| Sun Quan | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Founder and Emperor of Eastern Wu | |
| Born | 182 |
| Died | 252 (aged 70) |
| Predecessor | Sun Ce |
| Successor | Sun Liang |
| Names | |
| Simplified Chinese | 孙权 |
| Traditional Chinese | 孫權 |
| Pinyin | Sūn Quán |
| Wade-Giles | Sun Chuan |
| Courtesy name | Zhòngmóu (仲謀) |
| Posthumous name | Dongwudadi (東吳大帝) |
| Era names |
Huangwu (黃武) 222—229 |
Sun Quan (traditional Chinese: 孫權; simplified Chinese: 孙权; pinyin: Sūn Quán; Wade-Giles: Sun Chuan) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, courtesy name Zhòngmóu (仲謀), formally Emperor Da of (Eastern) Wu was the founder of Eastern Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a Events By place Roman Empire Commodus exiles his sister Lucilla to Capreae. Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Sun Ce (175 &ndash 200 was a military general and Warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. Sun Liang (243–260 was an Emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name ( zì) is a given name to be used later in life A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Events By place Roman Empire Commodus exiles his sister Lucilla to Capreae. Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Sun Jian (155 &ndash 191 was a military general and minor Warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National He ruled from 222 to 229 as Wu Wang (King/Prince of Wu) and from 229 to 252 as Emperor of the Wu Dynasty. Events By Place Roman Empire March 11 — Elagabalus is assassinated along with his mother Julia Soemias by legionnaires during Events By Place Roman Empire Severus Alexander and Dio Cassius are joint Consuls Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China. Events By Place Roman Empire Severus Alexander and Dio Cassius are joint Consuls Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers.
In his youth Sun Quan spent time in his home county of Fuchun, and after his father's death in the early 190s, at various cities on the Lower Yangtze River. His elder brother Sun Ce carved out a warlord state in the region, based on his own followers and a number of local clan allegiances. Sun Ce (175 &ndash 200 was a military general and Warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. When Sun Ce was assassinated by the retainers of Xu Gong, whom Sun Ce had killed in battle several years prior, in 200, the eighteen-year-old Sun Quan inherited the lands southeast of the Yangtze River from his brother. Xu Gong (fl 200 CE was the governor of a Wu territory in China. Events By Place World Human population reaches about 257 million His administration proved to be relatively stable in those early years. Sun Jian and Sun Ce's most senior officers, such as Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong, and Cheng Pu remained loyal; in fact it was mentioned in Romance of the Three Kingdoms that Sun Ce had at his deathbed reminded Sun Quan that "in internal matters, consult Zhang Zhao, in external matters, consult Zhou Yu. Zhou Yu (周瑜 175-210 was a famous and one of the most capable military strategists for Sun Ce and his successor Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms era the Zhang Zhao (156 – 236 was a civil officer who served Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Zhang Hong was a minister for Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Cheng Pu (stylename Demou 德謀) was a veteran warrior who served the Sun family for three generations in the Kingdoms of Wu during the Three Kingdoms Romance of the Three Kingdoms ( written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese Historical novel based upon events in " Thus throughout the 200s Sun Quan under the tutelage of his able advisors continued to build up his strength along the Yangtze River. In early 207, his forces finally won complete victory over Huang Zu, a military leader under Liu Biao, who dominated the Middle Yangtze. Huang Zu (? - 208 was a high-ranked naval officer and Prefect of Jiangxia under the governor of Jingzhou, Liu Biao during the later Han Dynasty Liú Biǎo (? - August208 AD was the governor of the Jing province during the late Eastern Han Dynasty
In winter of that year, the northern warlord Cao Cao led an army of some 200,000 to conquer south to complete the reunification of China. Cáo Cāo ( 曹[[wikt 操|操]] 155 &ndash March 15, 220) was a regional Warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the Two distinct factions emerged at his court on how to handle the situation. One, led by Zhang Zhao, urged surrender whilst the other, led by Zhou Yu and the young diplomat Lu Su, opposed capitulation. Lu Su (172 - 217 styled Zijing (子敬 was an advisor for the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. In the finality, Sun Quan decided to oppose Cao Cao in the Middle Yangtze with his superior riverine forces. Allied with the refugee warlord Liu Bei and employing the combined strategies of Zhou Yu and Huang Gai, they defeated Cao Cao decisively at the Battle of Red Cliffs. Liu Bei (161– June 21 223) styled Xuándé (玄徳 was a general warlord and later the founding emperor of Shu Han during the Zhou Yu (周瑜 175-210 was a famous and one of the most capable military strategists for Sun Ce and his successor Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms era the Huang Gai was a military general for the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. The Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi, ( was a decisive battle at the End of Han Dynasty, immediately prior to the period of the Three
In 220, Cao Pi, son of Cao Cao, seized the throne and proclaimed himself to be the Emperor of China, ending the nominal rule of the Han Dynasty. Events By Place Roman Empire The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkans. Cao Pi (曹丕 187 - June 29, 226) formally Emperor Wen of (Cao Wei (曹魏文帝 Courtesy name Zihuan (子桓 was The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. At first Sun Quan nominally served as a Cao Wei vassal with the Cao Wei-created title of Prince of Wu, but after Cao Pi demanded that he send his son Sun Deng as a hostage to the Cao Wei capital Luoyang and he refused, in 222, he declared himself independent by changing era name. Sun Deng (209-241 was a Crown prince of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period of China Luoyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in western Henan province, People's Republic of China. Events By Place Roman Empire March 11 — Elagabalus is assassinated along with his mother Julia Soemias by legionnaires during It was not until the year 229 that he formally declared himself to be emperor. Events By Place Roman Empire Severus Alexander and Dio Cassius are joint Consuls An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of
Because of his skill in gathering important, honourable men to his cause, Sun Quan was able to delegate authority to capable figures. This primary strength served him well in gaining the support of the common people and surrounding himself with capable generals.
