing the city of Paramaribo and the surrounding area Saramacca is a district of Suriname, in the north Saramacca's Capital city is Groningen, with other towns and cities including Batavia and Sipaliwini is the largest district of Suriname, located in the south Wanica is a district of Suriname, in the northeast Wanica's Capital city is Lelydorp.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Suriname
A map of Suriname with the disputed area (with Guyana) included
A map of Suriname with the disputed area (with Guyana) included
Map of Suriname.
Map of Suriname. Suriname is located in northern South America and is part of Caribbean South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between French Guiana
Tailor's shop, Paramaribo, 1955.
Tailor's shop, Paramaribo, 1955.
The Suriname River, near the city of Paramaribo
The Suriname River, near the city of Paramaribo

Suriname is the smallest independent country in South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Situated on the Guiana Shield, the country can be divided into two main geographic regions. The Guiana Shield (Guayana is one of the three Cratons of the South American Plate. A shield is generally a large area of exposed Precambrian Crystalline igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that form tectonically The northern, lowland coastal area (roughly above the line Albina-Paranam-Wageningen) has been cultivated, and most of the population lives here. The southern part consists of tropical rainforest and sparsely inhabited savanna along the border with Brazil, covering about 80% of Suriname's land surface. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem. Borders define geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions such as Governments States or subnational administrative |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld

There are two main mountain ranges in Suriname: the Bakhuys Mountains and the Van Asch Van Wijck Mountains. Julianatop is the highest mountain in the country at 1,286 metres (4,219 ft) above sea level. Julianatop is the highest mountain in Suriname at. It is located in the Sipaliwini District. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface Other mountains include Tafelberg (1,026 m; 3,366 ft), Mount Kasikasima (718 m; 2,356 ft), Goliathberg (358 m; 1,174 ft) and Voltzberg (240 m; 787 ft). The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit

Climate

Lying on the equator, Suriname has a very hot tropical climate, and temperatures do not vary a lot throughout the year. The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the The year has two wet seasons, from April to August and from November to February. A wet season or rainy season is a Season in which the average Rainfall in a region is significantly increased It also has two dry seasons, from August to November and February to April. The dry season is a term commonly used when describing the weather in the Tropics.

Located in the northeast portion of the country is the Brokopondo Reservoir, one of the largest reservoir lakes in the world. The Brokopondo Reservoir also known by its alternate Dutch names Prof It was created in 1964 by the Afobakka dam (the Brokopondo Project), built to provide hydropower for the bauxite industry (which consumes about 75% of the output) and for domestic consumption. Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the Force or Energy of moving water which may Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and

Nature Reserves

In the upper Coppename River watershed, the Central Suriname Nature Reserve is a UNESCO World Heritage Site cited for its unspoiled rainforest biodiversity. The Coppename is a river in Suriname (South America in the district of Sipaliwini, forming part of the boundary between the districts of Coronie and A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, The Central Suriname Nature Reserve was created in 1998 by Conservation International and the government of Suriname. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. There are many national parks in the country: Galibi National Reserve, Coppename Manding National Park and Wia Wia NR along the coast, Brownsberg NR, Raleighvallen/Voltzeberg NR, Tafelberg NR and Eilerts de Haan NP in the centre and the Sipaliwani NR on the Brazilian border. In all, 12% of the country's land area are national parks and lakes.

Tourism

In recent years this sector has flourished. By the end of 2006, tourism had grown by 400% compared with 2005. In the last years big hotels have been built all over the country to satisfy the needs of the growing tourism sector. In December 2007 the first five star hotel- the Royal Torarica- was opened in the night district of Paramaribo on the Suriname River. A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis Paramaribo (nickname Par′bo) is the Capital and largest City of Suriname, located on banks of the Suriname River in the The Suriname River is 480 km long and flows through the country of Suriname. This hotel has approximately 300 rooms with a Presidential suite on the top floor. In Music, a suite is an ordered set of Instrumental or Orchestral pieces normally performed in a Concert Other major hotels- of four stars- in Suriname are the Krasnapolsky, Residence Inn, Torarica, Queens Hotel, Princess Hotel, Ambassador hotel and casino, Stardust hotel, Ecoressort, Hotel Ameerali and the Spanhoek Hotel. The rental of apartments, or the rent-a-house phenomenon is also popular in Suriname.

