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This article is about superdelegates in general. For a list of 2008 superdelegates, see List of Democratic Party (United States) superdelegates, 2008. This is a list of Democratic party unpledged delegates also known as Superdelegates or automatic delegates who will vote in the 2008 Democratic National Convention, the culmination

"Superdelegate" is an informal term commonly used for some of the delegates to the Democratic National Convention, the presidential nominating convention of the United States Democratic Party. A delegate is a member of a group representing an organization (e The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. A United States presidential nominating convention is a political convention held every four years in the United States by most of the political parties The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party.

Unlike most convention delegates, the superdelegates are not selected based on the party primaries and caucuses in each U.S. state, in which voters choose among candidates for the party's presidential nomination. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Nomination is part of the process of selecting a Candidate for either Election to an Office, or the bestowing of an honor or Award. Instead, most of the superdelegates are seated automatically, based solely on their status as current or former party leaders and elected officials ("PLEOs"). Others are chosen during the primary season. All the superdelegates are free to support any candidate for the nomination.

The Democratic Party rules do not use the term "superdelegate". This article follows the most common media practice in using the term "superdelegate" to refer to unpledged delegates, who fall into two categories:

Unpledged PLEO delegates should not be confused with pledged PLEOs. Under Rule 9. C, the pledged PLEO slots are allocated to candidates based on the results of the primaries and caucuses. [1] Another difference between pledged PLEOs and unpledged PLEOs is that there is a fixed number of pledged PLEO slots for each state, while the number of unpledged PLEOs can change during the campaign. Pledged PLEO delegates are not generally considered superdelegates.

The Republican Party also seats some party officials as delegates without regard to primary or caucus results (see Republican delegate selection), but the term "superdelegate" is most commonly applied only in the Democratic Party. See also Democratic Party (United States presidential primaries 2008 Candidates See also United States Republican presidential candidates 2008

At the 2008 Democratic National Convention the superdelegates will make up approximately one-fifth of the total number of delegates. Schedule for the 2008 Democratic National Convention|Democratic Party (United States presidential candidates 2008|Democratic Party (United States presidential primaries 2008The 2008 Democratic The closeness of the race between the leading contenders, Hillary Rodham Clinton and Barack Obama, has increased the chance that the superdelegates will play a decisive role in selecting the nominee, a prospect that has caused unease among some Democratic Party leaders. Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26 1947 is the junior United States Senator from [2]

Contents

Comparison to pledged delegates

Democratic Party rules distinguish pledged and unpledged delegates. Pledged delegates are selected based on their announced preferences in the contest for the presidential nomination. In the party primary elections and caucuses in each U. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates S. state, voters express their preference among the contenders for the party’s nomination for President of the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Pledged delegates supporting each candidate are chosen in approximate ratio to their candidate’s share of the vote. They fall into three categories: district-level pledged delegates (usually by congressional districts)[3]; at-large pledged delegates; and pledged PLEO delegates. A congressional district is an electoral Constituency that elects a single member of a Congress. In a minority of the states, delegates are legally required to support the candidate to whom they are pledged. [4] In addition to the states' requirements, the party rules state (Rule 12. J): "Delegates elected to the national convention pledged to a presidential candidate shall in all good conscience reflect the sentiments of those who elected them. "[1]

By contrast, the unpledged PLEO delegates (Rule 9. A) are seated without regard to their presidential preferences, solely by virtue of being current or former elected officeholders and party officials. Many of them have chosen to announce endorsements, but they are not bound in any way. They may support any candidate they wish, including one who has dropped out of the presidential race. [5] The other superdelegates, the unpledged add-on delegates (Rule 9. B), who need not be PLEOs, are selected by the state parties after some of the pledged delegates are chosen,[1] but they resemble the unpledged PLEO delegates in being free to vote as they wish.

The process of selecting Democratic Party delegates is described here and here.

History

After the 1968 Democratic National Convention, the Democratic Party made changes in its delegate selection process, based on the work of the McGovern-Fraser Commission. Chicago Convention redirects here for the Convention on International Civil Aviation for the event also referred to by this name The McGovern-Fraser Commission, formally known as Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection was a commission created in response to the tumultuous 1968 Democratic The purpose of the changes was to make the composition of the convention less subject to control by party leaders and more responsive to the votes cast during the campaign for the nomination.