Sun Quan died in 252 at the age of 70. He enjoyed the longest reign among all the founders of the Three Kingdoms. He was succeeded as Emperor of Eastern Wu by his son Sun Liang. Sun Liang (243–260 was an Emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period.
Contents |
Early life
Sun Quan was born in 182, while his father Sun Jian was still an Eastern Han general. Events By place Roman Empire Commodus exiles his sister Lucilla to Capreae. Sun Jian (155 &ndash 191 was a military general and minor Warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. After his father's death in 191, he became the charge of his brother Sun Ce. Events By Topic Religion Serapion of Antioch becomes Patriarch of Antioch. Sun Ce (175 &ndash 200 was a military general and Warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. Sun has greenish-blue eyes and redish hair. As he grew up, he became an officer under his brother during his brother's conquest of the region south of the Yangtze River. He was made a county magistrate in 196, at age 14, and continued to rise through the ranks as his brother gave him more and more important tasks. Events By Place Roman Empire Septimus Severus 's troops capture and sack Byzantium, and retake Mesopotamia
The Sanguo Zhi records that Sun Quan's father Sun Jian was a descendant of Sun Tzu, the great military strategist of the Warring States period. The Records of Three Kingdoms ( is the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, Sun Jian (155 &ndash 191 was a military general and minor Warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China Sun Tzu ( ("Master Sun" also called Sun Wu ( is traditionally considered to be the author of The Art of War (also simply called the The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the According to later tradition, Sun Quan was born on Sunzhou ("Sun Island", later Wangzhou - "King's Island"), an islet at the intersection of the Fuchun River and one of its tributaries. Local folklore relates a story about how Sun Quan's grandfather Sun Zhong was originally a melon farmer on the islet. History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological
As warlord after Sun Ce's death
Prior to the Battle of Red Cliffs
Sun Ce was assassinated in 200 during a hunt. Events By Place World Human population reaches about 257 million On his deathbed, he knew that his son was still too young to be considered a realistic heir, so he entrusted the 18-year-old Sun Quan to his faithful subordinates. Initially, Sun Quan mourned so greatly that he could do nothing, but at Zhang Zhao's behest, he changed into a general's clothing and set out to visit the commanderies under his brother's control. Zhang Zhao (156 – 236 was a civil officer who served Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Many of Sun Ce's subordinates thought that Sun Quan was too young to sustain Sun Ce's domain and wanted to leave, but Zhang and Zhou Yu saw special qualities in the young man and chose to stay to serve Sun Quan. Zhou Yu (周瑜 175-210 was a famous and one of the most capable military strategists for Sun Ce and his successor Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms era the Zhang Hong, whom Sun Ce had earlier sent as a liaison to the paramount warlord Cao Cao, also returned from Cao's domain to assist Sun Quan. Zhang Hong was a minister for Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Cáo Cāo ( 曹[[wikt 操|操]] 155 &ndash March 15, 220) was a regional Warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the (At Zhang Hong's request, Cao, in the name of Emperor Xian, commissioned Sun Quan as General Taolu (討虜將軍), a title that he would be known for a long time. Emperor Xian of Han ( Traditional 漢獻帝 Simplified 汉献帝 Pinyin Hàn Xiàn dì, Wade-Giles Han Hsien-ti; ) He listened carefully to his mother Lady Wu's encouraging words, and greatly trusted Zhang Zhao and Zhang Hong with regard to civilian affairs and Zhou, Cheng Pu, and Lü Fan with regard to military matters. Cheng Pu (stylename Demou 德謀) was a veteran warrior who served the Sun family for three generations in the Kingdoms of Wu during the Three Kingdoms Lü Fan, styled Ziheng (子衡 (d 228 was an officer serving Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. He also sought out talented young men to serve as his personal advisors, and it was around this time that he befriended Lu Su and Zhuge Jin, who would later play prominent roles in his administration. Lu Su (172 - 217 styled Zijing (子敬 was an advisor for the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Zhūgé Jǐn ( AD 174 – 241 courtesy name Ziyu ( Wade-Giles: Tzŭ-yu) (子瑜 was a minister for the Kingdom of Wu during Throughout this period and decades to come, Sun Quan's leadership would be characterized by his ability to find men of character and entrust important matters to him, and his ability to react swiftly to events.
For the next several years, Sun Quan was largely interested in first defending his realm against potential enemies, but he gradually sought to harass and weaken Liu Biao's key subordinate, Huang Zu (who controlled the northeastern region of Liu's domain) -- particularly because Huang had killed his father Sun Jian in battle. Liú Biǎo (? - August208 AD was the governor of the Jing province during the late Eastern Han Dynasty Huang Zu (? - 208 was a high-ranked naval officer and Prefect of Jiangxia under the governor of Jingzhou, Liu Biao during the later Han Dynasty In 208, he was finally able to defeat Huang Zu and kill him in battle. For the area code see Area code 208. Events By Place Roman Empire Roman emperor Septimius Severus Soon after, Liu Biao himself died while Cao Cao was preparing a major campaign to subjugate both Liu Biao and Sun Quan under his control, precipitating a major confrontation.
