A supermodel is a highly-paid elite fashion model who usually has a worldwide reputation and often a background in haute couture and commercial modeling. A model is a person who is posed or displayed for the purpose of Art, Fashion, or other products and Advertising. Haute couture ( French for "high sewing" or "high dressmaking" oːt kuˈtyʁ refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted fashions [1] The term took hold in the popular culture of the 1980s and 1990s.
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Application
The models who are given the appellation of "supermodel" often share similar traits. These models are reputable in the fashion industry. They usually work for top fashion designers and labels. They have multi-million dollar contracts, endorsements and campaigns. They have branded themselves as household names and worldwide recognition is associated with their modeling careers. [2][3][4][5] They have been on the covers of various magazines. Claudia Schiffer stated, "In order to become a supermodel one must be on all the covers all over the world at the same time so that people can recognise the girls. Claudia Schiffer (born August 25, 1970) is a German model and actress who reached the height of her popularity during the 1990s due to her close resemblance "[6][7] First-name recognition is a solid indication of supermodel status in the fashion industry. [8]
History
Origins of the term
According to Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women by Michael Gross, the first known use of the term "supermodel" was in the 1940s by an agent named Clyde Matthew Dessner in a 1943[9] "how-to" book he wrote about modeling. Michael Gross (born 1952 in New York City) is an Author, Journalist and Editor. [10][11] However, a writer named Judith Cass used the term prior to Dessner in October 1942 for her article in the Chicago Tribune, which headlined "Super Models are Signed for Fashion Show". The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company [12][13] The term "supermodel" took hold in the popular culture of the 1980s and 1990s. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance —
Janice Dickinson has frequently but erroneously claimed to be the originator of the term. Janice Doreen Dickinson (born February 15 1955) is an American Supermodel, fashion photographer, Actress, Author In an interview with ET, Janice Dickinson claimed to have coined the term "supermodel" in 1979, as a compound of superman and model. According to her, her agent Monique Pilar of Elite Modeling Agency, asked her, "Janice, who do you think you are, Superman?" She replied saying, "No. Elite Model Management ( Elite) is a Modeling agency founded in Paris, France, in 1972 by John Casablancas and Alain . . I'm a supermodel, honey, and you will refer to me as a supermodel and you will start a supermodel division. " Dickinson also claims to be the first supermodel. [14]
However, the term "supermodel" had been used several times in the media prior to Dickinson's claim. Some examples can be seen: in May 1967 The Salisbury Daily Times referred to Twiggy as a supermodel; the February 1968 article of Glamour magazine listed all 19 "supermodels"; the Chicago Daily Defender wrote "New York Designer Turns Super Model" in January 1970; the Washington Post and Mansfield News Journal used the term in 1971; and in 1974 both the Chicago Tribune and Advocate also used the term "supermodel" in their articles. Salisbury (ˈsælzbəri or /sɔːɫzbəɹi/ is the County seat of Wicomico County Maryland. Twiggy (born Lesley Hornby; 19 September 1949) is an English Supermodel, Actress, and Singer, now also Glamour is a women's magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Mansfield is a town in Nottinghamshire, England. It is the largest town in the County, lying on the River Maun, from which the name of the town The News Journal is a Newspaper near Wilmington Delaware owned by Gannett. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company An advocate is one who speaks on behalf of another person especially in a legal context [12] American Vogue used the term "supermodel" on the cover page to describe Margaux Hemingway in the September 1, 1975 edition. Vogue is a Fashion and lifestyle Magazine published in eighteen countries by Condé Nast Publications. Margaux Louise Hemingway ( February 16, 1954 &ndash July 1, 1996) was an American Fashion Supermodel and Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [15]
First supermodel
Lisa Fonssagrives is considered by most in the fashion industry as the world's first supermodel. Lisa Fonssagrives ( May 17, 1911 – February 4, 1992) born Lisa Bernstone in Sweden, was a fashion model Fonssagrives was in most of the major fashion and general interest magazines from the 1930s to the 1950s, including Town & Country, Life, Vogue, the original Vanity Fair, and Time. Town & Country, formerly the Home Journal and The National Press, is a monthly American Lifestyle Magazine Vogue is a Fashion and lifestyle Magazine published in eighteen countries by Condé Nast Publications. Vanity Fair is an American magazine of Culture, Fashion, and Politics published by Condé Nast Publications. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The relationship between her image on over 200 Vogue covers and her name recognition led to the future importance of Vogue in shaping future supermodels. [16][17]