Some Democrats believed that these changes had unduly diminished the role of party leaders and elected officials, weakening the Democratic tickets of George McGovern and Jimmy Carter. George Stanley McGovern James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The party appointed a commission chaired by Jim Hunt, the then-Governor of North Carolina, to address this issue. James Baxter Hunt Jr (born May 16, 1937 in Wilson NC) is a former four-term Democratic Governor of the U A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States In 1982, the Hunt Commission recommended and the Democratic National Committee adopted a rule that set aside some delegate slots for Democratic members of Congress and for state party chairs and vice chairs. The Democratic National Committee (DNC is the principal organization governing the United States Democratic Party on a day to day basis [6] Under the original Hunt plan, superdelegates were 30% of all delegates, but when it was finally implemented for the 1984 election, they were 14%. The number has steadily increased, and today they are approximately 20%. [7]

In 1984 only state party chairs and vice chairs were guaranteed superdelegate status. The remaining spots were divided two ways. The Democrats in Congress were allowed to select up to 60% of their members to fill some of these spots. The remaining positions were left to the state parties to fill with priority given to governors and big-city mayors. In 1988 this process was simplified. Democrats in Congress were now allowed to select up to 80% of their members. All Democratic National Committee members and all Democratic governors were given superdelegate status. This year also saw the addition of the distinguished party leader category (although former DNC chairs were not added to this category until 1996, and former House and Senate minority leaders were not added until 2000). 1992 saw the addition of a category of unpledged "add-ons", a fixed number of spots allocated to the states, intended for other party leaders and elected officials not already covered by the previous categories. Finally beginning in 1996 all Democratic members of Congress were given superdelegate status. [8]

In the 1984 election, the major contenders for the Presidential nomination were Gary Hart and Walter Mondale. The United States presidential election of 1984 was a contest between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate and former Vice President For the football player see Gary Hart (footballer. Gary Hart (born Gary Warren Hartpence, November 28, 1936 Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party Each won some primaries and caucuses. Mondale was only slightly ahead of Hart in the total number of votes cast, but won the support of almost all superdelegates and became the nominee. [9]

The superdelegates have not always prevailed, however. In the Democratic primary phase of the 2004 election, Howard Dean acquired an early lead in delegate counts by obtaining the support of a number of superdelegates before even the first primaries were held. The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Tuesday November 2, 2004, to elect the President of the United States. Howard Brush Dean III, (born November 17 1948 is an American [10] Nevertheless, John Kerry defeated Dean in a succession of primaries and caucuses and won the nomination. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator

In 1988, a study found that superdelegates and delegates selected through the primary and caucus process are not substantively different in terms of viewpoints on issues from each other. But it also found that superdelegates are more likely to prefer candidates with Washington experience than outsider candidates. [11]

In 2008

Main article: List of Democratic Party (United States) superdelegates, 2008

At the 2008 Democratic National Convention, superdelegates will cast approximately 823. This is a list of Democratic party unpledged delegates also known as Superdelegates or automatic delegates who will vote in the 2008 Democratic National Convention, the culmination Schedule for the 2008 Democratic National Convention|Democratic Party (United States presidential candidates 2008|Democratic Party (United States presidential primaries 2008The 2008 Democratic 5 votes, with fractions arising because superdelegates from Michigan, Florida, and Democrats Abroad are entitled to half a vote each. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Democrats Abroad is the official organization of the Democratic Party for United States citizens living permanently or temporarily abroad Of the superdelegates' votes, 745 are from unpledged PLEO delegates and 78. 5 are from unpledged add-on delegates, although the exact number in each category is subject to events.

