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For other uses, see Sunburn (disambiguation).
Sunburn
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 L55.
ICD-9 692.71
A young man displaying a moderate sunburn.
A young man displaying a moderate sunburn. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings L00-L99 - Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous tissue (L00-L08 Infections of the Skin and Subcutaneous tissue The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.

A sunburn is a burn to living tissue such as skin produced by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, commonly from the sun's rays. A burn is a type of Injury that may be caused by Heat, cold, Electricity, Chemicals, Light, Radiation, or The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. Exposure of the skin to lesser amounts of UV will often produce a suntan. Sun tanning describes a darkening of the skin (especially of fair-skinned individuals in a natural physiological response stimulated by exposure to ultraviolet (UV radiation Usual mild symptoms in humans and animals are red or reddish skin that is hot to the touch, general fatigue, and mild dizziness. An excess of UV-radiation can be life-threatening.

Excessive UV-radiation is the leading cause of skin cancer. Skin cancer is a Malignant growth on the Skin which can have many causes [1][2] While sunburn is prevented through the use of sunscreen, many scientists question the effectiveness of sunscreen in preventing malignant melanoma and believe its use could be counterproductive in this respect. Sunscreen (also known as sunblock or suntan lotion) is a Lotion, spray or other Topical product that absorbs or reflects the Sun 's Melanoma is a Malignant Tumor of Melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the Bowel and the Eye (see [3][4] Clothing, including hats, is considered the preferred skin protection method. Moderate sun tanning without burning can also prevent sunburn, as it increases the amount of melanin, a skin photoprotectant pigment that is the skin's natural defense against overexposure. Sun tanning describes a darkening of the skin (especially of fair-skinned individuals in a natural physiological response stimulated by exposure to ultraviolet (UV radiation Melanin is a class of compounds found in the Plant, Animal and Protista kingdoms, where it serves predominantly as a Pigment. The term Photoprotection designates the mechanisms that nature has developed to minimize the damages that the human body suffers when exposed to UV-irradiation For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Importantly, sunburn and the increase in melanin production are both triggered by direct DNA damage. Direct DNA damage can occur when DNA directly absorbs the UV-B-photon When the skin cells' DNA is damaged by UV radiation, type I cell-death is triggered and the skin is replaced. [5] Malignant melanoma may occur as a result of indirect DNA damage if the damage is not properly repaired. Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a Chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into Proper repair occurs in the majority of DNA damage, and as a result not every exposure to UV results in cancer.
The only cure for sunburn is slow healing, although some skin creams can help with the symptoms.

Contents

Cause

The cause of sunburn is the direct damage that a UV-B photon can induce in DNA (left). One of the possible reactions from the excited state is the formation of a thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (right). This kind of damage is responsible for only 8% of all melanoma.
The cause of sunburn is the direct damage that a UV-B photon can induce in DNA (left). One of the possible reactions from the excited state is the formation of a thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (right). This kind of damage is responsible for only 8% of all melanoma.

Sunburn is caused by the UV-radiation stemming from the sun, from tanning lamps, or from welding arcs. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. It is a reaction of the body to the direct DNA damage which can result from the excitation of DNA by UV-B light. Direct DNA damage can occur when DNA directly absorbs the UV-B-photon This damage is mainly the formation of a thymine-thymine dimer. The damage is recognized by the body, and it triggers several defense mechanisms. These include DNA repair to revert the damage and increased melanin production to prevent future damage. Melanin transforms UV-photons quickly into harmless amounts of heat without generating free radicals and is therefore an excellent photoprotectant against direct and indirect DNA damages. The term Photoprotection designates the mechanisms that nature has developed to minimize the damages that the human body suffers when exposed to UV-irradiation Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a Chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into

On an evolutionary level, the sunburn may have developed as a warning signal that deters humans from sun seeking behaviour which induces infertility. [6] Importantly it has been shown that protecting against sunburn with chemical sunscreens does not imply protection against other damaging effects of UV-radiation. [7]

UV-radiation sunburn and melanoma. Statistical correlation vs causal connection
UV-radiation sunburn and melanoma. Statistical correlation vs causal connection

