This article is about a type of food store. For the 2006 comic Supermarket, see Supermarket (comics). Supermarket is a four-issue Comic book mini-series written by Brian Wood and illustrated by Kristian Donaldson.

A supermarket is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jamnagar {જામનગર in Gujarati} is a city and a Municipal corporation in Jamnagar district India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world Fred Meyer Inc is an American company founded in 1922 in Portland Oregon by Fred G Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers Self service is the practice of serving oneself usually when purchasing items Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an It is larger in size and has a wider selection than a traditional grocery store and it is smaller than a hypermarket or superstore. A grocery store is a store established primarily for the Retailing of Food. In Commerce, a hypermarket is a superstore which combines a Supermarket and a Department store. Big-box store is a term that refers to a style of physically large Chain store, and by extension to the company behind the store

The supermarket typically comprises meat, fresh produce, dairy, and baked goods departments along with shelf space reserved for canned and packaged goods as well as for various nonfood items such as household cleaners, pharmacy products, and pet supplies. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Produce is a generalized term for a group of Farm -produced goods generally limited to Fruits and Vegetables More specifically the term "produce" A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals Most supermarkets also sell a variety of other household products that are consumed regularly, such as alcohol (where permitted), household cleaning products, medicine, clothes, and some sell a much wider range of nonfood products. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather

The traditional suburban supermarket occupies a large amount of floor space, usually on a single level, and is situated near a residential area in order to be convenient to consumers. Its basic appeal is the availability of a broad selection of goods under a single roof at relatively low prices. Other advantages include ease of parking and, frequently, the convenience of shopping hours that extend far into the evening or even 24 hours a day. Supermarkets usually make massive outlays of newspaper and other advertising and often present elaborate in-store displays of products. The stores often are part of a corporate chain that owns or controls (sometimes by franchise) other supermarkets located nearby — even transnationally — thus increasing opportunities for economies of scale. Chain stores are Retail outlets that share a Brand and central management and usually have standardized business methods and practices Franchising refers to the methods of practicing and using another person's Philosophy of business.

In North America, supermarkets typically are supplied by the distribution centers of its parent company, such as Loblaw Companies in Canada, which operates thousands of supermarkets across the nation. A distribution center for a set of products is a Warehouse or other specialized Building, often with Refrigeration or Air conditioning A parent company is a Company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its Board of directors Loblaw Companies Limited ( (LCL is the largest Retailer in Canada, with over 1690 Supermarkets operating under a variety of regional banners including Loblaw operates a distribution center in every province — usually in the largest city in the province. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division.

Supermarkets usually offer products at low prices by reducing their economic margins. Certain products (typically staple foods such as bread, milk and sugar) are frequently sold as loss leaders, that is, with negative profit margins. A staple food is a Food that forms the basis of a Traditional diet. Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. A loss leader or leader (also called a key value item in the United Kingdom is a product sold at a low price (at cost or below cost to stimulate other profitable Profit margin, Net Margin, Net profit margin or Net Profit Ratio all refer to a measure of Profitability. To maintain a profit, supermarkets attempt to make up for the lower margins by a higher overall volume of sales, and with the sale of higher-margin items. Customers usually shop by placing their selected merchandise into shopping carts (trolleys) or baskets (self-service) and pay for the merchandise at the check-out. A shopping cart (also called a trolley in British, Australian English, and New Zealand English; sometimes referred to as a carriage Point of sale or point of service ( POS or PoS) can mean a retail shop, a checkout counter in a shop or the location where a transaction At present, many supermarket chains are attempting to further reduce labor costs by shifting to self-service check-out machines, where a single employee can oversee a group of four or five machines at once, assisting multiple customers at a time. The labor theories of value (LTV are theories in Economics according to which the values of Commodities are related to the labor needed to Self checkout machines are automated alternatives to the traditional Cashier -staffed Checkout at retailers

A larger full-service supermarket combined with a department store is sometimes known as a hypermarket. A department store is a Retail establishment which specializes in selling a wide range of products without a single predominant merchandise line. In Commerce, a hypermarket is a superstore which combines a Supermarket and a Department store. Other services offered at some supermarkets may include those of banks, cafés, childcare centers/creches, photo processing, video rentals, pharmacies, and/or gas stations. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money A coffeehouse ( French / Portuguese: café; Spanish: cafetería; Italian: caffè Day care or child care is care of a child during the Day by a person other than the child's Parents or Legal guardians typically someone outside Photographic processing is the Industrial process by which conventional Photographic film is treated after Photographic exposure in order to produce the A rental shop is a business that allows a Consumer to temporarily obtain a reusable good or Product for a specified period of time in exchange for payment Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences A filling station, fueling station, gas station, service station, petrol station, or gasbar, Retail Outlet