There is no fixed number of unpledged PLEO delegates. The number can change during the campaign as particular individuals gain or lose qualification under a particular category. The unpledged PLEO delegates are: all Democratic members of the United States Congress, Democratic governors, members of the Democratic National Committee, "[a]ll former Democratic Presidents, all former Democratic Vice Presidents, all former Democratic Leaders of the U. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government The Democratic National Committee (DNC is the principal organization governing the United States Democratic Party on a day to day basis S. Senate, all former Democratic Speakers of the U. S. House of Representatives and Democratic Minority Leaders, as applicable, and all former Chairs of the Democratic National Committee. " There is an exception, however, for otherwise qualified individuals who endorse another party’s candidate for President; under Rule 9. A, they lose their superdelegate status. [1] (In 2008, Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut endorsed Republican John McCain, which, according to the chairwoman of the Connecticut State Democratic Party, resulted in his disqualification as a superdelegate. Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24 1942 is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. [12] Lieberman's status had, however, previously been questioned because, although he is a registered Democratic voter and caucuses with the Democrats, he won re-election as the candidate of the Connecticut for Lieberman Party and is listed as an "Independent Democrat". Connecticut for Lieberman is a Connecticut political party created by twenty-five supporters of Senator Joe Lieberman. [13] The count for Connecticut's delegates in the state party's delegate selection plan, issued before his endorsement of McCain, appears to exclude Lieberman,[14][15] and he was not included on at least one list of PLEO delegates prepared before his endorsement. [16])

The unpledged add-on delegate slots for the various states total 81, but the initial rule had been that the five unpledged add-on delegates from Michigan and Florida would not be seated, leaving 76 unpledged add-on delegates. [17] Michigan and Florida were being penalized for violating Democratic Party rules by holding their primaries too early.

As of February 13, 2008 one analysis found that the 2008 Democratic National Convention would have 794 superdelegates. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed [18] The exact number has changed several times because of events. For example, the number decreased as a result of the death of Representative Tom Lantos, the move from Maine to Florida of former Maine Governor Kenneth Curtis[19], and the resignation of New York Governor Eliot Spitzer. Thomas Peter Lantos ( February 1 1928 – February 11 2008) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives Kenneth Merwin Curtis (born February 8 1931 in Leeds Maine) is a former Democratic Politician and is currently a principal in New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and former politician of the Democratic Party. (Because New York's new Governor, David Paterson, is an at-large member of the Democratic National Committee, he was already a superdelegate before becoming Governor. David Alexander Paterson (born May 20 1954 is an American politician and the current Governor of New York. [20]) On the other hand, the number increased when special elections for the House of Representative were won by Democrats Bill Foster, André Carson, Jackie Speier, and Travis Childers. George William "Bill" Foster (born October 7, 1955) is an American Physicist, Businessman and Politician André D Carson (born October 16, 1974) is the United States Representative for Indiana's 7th congressional district and the grandson of his Karen Lorraine Jacqueline Speier, known as Jackie Speier (born May 14, 1950) is the Democratic Representative for California's 12th congressional Travis Wayne Childers (born March 29, 1958) is the Democratic U [21]

The biggest change came on May 31 as a result of the meeting of the national party's Rules and Bylaws Committee, which softened the penalty intiially imposed on Michigan and Florida. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. The party had excluded all delegates (including superdelegates) from either state. The Rules and Bylaws Committee voted to seat all these superdelegates (as well as the pledged delegates from those states) but with half a vote each. [22] That action added 55 superdelegates with 27. 5 votes. The total number of superdelegates can continue to change until the beginning of the convention (Call to the Convention Section IV(C)(2)).

Pledged delegates from state caucuses and primaries will number 3,566, casting 3,409. 5 votes, resulting in a total number of delegate votes of 4,233. A candidate needs a majority of that total, or (as of June 5) 2,117, to win the nomination. [23][24] Superdelegates account for approximately one fifth (19. 6%) of all votes at the convention. Delegates chosen in the Democratic caucuses and primaries account for approximately four-fifths (80. 4%) of the Democratic convention delegates. [23][25]

The Politico found that about half of the superdelegates are white men, compared to 28% of the Democratic primary electorate. This article is about the newspaper For the description of a person see Politico. [26]