Sunburn and skin cancer

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causes sunburns and increases the risk of two types of skin cancer: basal-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer It is a malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a papule (a small circumscribed solid elevation of the skin and enlarges peripherally developing In Medicine, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC is a form of Cancer of the Carcinoma type that may occur in many different organs including the Skin [8][9]

Controversy over sunscreen

The statement that "sunburn causes skin cancer" is adequate when it refers to basal-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer It is a malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a papule (a small circumscribed solid elevation of the skin and enlarges peripherally developing In Medicine, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC is a form of Cancer of the Carcinoma type that may occur in many different organs including the Skin But it is false when it comes to malignant melanoma (see picture: UVR sunburn melanoma). [10] The statistical correlation between sunburn and melanoma is due to a common cause — the UV-radiation. However, they are generated via two different mechanisms (direct DNA damage versus indirect DNA damage). Direct DNA damage can occur when DNA directly absorbs the UV-B-photon Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a Chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into

Topically applied sunscreens block the UV rays as long as they do not penetrate into the skin. This prevents sunburn, suntanning, and skin cancer. If however the sunscreen filter is absorbed into the skin it only prevents the sunburn but it increases the amount of free radicals which in turn increases the risk for malignant melanoma. Melanoma is a Malignant Tumor of Melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the Bowel and the Eye (see The harmful effect of photoexcited sunscreen filters on living tissue has been shown in many photobiological studies. [11][12][13][14] Whether sunscreen prevents or promotes the development of melanoma depends on the relative importance of the protective effect from the topical sunscreen and the harmful effects of the absorbed sunscreen. The controversy of this subject is presented on the sunscreen and on the sunscreen controversy pages. Sunscreen (also known as sunblock or suntan lotion) is a Lotion, spray or other Topical product that absorbs or reflects the Sun 's Sunscreen protects against two common forms of skin cancer Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC and Basal cell carcinoma (BCC and several sunscreen ingredients protect

The use of sunscreen is known to prevent the direct DNA damages that cause sunburn and the two most common forms of skin cancer, basal-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Sunscreen (also known as sunblock or suntan lotion) is a Lotion, spray or other Topical product that absorbs or reflects the Sun 's Direct DNA damage can occur when DNA directly absorbs the UV-B-photon Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer It is a malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a papule (a small circumscribed solid elevation of the skin and enlarges peripherally developing In Medicine, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC is a form of Cancer of the Carcinoma type that may occur in many different organs including the Skin [15] However, if sunscreen penetrates into the skin, it promotes the indirect DNA damages, which cause the most lethal form of skin cancer, malignant melanoma. Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a Chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into Melanoma is a Malignant Tumor of Melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the Bowel and the Eye (see [16] This form of skin cancer is rare, but it is responsible for 75% of all skin cancer-related deaths.

The increased rate of malignant melanoma of the sunscreen user that had been found in the majority of the epidemiological studies[3][4][17][18][19][20][21][22] is ascribed by many medical doctors to a change in behaviour of the sunscreen user due to a false sense of security afforded by the sunscreen. (Other researchers blame insufficient correction for confounding factors; light skinned individuals use more sunscreen and they are more likely to develop melanoma, but this is an unlikely explanation, because Queensland had an increase in melanoma after sunscreens had been heavily endorsed[3]). Due to the presence of this interpretation the effect of sunscreen filter that is absorbed into the skin did not receive much attention, despite the evidence described in many scientific studies. [23][24][25]

Other risk factors

Location

Erythemal dose at three Northern latitudes source: NOAA
Erythemal dose at three Northern latitudes
source: NOAA

Because of variations in the intensity of UV-radiation passing through the atmosphere, the risk of sunburn increases with proximity to the tropic latitudes, located between 23. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 5° north and south latitude. Everything else being equal (e. g. cloud cover, ozone layer, terrain, etc. A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen crystals floating in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or another Planetary body The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were worked out by the British physicist Sidney Chapman in 1930 Terrain, or relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land surface. ), over the course of a full year, each location within the tropic or polar regions receives the same amount of UV radiation. Earth's polar regions are the areas of the globe surrounding the poles also known as frigid zones. In the temperate zones between 23. 5° and 66. 5°, UV radiation varies by latitude. The higher the latitude, the lower the intensity of the UV rays. During each of the annual four seasons, the earth is tilted at 23. 5 degrees, or about 2600 km (1600 miles) off axis. Thus, on the first day of summer (assuming no other variables), any given location will receive the same amount of UV radiation as the location 2600 km in the direction of the equator received on the first day of spring. (Temperate zones may receive slightly more UV radiation due to the longer periods of daylight. ) There is no place on the earth's surface that doesn't have a least some sunburn risk during the late spring and early summer.

