 |
|
| Intersecting Storage Rings | CERN, 1971–1984 |
| Super Proton Synchrotron | CERN, 1981–1984 |
| ISABELLE | BNL, cancelled in 1983 |
| Tevatron | Fermilab, 1987–2009 |
| Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider | BNL, operational since 2000 |
| Superconducting Super Collider | cancelled in 1993 |
| Large Hadron Collider | CERN, 2008–2020s |
| Very Large Hadron Collider | mid-to-late 21st century |
The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) was a particle accelerator which was planned to be built in Texas. In Particle physics, a hadron ( from the ἁδρός hadrós, " stout, thick " ( A collider is a type of a Particle accelerator involving directed beams of particles. The ISR ( Intersecting Storage Rings) was a Particle accelerator at CERN. The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS is a 69 km long Particle accelerator at CERN. The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN ISABELLE was a 200+200 GeV Proton -proton colliding beam Particle accelerator partially built by the United States government at Brookhaven Brookhaven National Laboratory ( BNL) is a United States national laboratory located in Upton New York on Long Island, and was formally established Tevatron is a circular Particle accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia Illinois and is the highest energy particle collider Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ( Fermilab) located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, is a U The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC pronounced like " Rick " ˈrɪk is a heavy- Ion Collider located at and operated by Brookhaven Brookhaven National Laboratory ( BNL) is a United States national laboratory located in Upton New York on Long Island, and was formally established The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. It was planned to have a ring circumference of 87 km (64 miles) and an energy of 30 TeV per beam, potentially enough energy to create a Higgs boson, a particle predicted by the Standard Model, but not yet detected. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The Higgs Boson is a hypothetical massive scalar Elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model of Particle physics The Standard Model of Particle physics is a theory that describes three of the four known Fundamental interactions together with the Elementary particles The project's director was Roy Schwitters, a physicist at the University of Texas at Austin and Harvard University. Roy F Schwitters is a Professor of Physics at the University of Texas at Austin.
Contents |
Development
The system was first envisioned in the December 1983 National Reference Designs Study, which examined the technical and economic feasibility of a machine with the design capacity of 20 TeV per beam. After an extensive Department of Energy review during the mid-1980s, a site selection process began in 1987. The project was awarded to Texas in November 1988 and major construction began in 1991. Seventeen shafts were sunk and 23. 5 km (14. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand 6 miles) of tunnel were bored by late 1993. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States
Cancellation
During the design and the first construction stage, a heated debate ensued about the high cost of the project. In 1987, Congress was told the project could be completed for $4. 4 billion, but by 1993 the cost projection exceeded $12 billion. An especially recurrent argument was the contrast with NASA's contribution to the International Space Station (ISS), which was of similar amount. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Critics of the project argued that the US could not afford both of them.
The project was canceled by Congress in 1993. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Many factors contributed to the shutdown of the project, although different parties disagree on which contributed the most. They include rising cost estimates, poor management by physicists and Department of Energy officials, the end of the need to prove the supremacy of American science with the collapse of the Soviet Union, belief that many smaller scientific experiments of equal merit could be funded for the same cost, Congress's desire to generally reduce spending, and the reluctance of Texas Governor Ann Richards [1] and President Bill Clinton, both Democrats, to support a project begun during the administrations of Richards's Republican predecessor, Bill Clements, and Clinton's Republican predecessors, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. The United States Department of Energy ( DOE) is a Cabinet -level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 This article is about the American politician/teacher for the Australian-American actress see Ann Richards (actress. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. William Perry "Bill" Clements Jr (born April 17, 1917) is the first Republican to have served as Governor of the U George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 However, in 1993, Clinton attempted to prevent the cancellation by requesting that Congress continue "to support this important and challenging effort" through completion because "abandoning the SSC at this point would signal that the United States is compromising its position of leadership in basic science. . . " [2]
The closing of the SSC held drastic ramifications for the southern part of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, and resulted in a mild recession made most evident in those parts of Dallas which lay south of the Trinity River. The Dallas – Fort Worth – Arlington metropolitan area, a title designated by the U A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U The Trinity River is a 710-mile long river that flows entirely within the U [3] At the time the project was cancelled, 22. 5 km (14 miles) of tunnel and 17 shafts to the surface were already dug and nearly two billion dollars had already been spent on the massive facility. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States [4]
Comparison of the SSC and the LHC accelerator
The SSC was designed to reach a higher energy than its European competitor, the LHC, at CERN, Geneva (40 TeV against 14 TeV in the center of mass). The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking
The latter resulted to be less expensive not only because of its smaller size, but also because of the already existing engineering infrastructure built to host the previous accelerator Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP), which was hosted in a 27 km long underground cavern. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand
Current status of site
After the project was canceled, the main site was deeded to Ellis County, Texas and the county tried numerous times to sell the property. Ellis County is a County located in the US state of Texas. In 2000 its population was 111360 The property was finally sold in August of 2006 to[5] an investment group led by the late J.B. Hunt. JB Hunt Transport Services Inc ( is a Trucking and transportation company that was founded by Johnnie Bryan Hunt, and based in the Northwest Arkansas Collider Data Center has contracted with GVA Cawley to market the site as a Tier III or Tier IV Data Center[6]. A data center is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components such as telecommunications and storage systems The site is currently unoccupied. However the site is occasionally used by the military to conduct training exercises.
