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Sulfur mustard
IUPAC name Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide
Other names Iprit; Kampfstoff "Lost"; Lost; Mustard gas; Senfgas; Yellow Cross Liquid; Yperite; Distilled Mustard; Mustard T- mixture
Properties
Molecular formula C4H8Cl2S
Molar mass 159 g/mol
Appearance Colorless if pure. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound)
Normally ranges from
pale yellow to dark brown.
Slight garlic or horseradish type odor[1]
Density 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 27 g/ml, liquid
Melting point

14. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 4 °C
Boiling point

217 °C (decomposes)
Solubility in water Negligible
Hazards
MSDS External MSDS
Main hazards Vesicant
NFPA 704
1
4
1
 
Flash point 105 °C
Related compounds
Related compounds Nitrogen mustard
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

The sulfur mustards, of which mustard gas is a member, are a class of related cytotoxic, vesicant chemical warfare agents with the ability to form large blisters on exposed skin. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in A blister agent (also known as a vesicant) is a chemical compound that causes severe skin eye and mucosal pain and irritation Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells Examples of toxic agents are a Chemical substance, an Immune cell or some types of Venom A blister agent (also known as a vesicant) is a chemical compound that causes severe skin eye and mucosal pain and irritation Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. A blister is a small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of the skin In their pure form most sulfur mustards are colorless, odorless, viscous liquids at room temperature. When used as warfare agents they are usually yellow-brown in color and have an odor resembling mustard plants, garlic or horseradish, hence the trivial name. For the prepared condiment see Mustard (condiment. For other uses of the term "mustard" see Mustard. Allium sativum L, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the Onion family Alliaceae. Horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana, syn Cochlearia armoracia) is a Perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family which also includes mustard The name originally assigned by the German Empire was "Lost", referring to the individuals Lommel and Steinkopf, who first proposed the military use of Sulfur Mustard to the German Imperial General Staff.

Sulfur mustards are relatives of "mustard gas" (bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide).

Mustard agents, including sulfur mustard, are regulated under the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC) is an Arms control agreement which outlaws the production stockpiling and use of chemical weapons Its full name is Three classes of chemicals are monitored under this Convention, with sulfur and nitrogen mustard grouped in the highest risk class, "schedule 1". Schedule 1 substances, in the sense of the Chemical Weapons Convention, are chemicals which can either be used as chemical weapons themselves or used in the manufacture of chemical

Contents

Formulations

In its history, several varieties and mixtures of sulfur mustard have been employed. Some of those varieties are listed below:

Chemistry

Mustard gas is the organic compound described with the formula (ClCH2CH2)2S. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes It has several names (see table). In the Depretz method, mustard gas is synthesized by treating sulfur dichloride with ethylene:

SCl2 + 2 C2H4 → (ClCH2CH2)2S

In the Meyer method, thiodiglycol is produced from chloroethanol and potassium sulfide and chlorinated with phosphorus trichloride:[2]

3(HO-CH2CH2)2S + 2PCl3 → 3(Cl-CH2CH2)2S + 2P(OH)3

In the Meyer-Clarke method, concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) instead of PCl3 is used as the chlorinating agent:

(HO-CH2CH2)2S + 2HCl → (Cl-CH2CH2)2S + 2H2O

Thionyl chloride and phosgene have also been used as chlorinating agents. Sulfur dichloride is the Chemical compound with the formula SCl2 Structure This Hydrocarbon has four Hydrogen Atoms bound to a pair of Carbon atoms that are connected by a Double bond. Thiodiglycol, or bis(2-hydroxyethylsulfide, is a viscous clear to pale-yellow liquid used as a solvent 2-Chloroethanol is a colorless liquid similar to glycerine with faint sweet pleasant ether-like odor Potassium sulfide is the Chemical compound with the formula K2S Phosphorus trichloride (formula P[[Chlorine Cl]]3 is the most important of the three Phosphorus chlorides. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Thionyl chloride (or thionyl dichloride) is an Inorganic compound with the formula S[[Oxygen O]] Cl 2 Phosgene is the Chemical compound with the formula COCl2 This colorless gas gained infamy as a Chemical weapon during World War I

Although the compound is commonly known as "mustard gas", it is a viscous liquid at normal temperatures. The pure compound has a melting point of 14°C (57°F) and decomposes before boiling at 218 °C (423 °F).