Battle of Red Cliffs
After Liu Biao's death, a succession struggle for his domain came into being, between his sons Liu Qi and younger son Liu Cong, whom Liu Biao's second wife Lady Cai favored (because he had married her niece). The Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi, ( was a decisive battle at the End of Han Dynasty, immediately prior to the period of the Three Liu Cong was the second son of the famous warlord Liu Biao during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Lady Cai (蔡氏 is known as the woman who renounced Chingchou (otherwise known as Jingzhou) to Huang Zu. After Huang's death, Liu Qi was therefore given Huang's post as the governor of Jiangxia Commandery (roughly modern Huanggang, Hubei). Huanggang City ( Chinese: 黃冈 Pinyin: Huánggāng is a major municipality (also known as a Prefecture in eastern Hubei Province China. ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. Liu Cong therefore succeeded Liu Biao after his death, and Liu Qi was displeased and considered, but did not carry out, an attack against his brother. Nevertheless, Liu Cong, in fear of having to fight Cao Cao and his brother on two fronts, surrendered to Cao Cao against the advice of Liu Biao's key ally Liu Bei. Liu Bei (161– June 21 223) styled Xuándé (玄徳 was a general warlord and later the founding emperor of Shu Han during the Liu Bei, unwilling to submit to Cao Cao, fled south. Cao Cao caught up to him and crushed his forces, but Liu Bei escaped with his life; he fled to Dangyang (當陽, in modern Yichang, Hubei). Yichang (宜昌 Pinyin: Yíchāng is a Prefecture-level city in Hubei province of China. ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. Cao Cao took over most of Jing Province, and appeared set on finally unifying the empire.
Sun Quan was well aware of Cao's intentions, and he quickly entered into an alliance with Liu Bei and Liu Qi to prepare for a Cao assault. Cao Cao wrote Sun with a letter intending to intimidate, and in face of Cao Cao's overwhelming force (estimated to be about 220,000 men, although Cao Cao claimed 800,000, against Sun Quan owned 30,000 and the Lius' combined force of 10,000), many of Sun Quan subordinates, even including the highly capable Zhang Zhao, advocated surrender. Sun Quan refused, under advice from Zhou Yu and Lu Su (that Cao Cao would surely not tolerate him even if he surrendered).
Sun put Zhou in charge of his 30,000 men, largely stationed on naval ships, and Zhou set up in a defense position in conjunction with Liu Bei, whose army was stationed on land. About this time, there was a plague developing in Cao's forces which significantly weakened it. Zhou set up a trap where he pretended to be punishing his subordinate Huang Gai, and Huang Gai pretended to be in such fear that he was willing to surrender to Cao. Huang Gai was a military general for the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Zhou then sent ships under Huang's command to pretend to surrender and, as Huang's ships approached Cao's fleet, they were lit on fire to assault Cao's fleet, and Cao's fleet was largely destroyed by fire. Cao led his forces to escape on land, but much of the force was destroyed by Sun Quan and Liu Bei's land forces. The death rate was said to be over 50%.
Uneasy alliance with Liu Bei
Immediately, after Cao Cao withdrew, Sun Quan took over the northern half of Jing Province. Liu Bei marched south and took over the southern half. The Sun-Liu alliance was further cemented by a marriage of Sun Quan's sister to Liu Bei. Zhou was suspicious of Liu Bei intentions, however, and suggested to Sun Quan that Liu Bei be seized and put under house arrest (albeit be very well-treated) and his forces be merged into Sun Quan's; Sun Quan, believing that Liu Bei's forces would rebel if he did that, declined. Sun Quan did agree to Zhou Yu's plans to consider attacking Liu Zhang and Zhang Lu (who controlled the modern southern Shaanxi) to try to take over their territories, but after Zhou Yu died in 210, the plans were abandoned. Zhang Lu (? - 216 was a warlord during the Three Kingdoms era of China. ( Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a north-central province of the People's Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Events By Place Roman Empire Caracalla is Consul. Having suffered heavy losses since invading Scotland However, Sun Quan was able to persuade the warlords in modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam to submit to him, and they became part of his domain. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially He then yielded northern Jing to Liu Bei as well, agreeing with Liu Bei that southern Jing was insufficient to supply his troops.
In 215, the Sun-Liu alliance appeared on the verge of break-up, because Sun Quan demanded that Liu Bei return Jing Province and Liu refused. Events By Place Roman Empire Caracalla 's troops massacre the population of Alexandria Egypt. Sun Quan made an initial attack against Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, who was left in charge of Jing Province by Liu Bei, and most of the eastern Jing Province (east of the Xiang River) quickly surrendered. Guan Yu ( Chinese: 關羽 Guān Yǔ was a general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of The Xiang River (also as Xiangjiang, Xiangjiang River, or simply as Xiang, Chinese: 湘江 湘水 or 湘 Pinyin: Xiāng Jiāng However, after a face-to-face summit between Guan Yu and Lu, the sides renewed their alliance, dividing Jing Province at the Xiang.