Contents 1 History 2 Typical supermarket merchandise 3 Typical store architecture 4 Criticisms 5 References 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 External links

History

In the early days of retailing, all products generally were fetched by an assistant from shelves behind the merchant's counter while customers waited in front of the counter and indicated the items they wanted. Also, most foods and merchandise did not come in the individually wrapped consumer-size packages that we take for granted today, so an assistant had to measure out and wrap the precise amount desired by the consumer. These practices were by nature very labor-intensive and therefore also quite expensive. Labor intensity is the relative proportion of labor (compared to capital used in a process The shopping process was slow, as the number of customers who could be attended to at one time was limited by the number of clerks employed in the store.

The concept of a self-service grocery store was developed by American entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. Self service is the practice of serving oneself usually when purchasing items The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome Clarence Saunders ( August 9, 1881 - October 14, 1953) was a Grocer who first developed the modern Piggly Wiggly is a Supermarket chain operating in the Midwestern and Southern regions of the United States run by Piggly Wiggly Corporation His first store opened in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1916. Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Saunders was awarded a number of patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores^[1][2][3][4]. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an The stores were a financial success and Saunders began to offer franchises. The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P) was another successful early grocery store chain in Canada and the United States, and became common in North American cities in the 1920s. The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, better known as A&P, is a 456-store Supermarket chain with locations in Connecticut, New York Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada The general trend in retail since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers, the following day, can obtain their own goods and bring them to the front of the store to pay for them. Front-end and back-end are generalized terms that refer to the initial and the end stages of a process Although there is a higher risk of shoplifting, the costs of appropriate security measures ideally will be outweighed by the increased economies of scale and reduced labor costs. Shoplifting (also known as retail theft, or shrinkage within the retail industry is Theft of goods from a Retail establishment by an ostensible

Early self-service grocery stores did not sell fresh meats or produce. Combination stores that sold perishable items were developed in the 1920s. ^[5]

According to the Smithsonian Institution, the first true supermarket in the United States was opened by a former Kroger employee, Michael J. Cullen, on August 4, 1930, inside a 6,000 square foot (560 m²) former garage in Jamaica, Queens in New York City. The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of The Kroger Co ( is an American Retail Supermarket chain and Parent company, founded by Bernard Henry Kroger in 1883 in Cincinnati Michael J Cullen (1884 - 1936 is generally considered to be the Inventor of the modern Supermarket and the shopping cart Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jamaica is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens in New York City. The City of New York ^[6] The store, King Kullen, (inspired by the fictional character King Kong), operated under the slogan "Pile it high. King Kullen Grocery Co is a Supermarket chain with 51 locations on Long Island and the New York City Borough of Staten Island King Kong is the name of a fictional giant ape from the fictional Skull Island, who has appeared in several works since 1933 Sell it low. " At the time of Cullen's death in 1941, there were seventeen King Kullen stores in operation. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Other established American grocery chains in the 1930s, such as Kroger and Safeway, at first resisted Cullen's idea, but eventually were forced to build their own supermarkets as the economy sank into the Great Depression and consumers became price-sensitive at a level never experienced before. The Kroger Co ( is an American Retail Supermarket chain and Parent company, founded by Bernard Henry Kroger in 1883 in Cincinnati Safeway Inc ( a Fortune 500 company is North America's third largest Supermarket chain with as of December 29 2007 1743 stores located throughout the ^[7] Kroger took the idea one step further and pioneered the first supermarket surrounded on all four sides by a parking lot. Parking lot (called a car park in Australia and the UK) is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for Parking vehicles

Supermarkets proliferated across Canada and the United States with the growth of suburban development after World War II. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Most North American supermarkets are located in suburban strip malls as an anchor store along with other, smaller retailers. A strip mall (also called a shopping plaza or mini-mall) is an open area Shopping center where the stores are arranged in a row with a Sidewalk They are generally regional rather than national in their company branding. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a Kroger is perhaps the most nationally oriented supermarket chain in the United States but it has preserved most of its regional brands, including Ralphs, City Market and King Soopers. Ralphs Grocery Company is a major Supermarket chain in the Southern California area King Soopers and City Market are two Supermarket brands of Kroger in the Rocky Mountains of the United States.