On a minute-by-minute basis, the amount of UV radiation is dependent on the angle of the sun. A minute is a Unit of measurement of Time or of Angle. The minute is a unit of Time equal to 1/60th of an Hour or 60 This is easily determined by the height ratio of any object to the size of its shadow. A ratio is an expression which compares quantities relative to each other A shadow is an area where direct light from a light source cannot reach due to obstruction by an object The greatest risk is at solar noon, when shadows are at their minimum and the sun's radiation passes more directly through the atmosphere. Noon (also midday) is the hour of 1200 in an observer's local time zone or more loosely a time near the middle of the day when workers in many countries take a meal break Regardless of one's latitude (assuming no other variables), equal shadow lengths mean equal amounts of UV radiation.

Pharmaceutical products

Sunburn can also be caused by pharmaceutical products that sensitise some users to UV radiation. Certain antibiotics, oral contraceptives, and tranquillizers have this effect. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent A sedative, or more specifically a sedative-hypnotic, is a substance that depresses the Central nervous system (CNS resulting in calmness relaxation sleepiness [26] People with red hair and/or freckles generally have a greater risk of sunburn than others because of their lighter skin tone. This article is about people with red hair also sometimes called redheads Freckles are clusters of concentrated Melanin which are most often visible on people with a fair Complexion. [27]

Ozone depletion

In recent years, the incidence and severity of sunburn has increased worldwide, especially in the southern hemisphere, because of damage to the ozone layer. The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were worked out by the British physicist Sidney Chapman in 1930 Ozone depletion and the seasonal ozone hole have led to dangerously high levels of UV radiation. Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's [28] Incidence of skin cancer in Queensland, Australia has risen to 75 percent among those over 64 years of age by about 1990, presumably due to thinning of the ozone layer. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. [29] However it was pointed out by Garland et al. that the melanoma rate in Queensland had a steep rise before the rest of Australia experienced the same increase of melanoma numbers. They blamed the vigorous promotion of sunscreen, which was first done in Queensland, while sunscreen use was encouraged in the rest of Australia some time later. An effect that would stem from the ozone depletion can not obey the borderline of different areas of Australia, but sunscreen endorsement programs can. [3] Another study from Norway points out that there had been no change of the ozone layer during the period 1957 to 1984, yet the yearly incidence of melanoma in Norway had increased by 350% for men and by 440% for women. They concluded that in Norway the "Ozone depletion is not the cause of the increase in skin cancers"[30]

Popularity of tanning

Suntans, which naturally develop in some individuals as a protective mechanism against the sun, are viewed by many in the Western world as desirable. Sun tanning describes a darkening of the skin (especially of fair-skinned individuals in a natural physiological response stimulated by exposure to ultraviolet (UV radiation [31] This has led to an increased exposure to UV-radiation from the natural sun and from solariums. A tanning bed or sunbed is a device emitting Ultraviolet radiation (typically 95% UVA and 5% UVB +/-3% used to produce a cosmetic tan.

Symptoms

Typically there is initial redness (erythema), followed by varying degrees of pain, both proportional in severity to the duration and intensity of exposure. Erythema is redness of the Skin caused by Capillary congestion Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm

Other symptoms are edema, itching, red and/or peeling skin, rash, nausea and fever. Oedema (or Edema in American English formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of Interstitial fluid in any organ &mdash swelling Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris Also, a small amount of heat is given off from the burn caused by the concentration of blood in the healing process, giving a warm feeling to the affected area. Sunburns may be first- or second-degree burns. A burn is a type of Injury that may be caused by Heat, cold, Electricity, Chemicals, Light, Radiation, or A burn is a type of Injury that may be caused by Heat, cold, Electricity, Chemicals, Light, Radiation, or A burn is a type of Injury that may be caused by Heat, cold, Electricity, Chemicals, Light, Radiation, or

One should immediately speak to a dermatologist if a skin lesion appears suddenly, with asymmetrical appearance, darker edges than center, that changes color, or becomes larger than 1/4 inch (6 mm).