Breaking of alliance with Liu Bei
In 219, Guan Yu advanced north, attacking Fancheng, scoring a major victory over Cao's nephew Cao Ren. Events By Place Roman Empire Legions III ''Gallica'' and IV ''Scythica'' are disbanded by Elagabalus after their leaders Guan Yu ( Chinese: 關羽 Guān Yǔ was a general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of Fancheng District ( Chinese: 樊城区 is a district of Xiangfan, Hubei, China. Cao Ren (168 &ndash 223 was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of While Fancheng did not fall at this time, Guan put it under siege, and the situation was severe enough that Cao Cao considered moving the capital away from Xu. However, Sun, resentful of Guan's prior constant instigation of hostilities (including seizing Sun's food supplies to use for his campaign north), took the opportunity to attack Guan from the rear, and Guan's forces collapsed. Guan was captured by Sun's general Lü Meng;, once captured Sun Quan executed Guan Yu, Jing Province became Sun's once more, and the Sun-Liu alliance was over. Lü Meng (178 - 219 was a renowned officer under Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Sun instead nominally submitted to Cao and, indeed, urged him to take the throne. Cao declined, but prepared for his son Cao Pi to do so. Cao Pi (曹丕 187 - June 29, 226) formally Emperor Wen of (Cao Wei (曹魏文帝 Courtesy name Zihuan (子桓 was
After Cao Cao's death in 220, Cao Pi did indeed force Emperor Xian to yield the throne to him, ending the Han Dynasty and establishing Cao Wei. Events By Place Roman Empire The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkans. Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period Sun did not immediately declare himself a Cao Wei subject or declare independence after Cao Pi's enthronement, but took a wait-and-see attitude; by contrast, in early 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor, establishing Shu Han. Events By Place Roman Empire June 26 — Emperor Elagabalus adopts Alexander Severus as his heir Shu Han ( Traditional Chinese: 蜀漢 Pinyin: Shǔ Hàn sometimes known as the Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ was one of the Three Kingdoms competing Immediately, Liu planned a campaign against Sun to avenge Guan. After attempting to negotiate peace and receiving no positive response from Liu, fearing attack on both sides, Sun declared himself a Cao Wei subject. Cao Pi's strategist Liu Ye suggested that Cao decline -- and in fact attack Sun on a second front, effectively partitioning Sun's domain with Shu Han, and then eventually seek to destroy Shu Han as well. Liu Ye ( (born March 23, 1978 in Jilin, China is a Chinese film and television actor Cao declined, in a fateful choice that most historians believe doomed his empire to ruling only the northern and central China -- and this chance would not come again. Indeed, against Liu Ye's advice, he created Sun the Prince of Wu and granted him the nine bestowments. The nine bestowments ( were awards given by Chinese emperors to extraordinary officials ostensibly to reward them for their accomplishments
In 222, at the Battle of Xiaoting, Sun's general Lu Xun dealt Liu a major defeat, stopping the Shu Han offensive. Events By Place Roman Empire March 11 — Elagabalus is assassinated along with his mother Julia Soemias by legionnaires during Lu Xun (183 &ndash 245 was an officer of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Shu Han would not again pose a threat to Sun from that point on. Later that year, when Cao Pi demanded that Sun send his crown prince Sun Deng to the Cao Wei capital Luoyang as a hostage (to guarantee his loyalty), Sun refused and declared independence (by changing era name), thus establishing Eastern Wu as an independent state. Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship. Sun Deng (209-241 was a Crown prince of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period of China Luoyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in western Henan province, People's Republic of China. Cao Pi therefore launched a major attack on Eastern Wu, but after Cao Wei defeats in early 223, it became clear that Eastern Wu was secure. Events By Place Asia Liu Shan becomes second emperor of Shu-Han upon the death of his father Liu Bei. After Liu Bei's death later that year, Zhuge Jin's brother Zhuge Liang, the regent for Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan, reestablished the alliance with Sun Quan, and the two states would remain allies until Shu Han's eventual destruction in 263. Zhuge Liang (181–234 was Chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China Liu Shan, (commonly mispronounced as Liu Chan) (207 &ndash 271 was the second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era Events By Place Roman Empire The Goths invade Ephesus and destroy city and temple
Reign as the monarch of Eastern Wu
Early reign
Early in Sun Quan's reign, the Eastern Wu administration was known for its efficiency, as Sun showed a knack for listening to correct advice and for delegating authorities to the proper individuals. For example, he correctly trusted the faithful Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin, so much so that he made a duplicate imperial seal and left it with Lu; whenever he would correspond with Shu Han's emperor Liu Shan or regent Zhuge Liang, he would deliver the letter to Lu first (as Lu's post was near the Shu Han border), and then if, in Lu's opinion, changes were needed, he would revise the letter and then restamp it with Sun's imperial seal. Further, Lu and Zhuge Jin were authorized to coordinate their actions with Shu Han without prior imperial approval. Sun treated his high level officials as friends and addressed them accordingly (with courtesy names), and in accordance they dedicated all effort to Eastern Wu's preservation. He also knew what were the proper roles for officials that he trusted; for example, in 225, when selecting a prime minister, while the key officials all respected Zhang Zhao greatly and wanted him to be prime minister, Sun declined -- reasoning that while he respected Zhang greatly, a prime minister needed to handle all affairs of state, and Zhang, while capable, had such strong opinions that he would surely be in conflict with Sun and other officials at all times. Events By Place Roman Empire Roman Emperor Alexander Severus marries Sallustia Orbiana, and possibly raises her father He also repeatedly promoted his official Lü Fan even though, while he was young, Lü had informed to Sun Ce about his improper spending habits, understanding that Lü did so only out of loyalty to Sun Ce. Lü Fan, styled Ziheng (子衡 (d 228 was an officer serving Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China.