In Canada the largest such chain is Loblaw, which operates stores under a variety of regional names, including Fortinos, Zehrs and the largest Loblaws (named after the company itself). Loblaw Companies Limited ( (LCL is the largest Retailer in Canada, with over 1690 Supermarkets operating under a variety of regional banners including Fortinos is a Canadian Supermarket chain operating 20 stores in Ontario As of 2007. Zehrs Markets, or simply Zehrs, is a chain of grocery stores located in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Loblaws is a Supermarket chain of 68 stores in Canada, headquartered in Brampton, with stores across Sobeys is Canada's second largest supermarket with locations across the country, operating under many banners (Sobeys IGA in Quebec). Sobeys is the second largest food retailer in Canada, with over 1300 supermarkets operating under a variety of banners Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Today, supermarkets are found around the world in dozens of countries.

In the 1950s supermarkets frequently issued trading stamps as incentives to customers. Trading stamps are small paper Coupons given to customers by merchants Today, most chains issue store-specific "membership cards," "club cards," or "loyalty cards". Loyalty programs are structured marketing efforts that reward and therefore encourage loyal buying behaviour — behaviour which is potentially of benefit to the firm These typically enable the card holder to receive special members-only discounts on certain items when the credit card-like device is scanned at check-out.

Traditional supermarkets in many countries face intense competition from discount retailers such as Wal-Mart, Asda in the UK, and Zellers in Canada, which typically are non-union and operate with better buying power. A department store is a Retail establishment which specializes in selling a wide range of products without a single predominant merchandise line. Wal-Mart Stores Inc (or Walmart as written in its new logo is an American public corporation that runs a chain of large discount department stores Asda is a United Kingdom Supermarket chain which retails food clothing and general merchandise Zellers Inc is Canada 's second-largest chain of mass merchandise Department stores, with 282 locations in communities across Canada. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Other competition exists from warehouse clubs such as Costco that offer savings to customers buying in bulk quantities. A warehouse club is a Retail store, usually selling a wide variety of Merchandise, in which customers pay annual membership fees in order to shop Costco Wholesale Corporation ( is the largest membership Warehouse club chain in the world based on sales volume headquartered in Issaquah Washington, Superstores, such as those operated by Wal-Mart and Asda, often offer a wide range of goods and services in addition to foods. Big-box store is a term that refers to a style of physically large Chain store, and by extension to the company behind the store The proliferation of such warehouse and superstores has contributed to the continuing disappearance of smaller, local grocery stores, increased dependence on the automobile, suburban sprawl because of the necessity for large floorplates, and increased vehicular traffic and air pollution. Some critics consider the chains' common practice of selling loss leaders to be anti-competitive. A loss leader or leader (also called a key value item in the United Kingdom is a product sold at a low price (at cost or below cost to stimulate other profitable They are also wary of the negotiating power that large, often multinational, retailers have with suppliers around the world. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers

Typical supermarket merchandise

Larger supermarkets in North America and Western Europe typically sell a great number of items among many brands, sizes and varieties, including:

• Alcoholic beverages (as state/provincial and/or local laws allow)
• Baby foods and baby-care products such as disposable diapers
• Breads and bakery products (many stores may have a bakery on site that offers specialty and dessert items)
• Books, newspapers, and magazines, including supermarket tabloids
• Bulk dried foods such as legumes, flour, rice, etc. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Baby food is any Food, other than breastmilk or infant formula that is given specifically to Infants roughly between the ages of four months "Nappy" redirects here For other uses see Nappy (disambiguation and Diaper (disambiguation. Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. A bakery (also called baker's or bakehouse) is an establishment which produces or/and sells Bread, pies pastries Cakes Biscuits A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally A tabloid is a Newspaper industry term which refers to a smaller newspaper format per spread to a weekly or semi-weekly alternative newspaper that focuses on local-interest A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many (typically available for self-service)
• Canned goods and dried cereals
• Car-care products (motor oil, cleaners, waxes)
• CDs, DVDs, and videos (including video rentals)
• Tea and Coffee (some stores may have a commercial-style grinder, typically available for self-service, and/or a staffed coffee bar that prepares ready-to-drink coffee and tea beverages)
• Clothing and footwear (typically a general, limited assortment)
• Confections and candies
• Cosmetics
• Dairy products and eggs
• Delicatessen foods (ready-to-eat)
• Diet foods
• Electrical products such as light bulbs, extension cords, etc. Self service is the practice of serving oneself usually when purchasing items Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container Motor oil, or engine oil, is an Oil used for lubrication of various Internal combustion engines While the main function is to lubricate Moving Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by Bees ( Beeswax) and used by them in constructing their A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto Magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. Lease Renting is an agreement where a payment is made for the temporary Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom See also Coffee Coffee preparation is the process of turning Coffee beans into a beverage Self service is the practice of serving oneself usually when purchasing items A coffeehouse ( French / Portuguese: café; Spanish: cafetería; Italian: caffè Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Footwear consists of Garments worn on the feet, for protection against the environment and Adornment. Confectionery is a set of Food items that are rich in Sugar; modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well Candy, specifically sugar candy, is a confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water to which a variety of flavorings and colorants is added Dairy products are generally defined as Foodstuffs produced from Milk. Delicatessen is a term meaning "delicacies" or "fine foods" Diet food (or dietetic food) refers to any food or drink whose recipe has been altered in some way to make it part of a body modification diet. An extension cord, power extender, or extension lead is a length of flexible electrical Power cable (flex with a plug on one end and one or
• Feminine hygiene products
• Financial services and products such as mortgages, credit cards, savings accounts, wire transfers, etc. Feminine hygiene is a general term used to describe Personal care products used by women during Menstruation, Vaginal discharge, and other bodily functions A mortgage is the pledging of a property to a Lender as a security for a Mortgage loan. A credit card is part of a system of Payments named after the small Plastic card issued to users of the system Savings accounts are accounts maintained by retail Financial institutions that pay Interest but can not be used directly as Money (by for example Wire transfer is a method of transferring money from one entity to another (typically offered in-store by a partnering bank or other financial institution)
• Flowers
• Frozen foods and crushed ice
• Fresh produce, fruits and vegetables
• Greeting cards
• Housecleaning products
• Housewares, crockery and cooking utensils, etc. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money In Financial economics, a financial institution acts as an agent that provides Financial services for its clients or members A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Frozen food is food preserved by the process of Freezing. Freezing food is a common method of Food preservation which slows both food decay and by Produce is a generalized term for a group of Farm -produced goods generally limited to Fruits and Vegetables More specifically the term "produce" The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however A greeting card is an illustrated folded card featuring an expression of friendship or other sentiment This is a list of food preparation utensils some of what is known as Kitchenware. (typically limited)
• Laundry products such as detergents, fabric softeners, etc. Laundry can be items of Clothing and other Textiles that require Washing the act of washing clothing and textiles A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning.
• Lottery tickets (where operational and legal)
• Luggage items (typically limited)
• Meats, fish and seafoods (some stores may offer live fish and seafood items from aquarium tanks)
• Medicines and first aid items (primarily over-the-counter drugs, although many supermarkets also have an on-site pharmacy)
• Nonalcoholic beverages such as soft drinks, juices, bottled water, etc. A lottery is a form of Gambling which involves the drawing of lots for a prize Luggage is any number of Bags cases and containers which hold a Traveller s articles during transit. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Seafood is any Sea Animal or Seaweed that is served as Food, or is suitable for eating particularly saltwater animals such An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a Vivarium consisting of at least one transparent side in which Water -dwelling Plants Over-the-counter (OTC drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to Prescription drugs The name "over-the-counter" Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or JUICE is a widely used non-commercial Software package for editing and analysing phytosociological data Bottled water is Drinking water packaged in Bottles for individual consumption and retail sale (some stores may have a juice bar that prepares ready-to-drink freshly squeezed juices, smoothies, etc. A juicer is a tool for extracting juice from Fruits or Vegetables. A smoothie is a blended chilled sweet beverage made from fresh fruit )
• Personal hygiene and grooming products
• Pet foods and products
• Seasonal items and decorations
• Snack foods
• Toys and novelties

In some countries, the range of supermarket merchandise is more strictly focused on food products, although the range of goods for sale is expanding in many locations as typical store sizes continue to increase globally. A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals A snack food (commonly called a snack) is seen in Western culture as a type of food not meant to be eaten as a main Meal of the day – Breakfast This article is about playthings For other uses of the term see Toy (disambiguation. A novelty is a small manufactured adornment especially a personal adornment