Image:Mustard-dna.png

The compound readily eliminates chloride ion by intramolecular nucleophilic substitution to form a cyclic sulfonium ion. The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus In organic and Inorganic chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental class of Substitution reaction in which an "electron rich" A sulfonium ion, also known as sulphonium ion and sulfanium ion, is a positively charged Sulfur Ion carrying three Alkyl groups This very reactive intermediate tends to bond to the guanine nucleotide in DNA strands, which is particularly detrimental to cellular health. Guanine is one of the five main Nucleobases found in the Nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being Adenine, Cytosine, Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known This alkylation leads to either cellular death or cancer. Programmed cell-death ( PCD) is death of a cell in any form mediated by an intracellular program Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Mustard gas is not very soluble in water but is very soluble in fat, contributing to its rapid absorption into the skin.

In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BCH2CH2X, where B is any leaving group and X is a Lewis base are known as mustards. A leaving group is an Atom or group of atoms that detaches from a chemical substance Such compounds can form cyclic "onium" ions (sulfonium, ammoniums, etc. A sulfonium ion, also known as sulphonium ion and sulfanium ion, is a positively charged Sulfur Ion carrying three Alkyl groups Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. ) that are good alkylating agents. Alkylation is the transfer of an Alkyl group from one Molecule to another Examples are bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, the (2-haloethyl)amines (nitrogen mustards), and sulfur sesquimustard, which has two α-chloroethyl thioether groups (ClH2C-CH2-S-) connected by an ethylene (-CH2CH2-) group. These compounds have a similar ability to alkylate DNA, but their physical properties, e. g. melting point, vary.

History

Development

Mustard gas was possibly developed as early as 1822 by M. Depretz (1798–1863). Depretz described the reaction of sulfur dichloride and ethene but never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product which makes the claim doubtful. Sulfur dichloride is the Chemical compound with the formula SCl2 Structure This Hydrocarbon has four Hydrogen Atoms bound to a pair of Carbon atoms that are connected by a Double bond. In 1854, another French chemist Alfred Riche (1829–1908) repeated the procedure but again did not describe any adverse physiological properties. In 1886, chemist Albert Niemann, known as a pioneer in cocaine chemistry, repeated the reaction but this time blister forming properties were recorded. Albert Niemann ( May 20 1834 &ndash January 19 1861) was a German Chemist. Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant In 1860, Frederick Guthrie synthesised and characterized the compound, and he also noted its irritating properties especially in tasting. Frederick Guthrie (1833 - 1886 was a British scientific writer and professor In 1886, Viktor Meyer published a paper describing a synthesis which produced good yields. Viktor Meyer ( 8 September, 1848 &ndash 8 August, 1897) was a German Chemist and significant contributor to both organic He reacted 2-chloroethanol with aqueous potassium sulfide and treated the resulting thiodiglycol with phosphorus trichloride. 2-Chloroethanol is a colorless liquid similar to glycerine with faint sweet pleasant ether-like odor Potassium sulfide is the Chemical compound with the formula K2S Phosphorus trichloride (formula P[[Chlorine Cl]]3 is the most important of the three Phosphorus chlorides. The purity of this compound was much higher and the adverse health effects on exposure consequently much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in an assistant, and in order to rule out that the assistant was suffering from a mental illness (faking the symptoms) Meyer had the compound tested on rabbits, which consequently died. In 1913, English chemist Hans T. Clarke (of Eschweiler-Clarke fame) replaced phosphorus trichloride by hydrochloric acid in Meyers recipe while working with Emil Fischer in Berlin. The Eschweiler-Clarke reaction (also called the Eschweiler-Clarke methylation) is a Chemical reaction whereby a primary (or secondary Amine is Methylated Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Emil Fischer may refer to Emil Fischer (bass (1838-1914 famous German dramatic basso Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877-1947 German Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Clarke was hospitalized for 2 months for burns after a flask broke, and according to him Fisher's subsequent report on this incident to the German Chemical Society set Germany on the chemical weapons track[3]. Germany in World War I relied on the Meyer-Clarke method with a 2-chloroethanol infrastructure already in place in the dye industry of that time. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All 2-Chloroethanol is a colorless liquid similar to glycerine with faint sweet pleasant ether-like odor

Use

Mustard gas was first used effectively in World War I by the German army against British soldiers near Ypres in July 1917 and later also against the French — Second Army. The use of poison gas in World War I was a major military innovation This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The name Yperite comes from its usage by the German army near the city of Ypres. Ypres ( French, generally used in English French ipʁ English ˈiːprə Ieper (official name in Dutch, pronounced /ˈiːpər/ or Ypern The Allies did not use mustard until November 1917 at Cambrai, after they captured a large stock of German mustard-filled shells. It took the British over a year to develop their own mustard gas weapon (their only option was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process), first using it in September 1918 during the breaking of the Hindenburg Line. The Hindenburg Line (also known as the Siegfried Line) was a vast system of defences in northeastern France during World War I.