In 224 and 225, Cao Pi again made attacks on Eastern Wu, but each time the Eastern Wu forces were able to repel Cao Wei's with fair ease -- so easily that Cao made the comment, "Heaven created the Yangtze to divide the north and south. Events By Place Asia Ardashir I defeats the Arsacid King Artabanus IV at Hormizdegan, destroying the " However, Sun was himself equally unsuccessful in efforts to make major attacks on Cao Wei. After Cao Pi's death in 226, for example, Sun launched an attack on Cao Wei's Jiangxia Commandery (roughly modern Xiaogan, Hubei) but was forced to withdraw as soon as Cao Wei relief forces arrived despite Cao Pi's recent death. Events By Place Asia Cao Rui becomes emperor of the Kingdom of Wei of China. Xiaogan (孝感 Pinyin: Xiàogǎn is a Prefecture-level city in Hubei province of the People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. However, later that year, he was able to increase his effective control over Jiao Province (交州, modern northern Vietnam) when his general Lü Dai was able to defeat the warlord Shi Hui (士徽) and end the effective independence that the Shi clan had. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Lu Dai (161-256 was an officer of Wu. Following the death of Sun Quan, Zhuge Ke along with Lu Dai were entrusted to govern over Wu In addition, the several independent kingdoms in modern Cambodia, Laos, and southern Vietnam all became Eastern Wu vassals as well. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially
The one major victory that Eastern Wu would have over Cao Wei during this period came in 228, when, with Sun's approval, his general Zhou Fang pretended to be surrendering to Cao Wei after pretending to have been punished repeatedly by Sun. Events By Place Roman Empire The Praetorian guard kill Ulpian, Praetorian prefect, who had wanted to reduce their Zhou Fang (d 240? courtesy name Ziyu (子魚 was an Eastern Wu general during the Three Kingdoms period. This tricked the Cao Wei general Cao Xiu, who led a large army south to support Zhou. Cao Xiu (174 &ndash 228 was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao and succeeding rulers of the Kingdom of Wei during the late Eastern Han He walked into the trap set by Zhou and Lu Xun and suffered major losses, but was saved from total annihilation by Jia Kui. Jia Kui, (174 modern day Lifen Shanxi &ndash ca 230 courtesy name Liangdao (梁道 was a general and bureaucrat of the Han Dynasty and subsequently
In 229, Sun declared himself emperor, which almost damaged the alliance with Shu Han, as many Shu Han officials saw this as a sign of betrayal of the Han Dynasty -- which Shu Han claimed to be the legitimate successor to. Events By Place Roman Empire Severus Alexander and Dio Cassius are joint Consuls However, Zhuge Liang opposed ending the alliance and in fact confirmed it with a formal treaty later that year, in which the two states pledged to support each other and divide Cao Wei equally if they could conquer it. Later that year, he moved his capital from Wuchang (武昌, in modern Ezhou, Hubei) to Jianye, leaving his crown prince Sun Deng, assisted by Lu Xun, in charge of the western empire. Ezhou ( Simplified Chinese: 鄂州 Pinyin: Èzhōu is a Prefecture-level city in China 's Hubei province ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China.
Middle reign
In 230, however, the first sign of the deterioration of Sun Quan's reign occurred. Events By Place Roman Empire Taxes are increased in order to maintain the unity and defense of the Empire That year, he sent his generals Wei Wen (衛溫) and Zhuge Zhi (諸葛直) with a navy of 10,000 into the East China Sea to seek the legendary islands of Yizhou (夷洲, may be modern Taiwan) and Danzhou (亶洲, may be modern Japan) to seek to conquer them, despite strenuous opposition of Lu Xun and Quan Cong. The East China Sea is a Marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1249000 km² Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Quan Cong (d 249 was an officer of the Three Kingdoms Period that served under that of the Kingdom of Wu. The navy was not able to locate Danzhou but located Yizhou, and returned in 231 after capturing several thousand men -- but only after 80-90% of the navy had died of illnesses. Events By Places Roman Empire Accompanied by his mother Julia Mamaea, Severus Alexander campaigns against the Persians Instead of seeing his own fault in this venture, Sun simply executed Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi. Perhaps concerned about this deterioration in Sun Quan's judgment, Sun Deng left the western empire in Lu's hands in 232 and returned in Jianye, and would remain at Jianye until his own death in 241. Events By Topic Religion Relics of St Thomas are brought to Edessa from India. Events By place Asia Shapur I of Persia succeeds Ardashir I as king of Persia.
In 232, Sun had another misadventure involving his navy -- as he sent his generals Zhou He (周賀) and Pei Qian (裴濳) to the nominal Cao Wei vassal Gongsun Yuan, in control of Liaodong Commandery (modern central Liaoning), to purchase horses, against the advice of Yu Fan -- and indeed, he exiled Yu to the desolate Cangwu Commandery (roughly modern Wuzhou, Guangxi) as punishment. Events By Topic Religion Relics of St Thomas are brought to Edessa from India. Gongsun Yuan (?-238 was a general of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Yu Fan (164 - 233 a notable district supervisor of Hu Ji, later coming into the service of Sun Ce. Wuzhou ( Simplified Chinese: 梧[[wikt 州|州]] Pinyin; (梧州市 Wúzhōu Shì Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Just as Yu predicted, however, the venture would end in failure -- as Zhou and Pei, on their way back, were intercepted by Cao Wei forces and killed. Regretting his actions, Sun tried to recall Yu back to Jianye, only to learn that Yu had died in exile.
