A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. This term is applied both to physical structures like buildings, bridges or ships and to conceptual structures as well (e. g. , in social sciences). The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies The word superstructure is a combination of super (Latin for above, in addition) with the word structure (also from Latin, meaning to build or to heap up). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Social sciences

In social sciences, superstructure is the set of socio-psychological feedback loops that maintain a coherent and meaningful structure in a given society, or part thereof. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Positive feedback, sometimes referred to as "cumulative causation" is a Feedback loop system in which the system responds to perturbation in the same direction Structure is a fundamental and sometimes Intangible notion covering the Recognition, Observation, nature, and Stability of A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions It can include the culture, institutions, power structures, roles, and rituals of the society. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic A role (sometimes spelled rôle) or a social role is a set of connected Behaviors Rights and Obligations as conceptualized by actors A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions It is that which, through conditioned behaviors (both interpersonal and situational), enforces a set of constraints and guidelines on human activity in a stable and effective fashion, such that it engenders a society's characteristic organization, and it is that characteristic organization itself. Classical Conditioning (also Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning) is a form of Associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or Reactions of an object or Organism, usually

By most sociological schema, superstructure does not refer to the specific materials of an organization, such as a school or a store, but rather to the set of psychological or semantic configurations whereby that structure is rationalized and reproduced in human experience. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from That is, it is the "invisible force" behind or within the structure, or perhaps, it is the anthropocentric "reason" for the structure.

According to one sociological perspective, superstructure may be revealed by examining the direct interpersonal engagements that take place within canonical (typical) settings or situations, through the hermeneutic of sociobiology. Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior

Engineering

In order to improve seismic performance of buildings and bridges, a superstructure may be separated from its basement or footing, called here a substructure, with a system of earthquake protective devices called base isolation. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and See also Earthquake engineering Earthquake or seismic performance is an execution of a Building 's or Structure 's ability to sustain their In Universal algebra, an (induced substructure or (induced subalgebra is a structure whose domain is a subset of that of a bigger structure and See also Earthquake engineering Base Isolation, also known as Seismic or Base Isolation System, is a collection of structural elements which should

Ships

The RORO ferry Pride of Burgundy. A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size See also Merchant ship Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro Ships are ferries designed to carry wheeled Cargo such as This is a good example of a ship with superstructure. The structure that houses the promenade decks stretches across the full breadth of the vessel.

As stated above, superstructure is material which projects above the main deck. However, the term superstructure should be used carefully, as this only applies to structure which stretches for the full breadth of the vessel; otherwise the structure is known as a deck house. Superstructure can have many implications on ships, as it can greatly alter its structural rigidity and a vessel’s displacement, which can be detrimental to a ship’s performance if considered incorrectly. The superstructure on a vessel also affects the amount of freeboard that a vessel requires. Freeboard or FREEBOARD may refer to Sporting Goods. The six-wheeled skateboard which acts like a snowboard (on pavement Very broadly, the more superstructure a ship has (as a fraction of length), the less freeboard is needed. Freeboard or FREEBOARD may refer to Sporting Goods. The six-wheeled skateboard which acts like a snowboard (on pavement

Mathematics

In mathematics, the superstructure over a set S is used in one of the approaches to non-standard analysis. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Non-standard analysis is a branch of Mathematics that formulates analysis using a rigorous notion of an Infinitesimal number The notion is also used in the construction of a universal set. In Set theory, a universal set is a set which contains all objects including itself

Marxist concept

Main article: Base and superstructure (Marxism)

Within Marxist social theory, superstructure is the particular form through which human subjectivity engages with the material substance of society. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

See also

• ship
• Earthquake Protector
• freeboard
• infrastructure
• sociology
• structuralism and post-structuralism
• Michel Foucault
• Franz Jakubowski
• Gerald Cohen

References

• Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size See also Earthquake engineering Heavy Damping mechanism sometimes incorporated in Vibration control technologies and particularly in Base isolation Freeboard or FREEBOARD may refer to Sporting Goods. The six-wheeled skateboard which acts like a snowboard (on pavement Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Franz Jakubowski (1912 - 1970 was a Marxist theorist. Born in Poland, he grew up in what was then the 'free city' of Danzig. Gerald Allan "Jerry" Cohen, (born 1941 is a marxist political philosopher presently the Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory, All Souls College Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.