Mustard gas was dispersed as an aerosol in a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color and a distinctive odor. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Mustard gas has also been dispersed in such munitions as aerial bombs, land mines, mortar rounds, howitzer rounds, and rockets[1]. A howitzer is a type of Artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles Mustard gas was lethal in only about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as an incapacitating agent. The countermeasures against the gas were quite ineffective, since a soldier wearing a gas mask was not protected against absorbing it through the skin. A gas mask is a Mask worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne Pollutants and Toxic materials

Furthermore, mustard gas was a persistent agent which would remain in the environment for days and continue to cause sickness. If mustard gas contaminated a soldier's clothing and equipment, then other soldiers he came into contact with would also be poisoned. Towards the end of the war it was even used in high concentrations as an area-denial weapon, which often forced soldiers to abandon heavily contaminated positions. Area denial weapons are used to prevent an adversary from occupying or traversing an area of land

Since then, mustard gas has also been reportedly used in several wars, often where the side it is used against cannot retaliate:[4]

In wartime 1943, a U.S. classified stockpile exploded aboard a supply ship by aerial bombing in the harbor of Bari, Italy, accidentally exposing and killing thousands of civilians and 628 Allied troops. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. For the Eleventh Century Talmudist see Isaac Alfasi The Rif ( Berber: Arabic:جبال الريف is a mainly mountainous Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. North Yemen is a term currently used to designate both the Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990 and its predecessor the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Bari ( Barium in Latin, Bàrion or Vàrion in Greek, Bare in Neapolitan Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The deaths and incident were classified Top Secret for 55 years and labeled as a mystery illness, in part to not alarm the Axis armies of the weapon's presence. It was noted by the U. S. Army's medical workers that the white cell counts of exposed soldiers were decreased, and mustard gas was investigated as a therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma, a form of cancer. Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease is a type of Lymphoma first described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832 Study of the use of similar chemicals as agents for the treatment of cancers led to the discovery of mustine, and the birth of anticancer chemotherapy. Mechlorethamine also known as chlormethine, mustine, nitrogen mustard and HN2 and sold under the brand name Mustargen, is the prototype Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer.

The use of poison gas, including mustard gas, during warfare, a practice known as chemical warfare, was prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and the subsequent Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, which also prohibits the development, production and stockpiling of such weapons. Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating Poisonous or other Gases and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol The Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC) is an Arms control agreement which outlaws the production stockpiling and use of chemical weapons Its full name is

Disposal

Most of the mustard gas found in Germany after World War II was dumped into the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Between 1966 and 2002, fishermen have found around 700 chemical weapons outside Bornholm, most of which were mustard gas bombs. Bornholm (b̥ʌnˈhʌlˀm or [bɔʀnˈhɔlˀm]) ( Old Norse: Burgundarholm ' is a Danish Island in the Baltic Sea located When mustard gas is exposed to seawater, it forms a tar-like gel and maintains its lethality for at least five years. A gel (from the lat gelu &mdashfreezing cold ice or gelatus &mdashfrozen immobile is an apparently solid jelly-like material formed from a It is possible to mistake a piece of polymerised mustard gas for ambergris, which can lead to severe health problems. In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks Ambergris ( Ambra grisea, Ambre gris, ambergrease, or grey Amber) is a solid waxy flammable substance of a dull gray or blackish Shells containing mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still occasionally be found in France and Belgium; they used to be disposed of by explosion at sea, but current environmental regulations prohibit this and so the French government is building an automated factory to dispose of the backlog of shells. A shell is a payload-carrying Projectile, which as opposed to shot, contains an explosive or other filling though modern usage includes large solid projectiles This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those

In 1972, the United States Congress banned the practice of disposing chemical weapons into the ocean. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses However, 64 million pounds of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean waters off the United States by the U.S. Army. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. According to a 1998 report created by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in the U. S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, the Army created at least 26 chemical weapons dump sites in the ocean off at least 11 states on both the west and east coasts. Additionally because of poor records, they currently only know the rough whereabouts of half of them.