Variations

Blisters on a shoulder caused by sunburn.
Blisters on a shoulder caused by sunburn.

Minor sunburns typically cause nothing more than slight redness and tenderness to the affected areas. In more serious cases, blistering can occur. Extreme sunburns can be painful to the point of debilitation and may require hospital care.

Duration

Sunburn can occur in less than 15 minutes, and in seconds when exposed to non-shielded welding arcs. Nevertheless, the inflicted harm is often not immediately obvious.

After the exposure, skin may turn red in as little as 30 minutes but most often takes 2 to 6 hours. Pain is usually most extreme 6 to 48 hours after exposure. The burn continues to develop for 24 to 72 hours occasionally followed by peeling skin in 3 to 8 days. Some peeling and itching may continue for several weeks.

Protection

Skin

Sunburn peeling. The dehydration of the epidermis causes the top layer to flake off.
Sunburn peeling. The dehydration of the epidermis causes the top layer to flake off.

It is advisable to consult a UV index to determine what level of protection is necessary. The UV index is an international standard Measurement of how strong the Ultraviolet (UV Radiation from the Sun is at a particular place on a Potential forms of protection include wearing long-sleeved garments and wide-brimmed hats, and using an umbrella when in the sun. A hat is a headcovering It may be worn for protection against the elements for religious reasons for safety or as a Fashion accessory. "Parasol" redirects here For other uses see Umbrella (disambiguation, Umbrella (song or Parasol (disambiguation Minimization of sun exposure between the hours of 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. is also recommended. It is important to keep in mind that locations that use daylight saving time can have the most intense rays significantly later than 12 pm. Daylight saving time ( DST Usually it will be around 1 pm, but in places like western Europe (where standard/winter time is already about an hour ahead of the sun, excluding the UK) DST/Summer Time can make it be later than 2 pm.

Sunburn, photographed 2 days after a 5-hour sun exposure. The dark red area is sunburned. The normal-colored skin was covered by the woman's suit during exposure.
Sunburn, photographed 2 days after a 5-hour sun exposure. The dark red area is sunburned. The normal-colored skin was covered by the woman's suit during exposure.

Commercial preparations are available that block UV light, known as sunscreens or sunblocks. Sunscreen (also known as sunblock or suntan lotion) is a Lotion, spray or other Topical product that absorbs or reflects the Sun 's They have a Sunburn Protection Factor (SPF) rating, based on the sunblock's ability to suppress sunburn: The higher the SPF rating, the lower the amount of direct DNA damage. Sunscreen (also known as sunblock or suntan lotion) is a Lotion, spray or other Topical product that absorbs or reflects the Sun 's Direct DNA damage can occur when DNA directly absorbs the UV-B-photon

A sunscreen rated SPF10 blocks 90% UVB (but only as long as it did not penetrate into the skin); an SPF20 rated sunscreen blocks 95%. It is best to use a broad spectrum sunscreen to protect against both UVA and UVB radiation. It is prudent to use waterproof formulations if one plans to engage in water-based activities. Modern sunscreens contain filters for UVA radiation as well as UVB. Note that the stated protection factors are only correct if 2 μl of sunscreen is applied per square cm of exposed skin. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. This translates into about 28 ml (1 oz) to cover the whole body of an adult male, which is much more than many people use in practice.

Contrary to the common advice that sunscreen should be reapplied every 2–3 hours, research has shown that the best protection is achieved by application 15 to 30 minutes before exposure, followed by one reapplication 15 to 30 minutes after the sun exposure begins. Further reapplication is only necessary after activities such as swimming, sweating, and rubbing. [32] This varies based on the indications and protection shown on the label — from as little as 80 minutes in water to a few hours, depending on the product selected.

When one is exposed to any artificial source of occupational UV, special protective clothing (for example, welding helmets/shields) should be worn. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence.

There is also evidence that common foods may have some protective ability against sunburn if taken for a period before the exposure. [33] Beta-Carotene and lycopene, chemicals found in tomatoes and other fruit, have been found to increase the skin's ability to resist the effects of UV light. In a 2007 study, after about 10-12 weeks of eating tomato-derived products, a decrease in sensitivity toward UV was observed in volunteers. Ketchup and tomato puree are both high in lycopene. [34] Dark chocolate rich in flavinoids has also been found to have a similar effect if eaten for long periods before exposure.