In the Republican Party, as in the Democratic Party, members of the party’s national committee automatically become delegates without being pledged to any candidate. In 2008, there are 123 members of the Republican National Committee among the total of 2,380 delegates to the 2008 Republican National Convention. The Republican National Committee (RNC provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. The United States 2008 Republican National Convention took place at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul Minnesota, from September 1 through September [25] There are three RNC delegates (the national committeeman, national committeewoman, and state party chair) for each state. [27] Despite this similarity in procedure, the term "superdelegate" is generally used only about Democratic delegates, although there are exceptions. [28]

Criticism

The term "superdelegate" itself was used originally as a criticism of unpledged delegates. Susan Estrich argued that these delegates, who would be predominantly white and male, would have more power than other delegates because of their greater freedom to vote as they wish. Susan Estrich (born December 16 1952) is a Lawyer, Professor, Author, political operative Feminist Advocate [29]

The Democratic Party has faced accusations that it has been conducting its nominating process in an undemocratic way,[9][30][31] because superdelegates are generally chosen without regard to their preferences in the presidential race and are not obligated to support the candidate chosen by the voters. Television commentator Dan Abrams has called it "troubling" that the superdelegates might decide the 2008 race, arguing, "Each of the superdelegates' votes is now equivalent to about 10,000 Democratic voters. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Dan Abrams (born May 20 1966 is the Chief Legal Correspondent for NBC News, an anchor and legal analyst for MSNBC, and a substitute anchor on NBC "[32] There are online petitions calling on the superdelegates to support the candidate who does best in the primaries and caucuses. [33] On the other hand, Geraldine Ferraro, who served on the Hunt Commission, has defended the inclusion of superdelegates as being beneficial to the party; she argues that they should exercise independent judgment in voting for a presidential nominee. Geraldine Anne Ferraro (born August 26 1935) is an attorney and a Democratic politician and a former member of the United States House of Representatives [34]