Movie production
While owned by Ellis County, Texas, the site was used for several different purposes, including storage for the county and the production of Jean-Claude Van Damme's 1999 movie "Universal Soldier: The Return". Universal Soldier The Return (also known as Universal Soldier II) released in 1999, was the second theatrical Film in
Fiction
- John Cramer wrote the novel Einstein's Bridge which presents an alternate history in which the SSC was completed successfully. John G Cramer (born 1934 is a Professor of Physics at the University of Washington in Seattle, U Einstein's Bridge is a Hard science fiction novel by John G Cramer, first published in June 1997 Dramatic events then require time travel and the alteration of history to save the earth and bring us to where we are today.
- A Hole in Texas by Herman Wouk is loosely based on the history of the SSC project. A Hole In Texas is a novel by Herman Wouk. Published in 2004, the book describes the adventures of a high-energy physicist following the surprise announcement Herman Wouk ( "woke" born May 27, 1915) is a bestselling American Author with a number of notable Novels to his
- In an episode of The West Wing, Sam Seaborn, at the request of his former physics professor, battles a US Senator who has put an anonymous hold on the project. Samuel Norman "Sam" Seaborn is a Fictional character played by Rob Lowe on the Television serial Drama The West
- The Super Collider was the subject of one of the storylines during the 11th and 12th seasons of Dallas TV Series. In the storyline, J. R. beat both Bobby and Cliff to the punch at purchasing all the additional land around Ellis County.
- Super Collider is a wonder in the game Rise of Nations and its expansion pack Thrones and Patriots with the name Supercollider,being the only unbuilt wonder in the game. Rise of Nations is a Real-time strategy computer game, developed by Big Huge Games and published by Microsoft on May 20 Rise of Nations Thrones and Patriots is the official Expansion pack to the Real-time strategy computer game Rise of Nations
- Super Collider is the fan name of a new Radiohead song, debuted at Malahide Castle, Dublin, on June 6th 2008.
See also
References
- ^ Alvin W. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ( Fermilab) located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, is a U The DESY ( D eutsches E lektronen Sy nchrotron "German Electron Synchrotron" is the biggest German research center for Particle physics Trivelpiece (2005). Some Observations on DOE’s Role in Megascience. History of Physics Forum, American Physical Society. The American Physical Society was founded in 1899 and is the World 's second largest organization of physicists behind the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. (PDF) Trivelpiece recounts hearing "about a conversation between the Governor of Texas, the Honorable Ann Richards, and President Clinton early in his administration. He asked her if she wanted to fight for the SSC. She said no. That meant it would no longer be an administration imperative. . . . "
- ^ President Bill Clinton (1993). William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Letter of June 16, 1993 to William H. Natcher, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations. Archived at Fermilab's High Energy Physics Information Center. In part, the text reads "As your Committee considers the Energy and Water Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1994, I want you to know of my continuing support for the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC). . . . Abandoning the SSC at this point would signal that the United States is compromising its position of leadership in basic science - a position unquestioned for generations. These are tough economic times, yet our Administration supports this project as a part of its broad investment package in science and technology. . . . I ask you to support this important and challenging effort. "
- ^ Jeffrey Mervis (3 October 2003). "Scientists are long gone, but bitter memories remain". Science 302 (5642): 40-41. Science Magazine was a half-hour television show produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 1975 to 1979
- ^ Jeffrey Mervis and Charles Seife (3 October 2003). Charles Seife is an American Author, Journalist and Professor. "Lots of reasons, but few lessons". Science 302 (5642): 38-40.
- ^ Christine Perez (18 August 2006). "GVA Cawley to market former super collider". Collider Data Center, LLC,
- ^ "High Profile Superconducting Super Collider Project from Early 90's Sees New Life", Superconductor Week, August 16, 2006.
- The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? by Leon Lederman, Dick Teresi, ISBN 0-385-31211-3
- A Hole In Texas by Herman Wouk, Fiction, Little, Brown, ISBN 0-316-52590-1
- The Dead Collider by Bruce Sterling, F&SF Science column #13 (July, 1994)
- A Tale of Two Cultures: Building the Superconducting Super Collider, 1988-1993 by Michael Riordan. Leon Max Lederman (born July 15, 1922) is an American Experimental physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for A Hole In Texas is a novel by Herman Wouk. Published in 2004, the book describes the adventures of a high-energy physicist following the surprise announcement Herman Wouk ( "woke" born May 27, 1915) is a bestselling American Author with a number of notable Novels to his Little Brown and Company is a publishing house established by Charles Coffin Little and his partner James Brown. Michael Riordan (1889 - 1967 was an attorney and San Francisco police officer who served as chief until a new Mayor Elmer Robinson administration was inaugurated Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 32(1), pp. 125–144 (Fall, 2001)
- The Demise of the Superconducting Super Collider by Michael Riordan. Physics in Perspective, 2(4), pp. 411–425 (December, 2000)
- The Superconducting Super Collider Project: A Summary, in High Energy Physics Advisory Panel's Subpanel on Vision for the Future of High Energy Physics, Sidney D. Drell, Chair. Sidney Drell (born September 13, 1926) is an American theoretical physicist and Arms control expert U.S. Department of Energy (May, 2004)
External links
- SSC website
- Tour [1]