The next year, however, Sun would have yet another misadventure in his dealings with Gongsun, as Gongsun sent messengers to him, offering to be his subject. Sun was ecstatic, and created Gongsun the Prince of Yan and granted him the nine bestowments, and further sent a detachment of 10,000 men by sea north to assist Gongsun in his campaign against Cao Wei, against the advice of nearly every single one of his high level officials, particularly Zhang Zhao. The nine bestowments ( were awards given by Chinese emperors to extraordinary officials ostensibly to reward them for their accomplishments Once the army arrived, however, Gongsun betrayed them, killing Sun's officials Zhang Mi (張彌) and Xu Yan (許晏), whom Sun had sent to grant the bestowments and seized their troops. Once that happened, the enraged Sun wanted to personally head north with a fleet to attack Gongsun, and initially, not even Lu's opposition was able to stop him, although he eventually calmed down and did not follow through. To his credit, he also personally went to Zhang's house and apologized to Zhang. Further, despite the deterioration in his previous clear thinking, he was still capable of making proper decisions at times. For example, in 235, when, as a sign of contempt, Cao Wei's emperor Cao Rui offered horses to him in exchange for pearls, jade, and tortoise shells, Sun ignored the implicit insult and made the exchange, reasoning that his empire needed horses much more than pearls, jade, or tortoise shells. Events By Place Roman Empire Pressure on Rome by Goths, Quadi, Sassanids Franks and Alemanni Cao Rui ( 205 - 22 January 239) was the son of Cao Pi and the second emperor of the Cao Wei.
In 234, in coordination with Zhuge Liang's final northern expedition against Cao Wei, Sun personally led a major attack against Cao Wei's border city Hefei, while having Lu and Zhuge Jin attack Xiangyang, with the strategy of trying to attract Cao Wei relief forces and then attacking them. Events By Place Roman Empire Emperor Alexander Severus buys peace from the Alemanni. Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions (諸葛亮北伐 were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu against the northern state of Wei from A Hefei ( literally "Junction of the (South Fei Rivers " former names Ho-fei Luzhou Luchow is a Prefecture-level city and the provincial capital of Xiangyang ( Traditional Chinese: 襄陽 Simplified Chinese: 襄阳 Pinyin: Xiāngyáng was a Chinese city famous for the Siege of Xiangyang However, Cao Wei's generals correctly saw the situation and simply let Sun siege Hefei. Only after Sun's food supplies ran low did Cao Rui personally arrive with relief forces, and Sun withdrew, as did Lu and Zhuge. Cao Rui ( 205 - 22 January 239) was the son of Cao Pi and the second emperor of the Cao Wei. (This would prove to be the first of only two coordinated efforts made by allies Eastern Wu and Shu Han against Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. )
In 238, when Gongsun was under attack by Cao Wei's general Sima Yi, Sun, despite his prior rage against Gongsun, correctly judged the situation as one where he might be able to take advantage if Sima were initially unsuccessful, did not immediately refuse Gongsun's request for help. Events By Place Roman Empire Carpians invade Moesia; Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them Sima Yi (179 - 251 was a strategist general and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms era of China. However, as Sima was able to conquer Gongsun quickly, Sun never launched the major attack that he considered if Sima got stuck in a stalemate with Gongsun. That year, he also recognized how his head secretary Lü Yi (呂壹) had been falsely accusing his officials, and had Lü executed; he then further confirmed his trust in the high level officials by personally writing an emotional letter to Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, Zhu Ran, and Lü Dai, blaming himself for the recent problems with his administration while urging them to speak out honestly whenever they saw faults in him. Bu Zhi (d247 styled Zishan (子山 was a scholar of the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Zhu Ran (182 - 248 was a military general for Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Lu Dai (161-256 was an officer of Wu. Following the death of Sun Quan, Zhuge Ke along with Lu Dai were entrusted to govern over Wu
In 241, Sun would launch the last major assault against Cao Wei of his reign, in light of Cao Rui's death in 239, but he rejected a strategy offered by Yin Zha (殷札) to attack Cao Wei in coordinated effort with Shu Han on four different fronts, and the campaign ended in failure as well. Events By place Asia Shapur I of Persia succeeds Ardashir I as king of Persia. Events By Place Asia In the Chinese Kingdom of Wei, Wei Qi Wang succeeds Wei Ming Di.
Late reign
Later in 241, Crown Prince Deng died -- an event that left open the issue of succession and appeared to mark the start of a precipitous decline in Sun Quan's mental health. In 242, he created his son Sun He, by Consort Wang, crown prince. Events By Place Roman Empire Gordian III evacuates the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus, as the territory is now Sun He (223-253 Courtesy name Zixiao (子孝 formally Emperor Wen (of Eastern Wu (文皇帝 was a son and one-time Crown prince of However, he also favored another son by Consort Wang, Sun Ba (孫霸) the Prince of Lu, and permitted Sun Ba to have the same staffing level as the crown prince -- a move that was objected to by a number of officials as encouraging Prince Ba to compete with Prince He, but Sun Quan did not listen to them. After 245, when Crown Prince He and Prince Ba began to have separate residences, their relationship detriorated further, and Prince Ba began to scheme at how to seize heir status from Prince He. Events By Place Roman Empire Emperor Philip the Arab entrusts future emperor Trajan Decius with an important command on the Fanned by gossip from his daughter Sun Dahu (孫大虎), Sun Quan blamed the princes' mother Consort Wang for this -- and she died in fear. He also cut off Crown Prince He and Prince Ba's access to the officials who supported them in hopes of receiving future favors, but this could not stop Prince Ba's machinations. Indeed, when Lu Xun tried to intervene to protect Crown Prince He, Prince Ba falsely accused him of many crimes, and Sun Quan became provoked so much that he repeatedly rebuked Lu -- causing Lu to die in anger.