Delegates chosen in primaries and caucuses may not exactly reflect the votes cast, but Democratic party rules require proportional allocation rather than winner-take-all. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes [35]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Democratic National Committee (August 19, 2006). The Democratic National Committee (DNC is the principal organization governing the United States Democratic Party on a day to day basis Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. "Delegate Selection Rules for the 2008 Democratic National Convention". Retrieved on 2008-02-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  2. ^ Nagourney, Adam; Hulse, Carl. "Neck and Neck, Democrats Woo Superdelegates", The New York Times, 2008-02-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead  
  3. ^ "Delegate types explained", The Boston Globe.  
  4. ^ Sinderbrand, Rebecca (March 26, 2008). Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common "Pledged delegates up for grabs, Clinton says". CNNPolitics. com. Retrieved on 2008-06-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
  5. ^ “Romney suspends presidential campaign”, CNN. com, February 7, 2008, <http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/07/romney.campaign/index.html> 
  6. ^ Barnes, James A. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince & Stone, Peter H. (February 22, 2008), “"The Art of Wooing"”, National Journal, <http://www.nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2008/0222nj1.htm> 
  7. ^ Nather, David (February 25, 2008), “Leaping Voters In a Single Bound”, CQ Weekly: 482, <http://public.cq.com/docs/cqw/weeklyreport110-000002675899.html> 
  8. ^ Terry Michael, The Democratic Party's Presidential Nominating Process. National Journal is a weekly magazine that reports on the current political environment and emerging political and policy trends Congressional Quarterly Inc, or CQ, is a privately owned publishing company that produces a number of publications reporting primarily on the United States Congress March, 2004 (pages 14-15)
  9. ^ a b Berman, Ari. "Not So Superdelegates", The Nation, 2008-02-18. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy  
  10. ^ Lynch, Dotty; Beth Lester (January 17, 2004). Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "Dean Leads 'Superdelegate' Count". CBS News. CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. Retrieved on 2008-05-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  11. ^ Are "Superdelegates" Super? Herrerra, Richard, Political Behavior, Vol. 16, No. 1. (Mar. , 1994), pp. 79-92.
  12. ^ Pazniokas, Mark (February 6, 2008). Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Lieberman No Longer a Super Delegate. courant. com. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince
  13. ^ CAPITOL WATCH: Obama leads Clinton, 6-1, Among CT Superdelegates
  14. ^ http://www.ctdems.org/documents/2008planv4FINAL.pdf
  15. ^ 2008 Democratic Convention Watch: Everybody wrong on Lieberman superdelegate status
  16. ^ Office of Party Affairs and Delegate Selection (January 7, 2008). "Unpledged PLEO Delegates -- by state". Retrieved on 2008-05-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
  17. ^ "Add-on superdelegate selection schedule". 2008 Democratic Convention Watch (March 9, 2008). Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  18. ^ Follmer, Max (February 13, 2008). "Everything You've Ever Wanted To Know About Delegates And Superdelegates". The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post (often referred to on the Internet as HuffPo) is a liberal News Website and aggregated Weblog Retrieved on 2008-05-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
  19. ^ 2008 Democratic Convention Watch: Superdelegate from Maine moves to Florida - Superdelegate total now 794
  20. ^ “With Spitzer out, number of Democratic superdelegates drops by 1”, The Dallas Morning News, March 18, 2008, <http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/politics/national/stories/DN-delegates_18pol.ART.State.Edition1.460b9ea.html> 
  21. ^ 2008 Democratic Convention Watch: Superdelegate Ups and Downs
  22. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. & Zeleny, Jeff (June 1, 2008), “Democrats Approve Deal on Michigan and Florida”, The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/us/politics/01rules.html?ex=1213416000&en=f855698aff1d9c98&ei=5070&emc=eta1> 
  23. ^ a b “The Primary Season: 2008 Democratic Calendar”, The New York Times, 2007-01-07, <http://politics.nytimes.com/election-guide/2008/primaries/democraticprimaries/index.html> 
  24. ^ "It's 2117.0 to win"
  25. ^ a b Election Center 2008: Delegate Scorecard. The Dallas Morning News is the major daily Newspaper serving the Dallas, Texas ( USA) area with a circulation of around a half-million Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Katharine Q Seelye is a political reporter for The New York Times. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected CNN.
  26. ^ White men hold superdelegate power balance - Josephine Hearn - Politico.com
  27. ^ Republican National Committee (November 9, 2007). The Republican National Committee (RNC provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. "Call for the 2008 Republican National Convention" (Rule 13(2)). Retrieved on 2008-05-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
  28. ^ Marcus, Ruth. "Looking Beyond Tsunami Tuesday", The Sacramento Bee, 2008-01-17. The Sacramento Bee is a daily newspaper published in Sacramento California, in the United States. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca  
  29. ^ Karmack, Elaine (February 14, 2008), “A History of 'Super-Delegates' in the Democratic Party”, John F. Kennedy School of Government, <http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18072/history_of_superdelegates_in_the_democratic_party.html?breadcrumb=%2F> 
  30. ^ Snell, Teddye. The John F Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University (also known as Harvard Kennedy School and HKS) is a Public policy and "A Presidential Primer", Tahlequah Daily Press, 2008-01-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.  
  31. ^ Chaddock, Gail Russell. "If Superdelegates Pick Nominee, Democrats Face Backlash", Christian Science Monitor, 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment  
  32. ^ Abrams, Dan (February 8, 2008). Dan Abrams (born May 20 1966 is the Chief Legal Correspondent for NBC News, an anchor and legal analyst for MSNBC, and a substitute anchor on NBC "Voters Not Superdelegates". The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post (often referred to on the Internet as HuffPo) is a liberal News Website and aggregated Weblog Retrieved on 2008-03-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant
  33. ^ Superdelegates loom over Democratic race, CNN.com, February 19, 2008, <http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/19/superdelegates/>. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Retrieved on 7 March 2008 
  34. ^ Ferraro, Geraldine (February 25, 2008), “Got a Problem? Ask the Super”, The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/25/opinion/25ferraro.html> 
  35. ^ Cook, Rhodes, The Presidential Nominating Process: A Place for Us?, Rowman & Littlefield, <http://books.google.com/books?id=1Lld7J5tZuwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+creation+of+superdelegate+slots> 

External links

Dictionary

superdelegate

-noun

  1. (US, politics) A member of the Democratic Party who has been selected to attend the national convention to help select a nominee for president.
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