The majority of tourists visit Suriname for the outstanding biodiversity of the pristine Amazonian rainforests in the south of the country which are noted for the incredible profusion of flora and fauna. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. The Central Suriname Nature Reserve is the biggest and one of the most popular reserves, along with the Brownsberg Nature Park which overlooks the Brokopondo Reservoir- one of the largest man-made lakes in the world. The Central Suriname Nature Reserve was created in 1998 by Conservation International and the government of Suriname. The Brokopondo Reservoir also known by its alternate Dutch names Prof Tonka Island in the reservoir is home to a rustic eco-tourism project run by the Saramaccaner Maroons. Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of Tourism that appeals to ecologically and socially conscious individuals There are also many waterfalls throughout the country: Raleighvallen, or Raleigh Falls, is a 56,000 hectare nature reserve on the Coppename River, rich in bird life. The Coppename is a river in Suriname (South America in the district of Sipaliwini, forming part of the boundary between the districts of Coronie and Also are the Blanche Marie Falls on the Nickerie River and the Wonotobo Falls. The Nickerie is a river in the northwestern part of Suriname. Tafelberg Mountain in the centre of the country is surrounded by its own reserve- the Tafelberg Nature Reserve- around the source of the Saramacca River, as is the Voltzberg Nature Reserve further north on the Coppename River at Raleighvallen. Saramacca River is a River in Suriname (estuary located at around) The Coppename is a river in Suriname (South America in the district of Sipaliwini, forming part of the boundary between the districts of Coronie and In the interior are many Maroon and Amerindian villages- usually surrounded by their own reserves- which are open visitors. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.

Suriname is one of the only countries in the world where at least one of each different biome that the state possesses has been declared a wildlife reserve. A biome is a climatically and geographically defined area of ecologically similar climatic conditions such as communities of Plants Animals and Around 30% of the total land area of Suriname is protected by law as reserves.

Also amazing are some of the plantations like Laarwijk, which is situated along the Suriname River. Laarwijk is a settlement and a former Plantation in the Commewijne District in Suriname. The Suriname River is 480 km long and flows through the country of Suriname. This plantation can only be reached by boat via Domburg, in the north central Wanica District of Suriname. Wanica is a district of Suriname, in the northeast Wanica's Capital city is Lelydorp.

Economy

Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Finance
Main article: Economy of Suriname

The economy of Suriname is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for more than 15% of GDP and 70% of export earnings. The Economy of Suriname is the story of the former dutch colony getting independent Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and Other main export products include rice, bananas and shrimp. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation. True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh Suriname has recently started exploiting some of its sizeable oil[3] and gold[4] reserves. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 About a quarter of the people work in the agricultural sector. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture The Surinamese economy is very dependent on other countries, with its main trade partners being the Netherlands, the United States, Canada and countries in the Caribbean. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting

After assuming power in the fall of 1996, the Wijdenbosch government ended the structural adjustment program of the previous government, claiming it was unfair to the poorer elements of society. Jules Albert Wijdenbosch (born 1941) is a politician in Suriname. Structural adjustment is a term used to describe the policy changes implemented by the International Monetary Fund (IMF and the World Bank (the Bretton Tax revenues fell as old taxes lapsed and the government failed to implement new tax alternatives. By the end of 1997, the allocation of new Dutch development funds was frozen as Surinamese Government relations with the Netherlands deteriorated. Economic growth slowed in 1998, with decline in the mining, construction, and utility sectors. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure Rampant government expenditures, poor tax collection, a bloated civil service, and reduced foreign aid in 1999 contributed to the fiscal deficit, estimated at 11% of GDP. The government sought to cover this deficit through monetary expansion, which led to a dramatic increase in inflation. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time

GDP (2006 est. ): U. S. $2. 11 billion. Annual growth rate real GDP (2006 est. ): 5. 8%. Per capita GDP (2006 est. ): U. S. $4,000. Inflation (2006): 5. 6%. Natural resources: Bauxite, gold, oil, iron ore, other minerals; forests; hydroelectric potential; fish and shrimp. Agriculture: Products--rice, bananas, timber, and citrus fruits. Industry: Types--alumina, oil, gold, fish, shrimp, lumber. Trade (2005): Exports--U. S. $929. 1 million: alumina, gold, crude oil, wood and wood products, rice, bananas, fish, and shrimp. Major markets--Norway (23. 9%), U. S. (16. 8%), Canada (16. 4%), France (8. 1%), Iceland (2. 9%). Imports--$1. 1 billion: capital equipment, petroleum, iron and steel products, agricultural products, and consumer goods. Major suppliers--U. S. (24. 4%), Netherlands (14. 5%), Trinidad and Tobago (10. 5%), Japan (4. 3%), China (5. 4%), Brazil (3. 6%).