1960s - 1970s
In 1968, an article in Glamour described Twiggy, Cheryl Tiegs, Wilhelmina, Veruschka, Jean Shrimpton, Lynn Sutherland, and fifteen other top models as "supermodels. Christie Brinkley (born February 2, 1954) is a former American fashion model, and ex-wife of musician Billy Joel. Glamour is a women's magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. Twiggy (born Lesley Hornby; 19 September 1949) is an English Supermodel, Actress, and Singer, now also Cheryl Cox Tiegs (born September 25 1947, in Breckenridge Minnesota) is an American model. Wilhelmina ( May 1939 - March 1, 1980) was a Supermodel who began with Ford Models and at the peak of her success Vera Gräfin von Lehndorff-Steinort (born May 14, 1939 in Königsberg, East Prussia, now known as Kaliningrad, Russia) Jean Shrimpton (born 7 November 1942 in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire) is an English Supermodel and actress "[18] The term supermodel gained currency in the 1960s by analogy with Andy Warhol's "Superstars. For the song by David Bowie, see Andy Warhol (song. Andrew Warhola (August 6 1928 &ndash February 22 1987 known as Andy Warhol Ultra Violet by David Shankbonejpg|thumb| Ultra Violet (Isabelle Collin Dufresne]]The Warhol Superstars were a Clique of New York City personalities promoted " Of the prominent models of the 1960s, "Twiggy" (Lesley Hornby) is an example of a supermodel of the era, as is Donyale Luna, the first African American model to appear in Vogue. Twiggy (born Lesley Hornby; 19 September 1949) is an English Supermodel, Actress, and Singer, now also Donyale Luna ( 1 January 1945 - 17 May 1979) was the first notable African American Supermodel and the first black African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The first African American model to be on the cover of American Vogue was Beverly Johnson. Beverly Johnson (born October 13, 1952) is an American Supermodel and actress.
In the 1970s, some models became more prominent as their names became more recognizable to the general public. In 1975, Margaux Hemingway landed a then-unprecedented million-dollar contract as the face of Faberge's Babe perfume and the same year appeared on the cover of Time magazine, labelled as one of the "New Beauties," giving further name recognition to fashion models. Margaux Louise Hemingway ( February 16, 1954 &ndash July 1, 1996) was an American Fashion Supermodel and History In 1842 Gustav Faberge opened his own retail jewellery business under the name Fabergé Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and [19] Other prominent models of the 1970s included Janice Dickinson, Cheryl Tiegs, Jerry Hall, Iman Abdulmajid, Patti Hansen, Anna Bayle, Beverly Johnson, Gia Carangi and Christie Brinkley. Janice Doreen Dickinson (born February 15 1955) is an American Supermodel, fashion photographer, Actress, Author Cheryl Cox Tiegs (born September 25 1947, in Breckenridge Minnesota) is an American model. Jerry Faye Hall (born July 2, 1956) is an American model and actress, also known for her long-term relationship with Mick Jagger Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid ( Cimaan Maxamed Cabdimajiid, إيمان محمد عبد ماجد (born July 25, 1955) professionally known as Iman Patricia "Patti" Elvina Hansen (born March 17 1956 is a former American model and actress. Anna Bayle (born 1959 is a Filipino model dubbed as the first Asian "supermodel". Beverly Johnson (born October 13, 1952) is an American Supermodel and actress. Gia Marie Carangi ( January 29, 1960 – November 18, 1986) was an American fashion model during the late 1970s and early 1980s Christie Brinkley (born February 2, 1954) is a former American fashion model, and ex-wife of musician Billy Joel.
1980s - 1990s: Supermodel Era
In the early 1980s, fashion designers began advertising on television and billboards. Models became individually familiar to the masses, no longer nameless but beautiful faces. Catwalk regulars like Carol Alt and Paulina Porizkova began to endorse products with their names as well as their faces, getting in front of everything from Diet Pepsi to Ford Trucks. Carol Ann Alt (born December 1 1960) is an American model and actress Paulina Porizkova (born Pavlína Pořízková ˈpavlina ˈpor̝iskova April 9 1965 is a Czech -born Super model and actress Diet Pepsi is a Low - Calorie carbonated Cola, introduced in 1964 as a variant of Pepsi-Cola with no sugar Elle Macpherson, who became known as "The Body," sold more pin-up posters than any actress in Hollywood. Elle Macpherson ( born 29 March 1964 is an Australian model, actress, and businesswoman As the Models began to embrace old-style glamour, they were starting to replace movie stars as symbols of luxury and wealth. In this regard, many viewed supermodels not so much as individuals but as images. [20]
By the 1990s, the supermodel became increasingly prominent in the media. [8] The title became tantamount to superstar, as her fame arose simply from "personality. "Super Star" redirects here for the Sibel Tüzün song see Süper Star. " She did talk shows, was cited in gossip columns, partied at the trendiest nightspots,[20] landed movie roles, inspired franchises, dated or married a movie star, and earned herself millions. [4] Fame empowered her to take charge of her career, to market herself, to command higher fees.