Typical store architecture

Most supermarkets are similar in design and layout due to trends in marketing. Loblaws is a Supermarket chain of 68 stores in Canada, headquartered in Brampton, with stores across Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario In popular usage "marketing" is the promotion of products especially Advertising and Branding However in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of Fresh produce tends to be located near the entrance of the store. Produce is a generalized term for a group of Farm -produced goods generally limited to Fruits and Vegetables More specifically the term "produce" Milk, bread, and other essential staple items are usually situated toward the rear of the store and in other out-of-the-way places, purposely done to maximize the customer's time spent in the store, strolling past other items and capitalizing on impulse buying. A staple food is a Food that forms the basis of a Traditional diet. An impulse purchase or impulse buy is an unplanned or otherwise spontaneous purchase The front of the store, or "front end'" is the area where point of sale machines or cash registers are usually located. Point of sale or point of service ( POS or PoS) can mean a retail shop, a checkout counter in a shop or the location where a transaction Many retailers also have implemented self-checkout devices in an attempt to reduce labor costs. Self checkout machines are automated alternatives to the traditional Cashier -staffed Checkout at retailers

Criticisms

• British author Joanna Blythman is a prominent critic of the modern supermarket. Joanna Blythman is a British investigative food Journalist and writer and a commentator on the British Food chain, covering subjects as diverse as

• In Hong Kong, larger supermarkets (usually called superstores) are criticized for selling the fresh foods traditionally available in local wet markets, making the survival of the smaller family-run wet markets increasingly difficult. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Big-box store is a term that refers to a style of physically large Chain store, and by extension to the company behind the store A wet market is generally an open food market Some of the common names include "Cultural Markets", "traditional markets", "Gaai Si"

• Supermarkets, in general, also tend to narrow the choices of fruits and vegetables by stocking only varieties with long storage lives, thus leading to medium-term extinction of the cultivation of other varieties. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa.

• In the United States, major-brand supermarkets often demand slotting fees from suppliers in exchange for premium shelf space and/or better positioning (such as at eye-level, on the checkout aisle or at a shelf's "end cap"). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A slotting fee is a fee charged to produce companies or manufacturers by Supermarket distributors (retailers in order to have their product placed on their shelves This extra supplier cost (up to $30,000 per brand for a chain for each individual SKU) may be reflected in the cost of the products offered. Some critics have questioned the ethical and legal propriety of slotting fee payments and their effect on smaller suppliers [1] [2] [3]. Supermarkets that sell mostly their own "private label" products, such as Aldi, do not charge slotting fees. Private label products or services are typically those manufactured or provided by one company for offer under another company's Brand. For similarly named settlements see Aldie, short for " AL brecht DI scount" is a Discount Supermarket

References

1. ^ http://www.google.com/patents?id=UnZhAAAAEBAJ&dq=Clarence+Saunders
2. ^ http://www.google.com/patents?id=dPdNAAAAEBAJ
3. ^ http://www.google.com/patents?id=HjBBAAAAEBAJ&dq=Clarence+Saunders
4. ^ http://www.google.com/patents?id=2dd5AAAAEBAJ&dq=Clarence+Saunders
5. ^ Strasser, Susan Never Done: A History of American Housework Holt Paperbacks, 2000.
6. ^ Anonymous, "The place where supermarketing was born," Mass Market Retailers 19, no. 9 (17 June 2002): 172.
7. ^ Ryan Mathews, "1926-1936: entrepreneurs and enterprise: a look at industry pioneers like King Kullen and J. Frank Grimes, and the institution they created (Special Report: Social Change & the Supermarket)," Progressive Grocer 75, no. 12 (December 1996): 39-43.

See also

• List of supermarket chains

Further reading

• William Greer, America the Bountiful: How the supermarket came to main street, Food Marketing Institute, 1986. This is a list of Supermarkets, past and present whether under the parent corporation's name or another name ISBN 999925568X OCLC 14357784

• Henry Petroski, Shopping By Design: Supermarkets, like other inventions, didn't just happen; they were designed, developed—and patented. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose , American Scientist Volume: 93 Number: 6 Page: 491. URL:http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/47364

External links

• groceteria.com - supermarket history and architecture from the 1920s to the 1970s
• Scrambling for customers, 4 August 2005, San Francisco Chronicle
• Supermarket background and history
• Supermarket News - Nationally circulated weekly trade magazine for the food distribution industry. The San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H
• Food Stories — Explore a century of revolutionary change in UK food culture on the British Library's Food Stories website

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