Eyes

The eyes are also sensitive to sun exposure, and wrap-around sunglasses which block UV light should also be worn. Sunglasses or sun glasses are a visual aid variously termed Spectacles or Glasses, which feature lenses that are coloured or darkened to prevent strong UV light has been implicated in pterygium and cataract development. Pterygium usually refers to a benign growth of the Conjunctiva. A cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the Eye or in its envelope varying in degree from slight to complete opacity

Treatment

The most important aspect of sunburn care is to avoid exposure to the sun while healing and to take precautions to prevent future burns. The best treatment for most sunburns is time. Given a few weeks, they will heal; however, there are a number of treatments that help manage the discomfort or facilitate the healing process. Blistered skin, with or without open sores, should heal on its own, but refer to "WebMD: When to see a doctor" for suggestions about whether or not you may need medical attention.

Topical applications

The pain and burning associated with a sunburn can be relieved with a number of different remedies applied to the burn site. The skin can be hydrated by applying topical products containing Aloe vera and/or vitamin E, which reduce inflammation. Aloe vera, also known as the Medicinal Aloe, is a species of Succulent plant that probably originated in northern Africa. See also Tocopherol, Tocotrienol Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of 8 related Tocopherols and Tocotrienols which are fat-soluble Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens Hydrocortisone cream may also help reduce inflammation and itching. Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) [35] Avoid the use of petroleum jelly, benzocaine, lidocaine, and butter; these are false remedies which can prevent healing and damage skin but relieve pain. Petroleum jelly, petrolatum or soft paraffin is a Semi-solid mixture of Hydrocarbons (with Carbon numbers mainly higher than 25 Benzocaine is a Local anesthetic commonly used as a Topical pain reliever Lidocaine ( INN) (ˈlaɪdoʊkeɪn or lignocaine (former BAN) (/ˈlɪgnoʊkeɪn/ is a common Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk. [35] When treating open sores caused by a sunburn, like any other open skin wound, it is best to avoid lotions or other directly-applied ointments. However, antibacterial solutions and gauze can prevent skin infections.

There are two home remedies which have been known to help. A home remedy is a treatment to cure a Disease or ailment that employs certain spices vegetables or other common items One method involves applying a clean washcloth soaked with cool (not cold) milk, in the form of a cold compress. In addition to the cool temperature, a protein film will form to soothe the pain and the lactic acid will help reduce inflammation. [36] A solution of diluted white cider vinegar (approx. Vinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the Fermentation of Ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient Acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid 1 cup in a tub of water) applied in a similar fashion may also ease pain. [37]

Oral medication

Sunburns can cause headaches or a mild fever in addition to the pain, so an analgesic may be indicated. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris [38] Acetaminophen relieves pain, and NSAIDs like ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin can reduce both pain and inflammation. Paracetamol ( INN) (ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl -ˈsɛtə- or acetaminophen ( USAN) is a widely-used Analgesic and Antipyretic Medication Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, usually abbreviated to NSAID s or NAID s, are drugs with Analgesic, Antipyretic and in higher Ibuprofen ( INN) (ˌaɪbjuːˈpɹəʊfɛn (from the now outdated nomenclature i so- bu tyl- pro panoic- phen olic acid is a Non-steroidal Naproxen ( INN) (nəˈprɒksən is a Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID commonly used for the reduction of moderate to severe Pain, Fever Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA (əˌsɛtɨlsælɨˌsɪlɨk ˈæsɨd is a Salicylate drug, often used as an Analgesic to relieve [38]

Non-human sunburn

Sunburned tree. The left side of this trunk has fallen off due to sun damage.
Sunburned tree. The left side of this trunk has fallen off due to sun damage.