When Linda Evangelista mentioned to Vogue that "we don’t wake up for less than $10,000 a day," she may have been playfully pretending the role of an up-scale union representative, yet that 1990 comment became the most notorious quote in modeling history. Linda Evangelista (born May 10, 1965) is a Canadian model. Early life Evangelista was born to Italian parents In 1991, Christy Turlington signed a contract with Maybelline that paid her $800,000 for twelve days' work each year. Christy Nicole Turlington (born January 2, 1969) is an American fashion model best known for representing Calvin Klein fragrances For the Chuck Berry song see Maybellene. Maybelline is a Makeup brand sold world-wide and owned by L'Oréal. Four years later, Claudia Schiffer reportedly earned $12 million for her various modeling assignments. Claudia Schiffer (born August 25, 1970) is a German model and actress who reached the height of her popularity during the 1990s due to her close resemblance [20] Authorities ranging from Karl Lagerfeld to Time had declared the supermodels more glamorous than movie stars. Karl Lagerfeld (born Karl Ottom Lagerfeldt on September 10, 1938) is a prominent Fashion designer He has collaborated with a variety of fashion
Although many models were referred to as supermodels during this time, only the so-called "Big Six" were officially recognized and accepted by the fashion world as supermodels: Claudia Schiffer, Cindy Crawford, Kate Moss, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell and Christy Turlington. Cynthia Ann "Cindy" Crawford (born February 20 1966 is an American model and actress. Kate Moss (born January 16 1974) is an English model who has appeared on over 300 magazine covers. Naomi Campbell (born 22 May 1970 is an English model, Singer, Author, Actress, and Fashion designer. They were the most heavily in demand, collectively dominating magazine covers, fashion runways, editorial pages, and both print and broadcast advertising. [21][20][8] Excluding Moss, they are known as the "original supermodels. "[7][22][23]
Late 1990s - present: Decline of the supermodel
In the late 1990s, actresses, pop singers, and other entertainment celebrities began gradually replacing models on fashion magazine covers and ad campaigns. [24][25] The pendulum of limelight left many models in anonymity. A popular "conspiracy theory" explaining the supermodel's disappearance is that designers and fashion editors weary of the "I won't get out of bed for less than $10,000 a day" attitude made sure no small group of models would ever again have the power of the Big Six. Yet Charles Gandee, associate editor at Vogue, has said that high prices and poor attitudes contributed less to the decline of the supermodel. As clothes became less flashy, designers turned to models who were less glamorous, so they wouldn't overpower the clothing. [21] The majority of models come from non-English speaking countries[26] and cultures, making the crossover to mainstream spokesperson and cover star difficult. [27] The opportunities for super stardom were waning in the modeling world. Supermodels Tyra Banks[4] and Lisa Snowdon left the business in May 2005, but Snowdon still does a spot of modeling here and there. Tyra Lynne Banks (born December 4 1973 is an American Television personality, Emmy Award -winning talk show host, actress Supermodel, former Lisa Snowdon (born January 23, 1972) is an English model, who most recently has turned her career to include being an Actress and The popular media apply the term loosely to some without worldwide recognition and extensive experience in haute couture. Geraldine Maillet, the celebrated French writer and former model, relates with humour and cynicism the rise and decline of the supermodels in her book Presque Top Model. In September 2007, Claudia Schiffer, when talking about modeling career said: "supermodels, like we once were, don't exist any more," and that Gisele Bündchen was the only one close to earning a supermodel title. Gisele Caroline Bündchen (born July 20 1980 is a Brazilian model. Currently, according several fashion world's personalities, Bündchen is the only true supermodel of her generation. [28]
Male supermodels
Men's fashion represents just a fraction of the industry. Tyson Craig Beckford (born December 19 1970 is an American Supermodel and Actor, best known as a Ralph Lauren model Men nevertheless have played a part in the fashion world, while commanding less compensation than their female counterparts. [29] Well known male supermodels include Marcus Schenkenberg, Evandro Soldati, Marios Lekkas, Will Chalker, Chad White, Adam Senn, Tyson Beckford, Mathias Lauridsen and Rusty Joiner. Marcus Lodewijk Schenkenberg van Mierop, better known as Marcus Schenkenberg (born 4 August, 1968) is a model, actor singer writer and Evandro Soldati (born April 17 1985 in Brazil is a Brazilian Male supermodel. Marios Lekkas ( Greek:Μάριος Λέκκας is one of Greece 's top male fashion models Will Chalker (born 7 March 1980) is an English Supermodel and an amateur Boxer. Tyson Craig Beckford (born December 19 1970 is an American Supermodel and Actor, best known as a Ralph Lauren model Mathias Lauridsen (born January 13, 1984) is a top male supermodel from Copenhagen, Denmark and has featured in numerous ad campaigns including Rusty Joiner (born December 11, 1972) is an American Male Fashion model, Fitness model and Actor [29]
Criticism
Criticism of the supermodel as an industry has been frequent inside and outside the fashion press, from complaints that women desiring this status become unhealthily thin to charges of racism, where the "supermodel" has generally to conform to a Northern European standard of beauty.