In 250, fed up with Prince Ba's constant attacks against Crown Prince He, Sun Quan carried out an inexplicable combination of actions -- he forced Prince Ba to commit suicide, while deposing Crown Prince He (who had not been shown to have committed any crimes), and instead creating his youngest son, Sun Liang, crown prince to replace Prince He. Events By Place Roman Empire A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date Sun Liang (243–260 was an Emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. This move was opposed by his son-in-law Zhu Ju (the husband of Princess Xiaohu), but Zhu's pleas not only did not help Prince He, but also resulted in his own death, as Sun forced him to commit suicide. Zhu Ju (194-250 an officer of the Three Kingdoms Period who became the husband of the daughter of Sun Quan. Many other officials who also opposed the move, as well as officials who had supported Prince Ba, were executed.
Around this time, Sun also had his generals destroy a number of levees near the border with Cao Wei, creating large areas of flooding, in order to obstruct potential attacks from Cao Wei.
In 251, Sun created the first empress of his reign -- Crown Prince Liang's mother Consort Pan. Events By Place Roman Empire July 1 — In the Battle of Abrittus, the Goths defeat the Romans emperors Decius Empress Pan (潘皇后 personal name unknown (died 252 was an Empress of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. (Previously, he had a succession of wives, but never created any of them empresses, except that his favorite, Lady Bu, was created empress posthumously after her death in 238. Events By Place Roman Empire Carpians invade Moesia; Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them ) Later that year, however, he realized that Prince He was blameless and wanted to recall him from his exile, but was persuaded not to do so by his daughter Princess Dahu and Sun Jun, who had supported Crown Prince Liang's ascension. Sun Jun (219-256 Courtesy name Ziyuan (子遠 was a Regent for the emperor Sun Liang of Eastern Wu during the Three He realized that he was getting very old (69 by this point) and, at Sun Jun's recommendation, commissioned Zhuge Jin's son Zhuge Ke as the future regent for Crown Prince Liang -- even though he correctly had misgivings about how Zhuge Ke was arrogant and had overly high opinion of his own abilities -- because at that time, virtually the entire empire, awed by Zhuge's prior military victories, was convinced that Zhuge would be the correct choice for regent. Zhuge Ke (203 – 253 courtesy name Yuanxun (元遜 was an officer for Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China.
In 252, as Sun Quan neared death, Empress Pan was murdered -- but how she was murdered remains a controversy. Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Eastern Wu officials claimed that her servants, unable to stand her temper, strangled her while she was asleep, while a number of historians, including Hu Sansheng, the commentator to Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian, believed that top Eastern Wu officials were complicit, as they feared that she would seize power as empress dowager after Sun's death. Hu Sansheng ( 1230 &ndash 1302 born Hu Mansun (胡滿孫 Courtesy names Shenzhi (身之 Meijian (梅澗 and Jingcan (景參 Life profession and works He was born in 1019 in present-day Yuncheng Shanxi to a wealthy family and obtained early success as a scholar and officer The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. Empress Dowager ( Chinese: 皇太后 Chinese, Korean Pronunciation: Hwang Tae Hu Japanese Pronunciation: Kōtaigō Vietnamese Pronunciation Later that year, Sun died at the age of 70, and Crown Prince Liang succeeded him. Sun Quan was buried in a mausoleum at Purple Mountain in present-day Nanjing. Purple Mountain or Zijin Mountain ( also known as Bell Mountain ( is located on the eastern side of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, N32 5 E118 48 447 ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles
Modern references
Sun Quan is a playable character in the Koei video game series, Dynasty Warriors. This article is about the software company For the Japanese era name see Kōei (era. is a series of tactical action Video games created by Koei. The award-winning series Games Original game He is portrayed as a stolid man with an intensely serious personality, which is in stark contrast to his brother, Sun Ce, who is informal and care-free. Sun Ce (175 &ndash 200 was a military general and Warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China.