Many non-human animals can suffer from sunburn; however, many are protected by a layer of dense fur. Despite myths stating that only hippopotamuses and pigs can be affected by sunburn, almost all animals—even fish, given the right conditions—can suffer sunburn (though pigs and hippopotamuses are more prone due to their hairless skin producing less oil, a natural sun protector). The hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius) from the Greek ἱπποπόταμος ( hippopotamos, ιππος hippos meaning "horse" The Tamworth Pig has a special bristle density as an adaptation to minimize sunburn. Tamworth Pig is among the oldest of Porcine breeds but as with many older breeds of livestock it is not well suited to modern production methods and is listed as "Threatened"

Variations in pigment, fur density, and genetic mutations such as albinism can make some individuals within the same species more or less prone to sunburn. For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Fur is a body hair of any non-human Mammal, also known as the Pelage. In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Albinism (from Latin albus, "white" see extended etymology) is a form of hypopigmentary Congenital disorder, Special care must be taken to protect individuals with variations that are more prone.

Sunburn is not limited to animals. Sunburn is a significant and common cause of damage to trees and plants. Plant related sunburn also involves damage to tissue, caused by light from the sun. "Sunscald" on trees is not the same as sunburn on trees. Sunscald is typically a winter or cool season injury to trees. Trunk and branch tissue can be damaged from exposure to sunlight. Damage typically occurs on the west side, to bark (tissue beneath) facing afternoon warm-season sunlight. Bark can fall off, leaving exposed dry wood - clearly seen here where a cavity developed after undamaged tissue continued to grow on either side of the sunburned area. Prevention includes protective trunk cover for newly planted trees, and avoiding excess foliage removal while pruning.