According to fashion writer Guy Trebay of The New York Times, in 2007, the "android" look is popular, a vacant stare and thin body serving, according to fashion experts, to set off the couture.
This wasn't always the case. In the 1970s black, heavier and "ethnic" models predominated the runways but social changes since that time have made the power players in the fashion industry flee suggestions of "otherness. "[30]
In other areas
"Supermodel" is a term used by mathematicians and the like when modeling a particular problem, meaning a model that is composed of several models to solve a particular problem.
See also
- Model (person)
- Cover girl
- Sex symbol
- Body image
- Physical attractiveness
- Beauty
- Self-image
- Popular culture
References
- ^ What is a Supermodel? http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC074091/supermodel.htm. A model is a person who is posed or displayed for the purpose of Art, Fashion, or other products and Advertising. A cover girl is a woman whose Photograph features on the front cover of a Magazine. A sex symbol is a famous person of either gender typically an Actor, Musician, model, Teen idol, or Sports star Body image is a term which may refer to the Perceptions of a human's own Physical appearance, or the internal sense of having a body which is interpreted by the brain NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** A person's self image is the mental picture generally of a kind that is quite resistant to change that depicts not only details that are potentially available to objective Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — Retrieved July 2007
- ^ Supermodel by Heidi Klumrandomhouse. com. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
- ^ Model Citizensew. com. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
- ^ a b c The World's Top-Earning Models Forbes. Retrieved July 20, 2007. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ New Model Army by Kate Patrick, The Scotsman May 21, 2005 onlineretrieved July 7, 2006
- ^ Is the Supermodel Dead? And Should She Return?source: bellasugar. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. com. Retrieved September 14, 2007. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b The supermodel is dead, says Claudia Schiffersource:thisislondon. co. uk. Retrieved September 17, 2007. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c We Three Queens by Alex Williams, New York online retrieved July 7, 2006
- ^ So You Want to Be a Model! The Art of Feminine LivingDessner, Clyde Matthew. New York is a weekly magazine concerned with the life culture politics and style of New York City. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Chicago, Morgan-Dillon & Co, 1943. Amazon ASIN:B0007EL7RY
- ^ New York Magazine. We Three Queens
- ^ EW. com"America's Next Top Model" judge tells a tall tale
- ^ a b BarryPopik. com Supermodel July 25, 2004
- ^ Chicago Tribune archives Cass, Judith. Chicago Daily Tribune "'Super' Models Are Signed for Fashion Show" October 6, 1942. pg 21.
- ^ Janice Dickinson: From Model to Moguletonline. com. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
- ^ eBay.Co.UK
- ^ The First Supermodel; The World's First Supermodel
- ^ Rosemary Ranck, "The First Supermodel", The New York Times February 9, 1997 (online) retrieved July 21, 2007
- ^ Cokal, Susann. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. 1999. Michigan: Gale Group.
- ^ Entertainment Weekly: Papa's Little Girl
- ^ a b c d 1980s: Fashion: Supermodels bookrags. com. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
- ^ a b The Fall of the SupermodelTime. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
- ^ Linda Evangelistasource:you Retrieved October 8, 2007
- ^ Supermodel's life in the spotlightsource: BBC news. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. October 7, 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Not Just Another Pretty Face: The End of the Supermodel Era by Hilary Rowland, Hilary Magazine online retrieved July 7, 2006
- ^ Death of the Supermodels by C. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. L. Johnson, Urban Models October 21, 2002 online retrieved July 13, 2006
- ^ Who will be the next Super Model ? (NY Times)
- ^ [1]models. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. com. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
- ^ Supermodels don't exist anymore, says Claudia Schiffer Source: news. com. au. Article from: Reuters. Retrieved September 13, 2007. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Where the Boys Are. Retrieved on 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ On runways, racial diversity is out Author: Guy Trebay, International Herald Tribune, 23 October 2007.
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