Politics

Main article: Politics of Suriname

The Republic of Suriname is a constitutional democracy based on the 1987 constitution. Politics of Suriname takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Suriname is the

The legislative branch of government consists of a 51-member unicameral National Assembly, simultaneously and popularly elected for a five-year term.

The president, who is elected for a five-year term by a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly or, failing that, by a majority of the People's Assembly, heads the executive branch. If at least two-thirds of the National Assembly cannot agree to vote for one presidential candidate, a People's Assembly is formed from all National Assembly delegates and regional and municipal representatives who were elected by popular vote in the most recent national election. As head of government, the president appoints a 16-minister cabinet. There is no constitutional provision for removal or replacement of the president unless he resigns.

The judiciary is headed by the Court of Justice (Supreme Court). This court supervises the magistrate courts. Members are appointed for life by the president in consultation with the National Assembly, the State Advisory Council and the National Order of Private Attorneys. In April 2005, the regional Caribbean Court of Justice, based in Trinidad, was inaugurated. As the final court of appeal, it was intended to replace the London-based Privy Council.

The country is divided into 10 administrative districts, each headed by a district commissioner appointed by the president. The commissioner is similar to the governor of a United States-type state but is appointed and removed by the president.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Suriname
The population growth of Suriname. Note the y-axis is the number inhabitants in thousands.
The population growth of Suriname. Most Surinamers live in the narrow northern coastal plain The population is one of the most ethnically varied in the world Note the y-axis is the number inhabitants in thousands.

Suriname's population of 438,144 (July 2005 estimate) is made up of several distinct ethnic groups. And in November 2007 the population was estimated at 494,347.

Synagogue in Paramaribo
Synagogue in Paramaribo

There is no predominant religion in the country. Christianity, both in the form of Roman Catholicism and variations of Protestantism, is dominant among Creoles and Maroons. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Most of the Hindustani are Hindu, but some practice Islam or Christianity instead. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Also the Javanese practice either Islam or Christianity. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings With 20% of the population, Suriname has the largest Muslim community by percentage in the New World. [5]. About 2. 5% of thet total Surinamese population is Ahmadiyya muslim. Ahmadiyya ( احمدیہ Ahmadiyya) is a movement that arose out of mainstream Islam towards the end of the 19th century Despite the religious diversity, the makeup of Suriname's population is very similar to that of neighboring Guyana, with the exception of the Indonesian population (which Guyana lacks). Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state French Guiana, which is a part of France, does not collect ethnic statistics. French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France

The vast majority of people (about 90%) live in Paramaribo or on the coast. Paramaribo (nickname Par′bo) is the Capital and largest City of Suriname, located on banks of the Suriname River in the There is also a significant Surinamese population in the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands In 2005 there were 328,300 Surinamese people living in the Netherlands, which is about 2% of the total population of the Netherlands (compared to 438,144 in Suriname).