Era names
- Huangwu (黃武 huáng wǔ) 222-229
- Huanglong (黃龍 huáng lóng) 229-231
- Jiahe (嘉禾 jiā hé) 232-238
- Chiwu (赤烏 chì wū) 238-251
- Taiyuan (太元 taì yuán) 251-252
- Shenfeng (神鳳 shén fèng) 252
Personal information
- Father
- Mother
- Lady Wu (吳夫人) (d. Events By Place Roman Empire March 11 — Elagabalus is assassinated along with his mother Julia Soemias by legionnaires during Events By Place Roman Empire Severus Alexander and Dio Cassius are joint Consuls Events By Place Roman Empire Severus Alexander and Dio Cassius are joint Consuls Events By Places Roman Empire Accompanied by his mother Julia Mamaea, Severus Alexander campaigns against the Persians Events By Topic Religion Relics of St Thomas are brought to Edessa from India. Events By Place Roman Empire Carpians invade Moesia; Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them Events By Place Roman Empire Carpians invade Moesia; Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them Events By Place Roman Empire July 1 — In the Battle of Abrittus, the Goths defeat the Romans emperors Decius Events By Place Roman Empire July 1 — In the Battle of Abrittus, the Goths defeat the Romans emperors Decius Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Sun Jian (155 &ndash 191 was a military general and minor Warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China Lady Wu (? - 202) was the wife of Sun Jian during the Three Kingdoms era of China. 202)
- Brothers
- Sister
- Wives
- Lady Xie
- Lady Xu, adoptive mother of Crown Prince Deng
- Lady Bu (d. For the area code see Area code 202. Events By Place Roman Empire Septimus Severus returns to Rome after Sun Ce (175 &ndash 200 was a military general and Warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. Sun Kuang, styled Jizuo (季佐 was the fourth son of Sun Jian and part of the Sun clan that founded and ruled the Eastern Wu during the Three Sun Yi (184 - 204 (Shubi an officer serving under Wu and the third son of Sun Jian. Sun Lang, styled Zaoan (早安 was an illegitimate son of Sun Jian, a military commander of the Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period Life Sister of the founding Emperor of Eastern Wu (Sun Quan Lady Sun was the only recorded daughter of Sun Jian and Lady Wu. 238), posthumously honored as empress
- Empress Pan (created 251, d. Events By Place Roman Empire Carpians invade Moesia; Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them Empress Pan (潘皇后 personal name unknown (died 252 was an Empress of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Events By Place Roman Empire July 1 — In the Battle of Abrittus, the Goths defeat the Romans emperors Decius 252), mother of Crown Prince Liang
- Major Concubines
- Children
- Sun Deng (孫登), the Crown Prince (b. Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status Sun Hao (孫皓 (242-284 Courtesy name Yuanzong (元宗 originally named Sun Pengzu (孫彭祖 with the Courtesy name Yuanzong (元宗 This article is about the warlord during the Eastern Han Dynasty Sun Deng (209-241 was a Crown prince of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period of China 209, created 221, d. For the area code see Area code 209. Events By Place Roman Empire Publius Septimius Geta receives Events By Place Roman Empire June 26 — Emperor Elagabalus adopts Alexander Severus as his heir 241)
- Sun Lü (孫慮), the Marquess of Jianchang (b. Events By place Asia Shapur I of Persia succeeds Ardashir I as king of Persia. 213, created 228, d. Events By Place Roman Empire Caracalla leaves Rome never to return Events By Place Roman Empire The Praetorian guard kill Ulpian, Praetorian prefect, who had wanted to reduce their 232)
- Sun He (孫和), initially the Crown Prince (b. Events By Topic Religion Relics of St Thomas are brought to Edessa from India. Sun He (223-253 Courtesy name Zixiao (子孝 formally Emperor Wen (of Eastern Wu (文皇帝 was a son and one-time Crown prince of 223, created 242, deposed 250), later the Prince of Nanyang (created 252, forced to commit suicide 253)
- Sun Ba (孫霸), the Prince of Lu (created 242, forced to commit suicide 250)
- Sun Fen (孫奮), the Prince of Qi (created 252, deposed 253), later the Marquess of Zhang'an (created 258, executed 270)
- Sun Xiu (孫休), the Prince of Langye (created 252), later Emperor Jing
- Sun Liang (孫亮), the Crown Prince (created 252), later emperor
- Sun Dahu (孫大虎), also known as Princess Quan
- Sun Xiaohu (孫小虎), also known as Princess Zhu
See also
- End of Han Dynasty
- Chinese history
- Chinese sovereign
- Three Kingdoms
- Personages of the Three Kingdoms
- Records of Three Kingdoms
- Romance of the Three Kingdoms
- Zhou Tai
- Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
External links
| Preceded by Emperor Xian of Han |
Emperor of China (Southeastern) 229–252 |
Succeeded by Sun Liang |
| Preceded by None (dynasty founded) |
Prince/Emperor of Eastern Wu 222–252 |
Events By Place Asia Liu Shan becomes second emperor of Shu-Han upon the death of his father Liu Bei. Events By Place Roman Empire Gordian III evacuates the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus, as the territory is now Events By Place Roman Empire A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Events By Place Roman Empire Period of the Thirty Tyrants in the Roman empire Events By Place Roman Empire Gordian III evacuates the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus, as the territory is now Events By Place Roman Empire A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Events By Place Roman Empire Period of the Thirty Tyrants in the Roman empire Events By Place Roman Empire The Goths ravage Asia Minor and Trabzon. Events By Place Roman Empire Quintillus briefly holds power over the Roman Empire and is succeeded by Aurelian. Sun Xiu (235&ndash September 3, 264) Courtesy name Zilie (子烈 formally Emperor Jing of (Eastern Wu, was the third emperor Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Sun Liang (243–260 was an Emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China. The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of The following is a list of personages significant to the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. The Records of Three Kingdoms ( is the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, Romance of the Three Kingdoms ( written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese Historical novel based upon events in Zhou Tai (d 225 courtesy name Youping (幼平 was an officer who served the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is the tomb of the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Emperor Xian of Han ( Traditional 漢獻帝 Simplified 汉献帝 Pinyin Hàn Xiàn dì, Wade-Giles Han Hsien-ti; The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of Events By Place Roman Empire Severus Alexander and Dio Cassius are joint Consuls Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Sun Liang (243–260 was an Emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a Events By Place Roman Empire March 11 — Elagabalus is assassinated along with his mother Julia Soemias by legionnaires during Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers.
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