Some nectar producing foliage can suffer sun scorching as the nectar magnifies the sun's rays and can burn through the leaf in certain circumstances.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer "Do sunscreens prevent skin cancer" Press release No. The sun unit (abbreviated SU) is a measure of sun intensity weighted for skin damage related to the UV index. Hyperthermia, in its advanced state referred to as heat stroke or sunstroke, is an acute condition which occurs when the Body produces or absorbs more Windburn is a skin condition where Wind removes the top layer of oil from the Skin. 132, June 5, 2000
  2. ^ World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer "Solar and ultraviolet radiation" IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 55, November 1997
  3. ^ a b c d Garland C, Garland F, Gorham E (1992). Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. "Could sunscreens increase melanoma risk?". Am J Public Health 82 (4): 614-5. PMID 1546792.  
  4. ^ a b Westerdahl J; Ingvar C; Masback A; Olsson H (2000). "Sunscreen use and malignant melanoma. ". International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer 87: 145-50.  
  5. ^ eMedicine - Sunburn: Article by Amy Caron.
  6. ^ The evolution of human skin coloration.
  7. ^ Wolf P; Donawho C K; Kripke M L (1994). "Effect of Sunscreens on UV radiation-induced enhancements of melanoma in mice. ". J. nat. Cancer. Inst. 86: 99-105. doi:10.1093/jnci/86.2.99. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  8. ^ World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer "Do sunscreens prevent skin cancer" Press release No. 132, June 5, 2000
  9. ^ World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer "Solar and ultraviolet radiation" IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 55, November 1997
  10. ^ Davies H. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ; Bignell G. R. ; Cox C. ; (6 2002). "Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer". Nature 417: 949-954. doi:10.1038/nature00766. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  11. ^ Armeni, Tatiana; Damiani, Elisabetta; et al. (2004). "Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA-induced cytotoxicity in keratinocytes. ". Toxicology 203(1-3): 165-178.  
  12. ^ Knowland, John; McKenzie, Edward A. ; McHugh, Peter J. ; Cridland, Nigel A. (1993). "Sunlight-induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient. ". FEBS Letters 324(3): 309-313.  
  13. ^ Mosley, C N; Wang, L; Gilley, S; Wang, S; Yu, H (2007). "Light-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of a Sunscreen Agent, 2-Phenylbenzimidazol in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 and HaCaT Keratinocytes". Internaltional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 4 (2): 126-131.  
  14. ^ Xu, C. ; Green, Adele; Parisi, Alfio; Parsons, Peter G (2001). "Photosensitization of the Sunscreen Octyl p-Dimethylaminobenzoate b UVA in Human Melanocytes but not in Keratinocytes. ". Photochemistry and Photobiology 73 (6): 600-604. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0600:POTSOP>2.0.CO;2. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  15. ^ Health Report - 13/09/99: Skin Cancer and Sunscreen
  16. ^ Hanson Kerry M. ; Gratton Enrico; Bardeen Christopher J. (2006). "Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin". Free Radical Biology and Medicine 41 (8): 1205-1212. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.011. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  17. ^ Autier P; Dore J F; Schifflers E; et al (1995). "Melanoma and use of sunscreens: An EORTC case control study in Germany, Belgium and France". Int. J. Cancer 61: 749-755. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910610602. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  18. ^ Weinstock, M. A. (1999). "Do sunscreens increase or decrease melanoma risk: An epidemiologic evaluation. ". Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 4: 97-100. doi:10.1038/sj.jidsp. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  19. ^ Vainio, H. , Bianchini, F. (2000). "Cancer-preventive effects of sunscreens are uncertain. ". Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health 26: 529-31.  
  20. ^ Wolf P, Quehenberger F, Müllegger R, Stranz B, Kerl H. (1998). "Phenotypic markers, sunlight-related factors and sunscreen use in patients with cutaneous melanoma: an Austrian case-control study. ". Melanoma Res. 8 (4): 370-378. doi:10.1097/00008390-199808000-00012. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 9764814.  
  21. ^ Graham S, Marshall J, Haughey B, Stoll H, Zielezny M, Brasure J, West D. (1985). "An inquiry into the epidemiology of melanoma.". Am J Epidemiol. 122 (4): 606-619.  
  22. ^ Beitner H, Norell SE, Ringborg U, Wennersten G, Mattson B. (1990). "Malignant melanoma: aetiological importance of individual pigmentation and sun exposure.". Br J Dermatol. 122 (1): 43-51. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb08238.x. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 2297503.  
  23. ^ Hayden, C G J; Roberts, M S; Benson, H A E (1997). "Systemic absorption of sunscreen after topical application". The Lancet 350 (9081): 863-864. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)62032-6. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  24. ^ Walters, K. A. ; Roberts, M. S. (2002). "Percutaneous absorption of sunscreens. ". Book: Bronaugh, R. L. ; Maibach, H. I. eds. Topical absorption of dermatological products. / New York: Dekker; 2002: 465–481.  
  25. ^ Treffel, P. ; Gabard, B. (1996). "Skin penetration and SPF of ultraviolet filters from two vehicles. ". Pharm. Res. 13: 770-774. doi:10.1023/A:1016012019483. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  26. ^ "Avoiding Sun-Related Skin Damage" - No longer available
  27. ^ Sunburn-Topic Overview
  28. ^ van der Leun, J. C. , and F. R. de Gruijl (1993). Influences of ozone depletion on human and animal health. Chapter 4 in UV-B radiation and ozone depletion: Effects on humans, animals, plants, microorganisms, and materials, 95-123.  
  29. ^ Al Gore, "Earth in the Balance, Ecology and the Human Spirit"', 1992
  30. ^ Moan, J. & Dahlback, A. (1992). "The relationship between skin cancers, solar radiation and ozone depletion. ". British Journal of Cancer 65 (6): 916-921.  
  31. ^ Healthwise Incorporated (March 27). Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Suntan.
  32. ^ Diffey, B. L. (2001). "When should sunscreen be reapplied?". J Am Acad Dermatol. 45: 882. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.117385. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  33. ^ Carotenoids and flavonoids contribute to nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight, Wilhelm Stahl, Helmut Sies September 2007
  34. ^ Consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa acutely increases microcirculation in human skin, Neukam K, Stahl W, Tronnier H, Sies H, Heinrich U February 2007
  35. ^ a b Taking anti-inflammitory drugs such as ibuprofen or naproxen may help. Ibuprofen ( INN) (ˌaɪbjuːˈpɹəʊfɛn (from the now outdated nomenclature i so- bu tyl- pro panoic- phen olic acid is a Non-steroidal Naproxen ( INN) (nəˈprɒksən is a Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID commonly used for the reduction of moderate to severe Pain, Fever MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Sunburn first aid.
  36. ^ Sunburn Remedies.
  37. ^ Got Sunburn? Get Milk..
  38. ^ a b Heathwise Incorporated (January 9, 2006). Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Sunburn – Home Treatment. Retrieved on 2006-08-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert.

References

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External links

Dictionary

sunburn

-noun

  1. A burn caused by the sun's harmful rays.

-verb

  1. (intransitive) To receive a sunburn.
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