Languages

An exceptional variety of languages is spoken in Suriname. [6] Sranan Tongo, a local creole language, is the most widely used language. Sranan (also Sranan Tongo "Surinamean tongue" Surinaams, Surinamese, Suriname Creole) is a Creole language spoken A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable Language that originates seemingly as a nativized Pidgin. Dutch is the official language and the mother tongue of about 60% of the Surinamese. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname It is used mainly in education, government and the media, often interchangeably with Sranan depending on the formality of the setting. [6] Surinamese Hindi, a dialect of Bhojpuri, is the third-most used language, spoken by the descendants of British Asian contract workers. Bhojpuri ( is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Javanese is spoken by the descendants of Javanese contract workers. Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. The Maroon languages, somewhat intelligible with Sranan Tongo, include Saramaka, Paramakan, Ndyuka, Aukan, Kwinti and Matawai. Maroons redirects here and may refer to Queensland state rugby league team. Saramaka, sometimes spelled Saramacca is the name of a group of Maroons (escaped African slaves who established small communities along the Suriname The Paramaccan are an ethnic group living in the forested interior of Suriname, and the eponymous term for their language which has less than 1000 speakers Ndyuká ( in English also called Ndyuká tongo or Okanisi is a Creole language of Suriname. The Kwinti are an ethnic group living in the forested interior of Suriname, and the eponymous term for their language which has less than 1000 speakers Amerindian languages, spoken by Amerindians, include Carib and Arawak. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Cariban languages are an indigenous Language family of South America. The Arawakan languages (also Arahuacan, Arawakanas, Arahuacano, Maipurean, Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúrean Hakka Chinese and Cantonese is spoken by the descendants of the Chinese contract (koelie, coolie) workers. Mandarin is spoken by more recent Chinese immigrants. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan English, Spanish and Portuguese are also used. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.

The public discourse about Suriname's languages is a part of ongoing debates about the country's national identity. [6] While Dutch is perceived as a remnant of colonialism by some,[6] the use of the popular Sranan became associated with nationalist politics after its public use by former dictator Dési Bouterse in the 1980s,[6] and groups descended from runaway slaves like the Maroons resent it. Desiré Delano Bouterse of Suriname (born October 13, 1945) has been a military sports instructor coup leader army leader and a Politician The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. [6] There are frequent proposals in Parliament to change the national language to English, so as to improve links to the Caribbean and North America, or to Spanish, as a nod to Suriname's geography. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting [6]

Culture

Main articles: Roman Catholicism in Suriname, Music of Suriname, and Hinduism in South America
Waterfront houses in Paramaribo, 1955.
Waterfront houses in Paramaribo, 1955. Roman Catholicism in Suriname is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, and is under the spiritual leadership of the Bishop of Rome, Pope Benedict XVI Suriname is a South American country a former colony of the Netherlands with strong ties to that country Hindu communities are found in several countries of South America but they are strongest in Guyana and Suriname.

Due to the policy of the Dutch East India Company and West India Company, there are many different ethnic groups in Suriname. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian Dutch West India Company ( Dutch: Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie or GWC; English: Chartered West India Company was a company of Ethnicities/races are: East Indian 37%, Surinamese creole 31%, Javanese 15%, Surinamese Maroon 10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, other 2%, White 1%.

National Celebrations

January 1- New Year's Day
May 1 - Labour Day
June 5 - Immigration of the Indians
July 1 - Emancipation Day (end of slavery)
August 8 - Day of the indigenous people
August 9 - Immigration of the Javanese
November 25 - Independence Day
December 25 - Christmas Day
December 26 - Second Christmas Day

There are several Hindu and Islamic national holidays like Divali (deepavali), Phagwa and Eid-ul-fitre and Eid-ul-adha. These holidays do not have specific dates on the gregorian calendar as they are based on the Islamic and Hindu calendar respectively. Aside from these holidays that are celebrated across the world in Hindu and Islamic countries, there are several holidays which are unique to Suriname. These include the Indian, Javanese and Chinese arrival days. They celebrate the arrival of the first ships with their respective immigrants.

New Year's Eve

Pagara (Red-firecracker-ribbons)
Pagara (Red-firecracker-ribbons)

New year's eve in Suriname is called Oud jaar which means old year. It is during this period that the Surinamese population goes to the city's commercial district to watch demonstrational fireworks. This is however, a spectacle based on the famous red-firecracker-ribbons. The bigger stores invest in these firecrackers and display them out in the streets. Every year the length of them is compared, and high praises are held for the company that has managed to import the largest ribbon. These celebrations start at 10 in the morning and finish the next day. The day is usually filled with laughter, dance, music, and drinking. When the night starts, the big street parties are already at full capacity. The most popular fiesta is the one that is held at café 't Vat in the main tourist district. The parties there stop between 10 and 11 at night. After which the people go home to light their pagaras (red-firecracker-ribbons) at midnight. After 12, the parties continue and the streets fill again until daybreak.

Landmarks

Jules Albert Wijdenbosch Brug
Jules Albert Wijdenbosch Brug

The Jules Wijdenboschbrug is a bridge over the river Suriname between Paramaribo and Meerzorg in the Commewijne district. A bridge is a Structure built to span a Gorge, Valley, Road, railroad track, River, Body of water The bridge was built during the tenure of President Jules Albert Wijdenbosch (1996-2000) and was completed in 2000. Jules Albert Wijdenbosch (born 1941) is a politician in Suriname. The bridge is 52 metres high, and 1504 metres long. It connects Paramaribo with Commewijne, a connection which previously could only be made by ferry. Paramaribo (nickname Par′bo) is the Capital and largest City of Suriname, located on banks of the Suriname River in the The purpose of the bridge was to facilitate and promote the development of the eastern part of Suriname. The bridge consists of two lanes and is not accessible to pedestrians.

The Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul in Paramaribo
The Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul in Paramaribo

The Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul is 114 years old. Before it became a cathedral it was a theatre and was owned by La Parra. The theatre was built in 1809 and burned down in 1820. The construction of the Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral started on 13 January 1883. The biggest wooden structure on the western Hemisphere. Was build as a theatre initially but after it burned down they turned it into a Cathedral.

Measurements
161 feet long (51 meters)
48 feet high in the main hall (17 meters)
54 feet wide (18 meters)
162 feet high in the tower up until the bronze cross (53 meters)
This makes the cathedral the biggest and tallest wooden structure on the western hemisphere. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral the cathedral has space for 340 people and was initially built for free slaves and contract labourers. Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services

Pipe Organ
The pipe organ was constructed in Germany and initially contained 1550 pipes. The pipe organ is a Musical instrument that produces sound when pressurized air (wind is driven through a series of pipes, controlled by a keyboard Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Many of the pipes have been stolen over the years, leaving the organ with a value of 400 euros. After renovation it is expected to have a value of around 10 million euros.

Synagogue next to a Mosque
Synagogue next to a Mosque

Suriname is one of the few countries in the world where you can find a Synagogue next to a Mosque. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger The two buildings are located next to each other in the centre of Paramaribo and have been known to share a parking facility during their respective religious rites, should they happen to coincide with one another. Paramaribo (nickname Par′bo) is the Capital and largest City of Suriname, located on banks of the Suriname River in the

Miscellaneous

Suriname (referred to as 'Surinam') is the setting for the largest part of Aphra Behn's classic novella, Oroonoko. Oroonoko is a short Novel by Aphra Behn ( June 10 1640 &ndash April 16 1689) published in 1688

The 1962 film The Straight Road, directed by Robert Maslligan and starring Roug Hudson, was filmed in Suriname (then Dutch Guiana).

Chapter 19 of Voltaire's classic Candide is set in Suriname. François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French --> Candide ou l'Optimisme (1759 is a French Satire by the Enlightenment Philosopher Voltaire, English translations of which

U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson stopped in Paramaribo in 1967 aboard Air Force One on his return from a Latin American Summit in Punta del Este, Uruguay.

Some of the greatest football players to represent the Netherlands, such as Frank Rijkaard, Ruud Gullit, Patrick Kluivert, Edgar Davids, Clarence Seedorf, Aron Winter, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Stanley Menzo, and Ryan Babel are of Surinamese descent. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Franklin Edmundo "Frank" Rijkaard (born September 30 1962 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch football manager and former player (born as Ruud Dil, September 1 1962 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch football coach and former player who played professionally in the 1980s Patrick Stephan Kluivert ( (born July 1, 1976) is a Dutch professional footballer. Edgar Steven Davids (born March 13, 1973 in Paramaribo, Suriname) is a Dutch professional football player Clarence Seedorf (born April 1, 1976 in Paramaribo, Suriname) is a Dutch - Surinamese football Midfielder Aron Mohamed Winter (born 1 March 1967 in Paramaribo, Suriname) is a retired Dutch Association footballer He was a member Jerrel "Jimmy Floyd" Hasselbaink (born 27 March 1972 in Paramaribo, Suriname) usually known as Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Stanley Purl Menzo (born October 15, 1963 in Paramaribo) is a Dutch Football (soccer manager and retired football player Ryan Miguel Guno Babel (born 19 December 1986 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch professional footballer who currently plays for Liverpool Davids in particular has written of his passionate pride in his Surinamese heritage and his love of attending football matches there. There are a number of local heroes in other sports as well, like Primraj Binda, best known as the athlete who dominated the 10 km for nearly a decade, Steven Vismale and Letitia Vriesde. Long-distance track event races require runners to balance their energy Letitia Alma Vriesde (born 5 October, 1964 in Paramaribo) is a track and field athlete from Suriname. Another notable track athlete from Suriname was Tommy Asinga. Tommy Asinga (born 20 November 1968) is a track star from Moengo, Suriname.

A European mercenary by the name of Karl Penta organised a successful campaign to destabilise the military regime that ruled Suriname under Dési Bouterse. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by Desiré Delano Bouterse of Suriname (born October 13, 1945) has been a military sports instructor coup leader army leader and a Politician

Anthony Nesty is the only person to win a medal (for swimming) for Suriname at the Olympics. Anthony Conrad Nesty (born November 25, 1967) is a Surinamese former swimmer the second black athlete to win an Olympic medal in swimming The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Originally from Trinidad, not Suriname, he now lives in Miami, Florida, USA.

In the film The Silence of the Lambs Suriname is mentioned as the source of a shipment of Death's-head Hawkmoth. The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 suspense film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, The name Death's-head Hawkmoth refers to any one of the three species ( A

Suriname is featured in the TV series E-Ring. E-Ring was a Television Military drama, created by Ken Robinson and David McKenna and executive produced by Jerry Bruckheimer

Golden Globe and Emmy-winning American actor Jimmy Smits (born in New York City in 1955) was born of a Surinamese father, Cornelis Smits, who immigrated from Dutch Guiana. The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and Television programs given out each year during a formal dinner Jimmy Smits (born July 9, 1955) is an American Golden Globe - and Emmy -winning Actor. The City of New York

Mistakenly referred to as being "a country in Africa" by host Mike Rowe on his popular Discovery Channel show Dirty Jobs, and a country in Asia in the film The Silence of the Lambs. Michael Gregory "Mike" Rowe (ˈroʊ( roe) (born March 18 1962) is an American television personality Discovery Channel is an American Satellite and Cable TV channel (also delivered via IPTV, Terrestrial television and Dirty Jobs is a program on the Discovery Channel in which host Mike Rowe is shown performing difficult strange and/or messy occupational duties alongside The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 suspense film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins,

In the popular TV show Father Ted, Bishop Brennan suggests that he is going to send Ted to an "island off the coast of Suriname" where two tribes "have been knocking the s**t out of each other since 1907". Father Ted was a popular 1990s Television Situation comedy set around the lives of three Irish Catholic priests on the remote (and Bishop Leonard "Len" Brennan is a fictional character played by Jim Norton in the Irish sitcom Father Ted.

See also

References

  1. ^ ISO 3166
  2. ^ a b Encyclopedia Britannica: A Dictionary of ARTS, SCIENCES, and General LITERATURE, Volume XI. Boy Scouts van Suriname is the national Scouting organization of Suriname. As part of the foreign relations of Suriname the Suriname is a participant in numerous international organizations This is a list of Cities and Towns in Suriname: Acaribo Abenaston Albina Alliance History After the creation of the Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Royal Netherlands Army was entrusted with the defense of Suriname while the The South American country of Suriname has a number of forms of transport Corantijn Basin is one of a large number of archaeological sites located in the interior of Suriname in South American. ISO 3166 is a three-part Geographic coding standard for coding the names of countries and Dependent areas and the principal subdivisions Retrieved on 2008-05-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV  “In 1614 the states of Holland granted to any Dutch citizen a four years' monopoly of any harbour or place of commerce which he might discover in that region (Guiana). The first settlement, however, in Suriname (in 1630) was made by an Englishman, whose name is still preserved by Marshal's Creek. ”
  3. ^ (English) Rigzone Staatsolie Launches Tender for 3 Offshore Blocks
  4. ^ (English) Cambior Development of the Gross Rosebel Mine in Suriname
  5. ^ Muslim Minorities in the West: Visible and Invisible By Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Jane I. Smith, pg 271
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Simon Romero. Simon Romero is an American journalist who has been the Andean bureau chief for The New York Times since 2006 based in Caracas Venezuela "In Babel of Tongues, Suriname Seeks Itself", New York Times, March 23, 2008.  

External links

Dictionary

Suriname

-proper noun

  1. A country in South America. Official name: Republic of Suriname.
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