A significant portion of the stockpile of mustard agent in the United States was stored at the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. In military preparation, 'to stockpile' is to move materiel personnel and command and control infrastructure to a suitable location in preparation for deployment or to move Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG is a United States Army facility located near Aberdeen Maryland (in Harford County) Approximately 1,621 tons of mustard agent was stored in one-ton (900 kg) containers on the base under heavy guard. A disposal plant built on site neutralized the last of this stockpile in February 2005. This stockpile had priority because of the potential for quick reduction of risk to the community. The closest schools were fitted with overpressurization units to protect the students and staff in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), a joint US Army and Federal Emergency Management Agency program[1]. Unexploded shells containing mustard agent and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity to Edgewood area schools, but the smaller amounts (4–14 pounds; 2–6 kg) present considerably less risk. They are being systematically detected and excavated for disposal. There are several other sites in the United States where the remaining U. S. stockpiles of chemical agents are awaiting destruction in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties; the largest mustard agent stockpile, approximately 6,196 tons, is stored at the Deseret Chemical Depot in Utah. The Deseret Chemical Depot is a US Army Chemical weapon storage area located in Utah, 60 miles (100 km southwest of Salt Lake City. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Destruction of this stockpile began in 2006. U. S. mustard agent and other chemical agent storage is managed by the US Army's Chemical Materials Agency[2]. The Chemical Materials Agency (CMA) manages disposal operations at five of the remaining seven stockpile sites, located in Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Utah, and Oregon; disposal projects at the other two sites, located in Kentucky and Colorado, are managed by the Program Manager Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (ACWA)[3]. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America.

Physiological effects

A soldier with mustard gas burns sustained during World War I
A soldier with mustard gas burns sustained during World War I

Mustard gas is a strong vesicant (blister-causing agent). World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All A blister agent (also known as a vesicant) is a chemical compound that causes severe skin eye and mucosal pain and irritation A blister is a small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of the skin Due to its alkylating properties, it is also strongly mutagenic (causing damage to the DNA of exposed cells) and carcinogenic (cancer causing). In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Those exposed usually suffer no immediate symptoms. Within 4 to 24 hours the exposure develops into deep, itching or burning blisters wherever the mustard contacted the skin; if the eyes are exposed they become sore and the eyelids swell, possibly leading to conjunctivitis and blindness. Conjunctivitis (commonly called " Pink Eye " or " Red Eye " in North America and " Madras eye " in India) is an inflammation According to the Medical Management of Chemical Casualties handbook, there have been experimental cases in humans where the patient has suffered miosis, or pinpointing of pupils, as a result of the cholinomimetic activity of mustard. Miosis is Constriction of the Pupil of the Eye. This is a normal response to an increase in light but can also be associated with certain Pathological At very high concentrations, if inhaled, it causes bleeding and blistering within the respiratory system, damaging the mucous membrane and causing pulmonary edema. In living organisms a respiratory system functions to allow Gas exchange. The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in Pulmonary Edema (American English or oedema (British English is swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the Lungs It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause Blister agent exposure over more than 50% body surface area is usually fatal.

Skin damage can be reduced if povidone iodine in a base of glycofurol is rapidly applied, but since mustard initially has no symptoms, the exposure is usually not identified until the blisters rise. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic The vesicant property can be neutralised by oxidation or chlorination; household bleach (sodium hypochlorite) or decontamination solution "DS2" (2% NaOH, 70% diethylenetriamine, 28% ethylene glycol monomethyl ether) can be used. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Chlorination is the process of adding the element Chlorine to Water as a method of Water purification to make it fit for human consumption as Sodium hypochlorite is a Chemical compound with the formula NaClO Diethylenetriamine ( DETA) is a yellow Hygroscopic liquid soluble in water and Hydrocarbons Diethylenetriamine is an analogue of Diethylene glycol 2-Methoxyethanol, or methyl cellosolve is an Organic compound that is used mainly as a Solvent.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e FM 3-8 Chemical Reference handbook; US Army; 1967
  2. ^ Institute of Medicine (1993). A blister agent (also known as a vesicant) is a chemical compound that causes severe skin eye and mucosal pain and irritation Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. For the use of biological agents in warfare see Biological warfare. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Chapter 5: Chemistry of Sulfur Mustard and Lewisite. Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite. The National Academies Press.
  3. ^ Mustard Gas: Its Pre-World War I History Duchovic, Ronald J. ; Vilensky, Joel A. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 944. Mustard gas can have the problem of turning a patient's skin a different color, including red, orange, pink, and in rare cases, blue. Link
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Blister Agent: Sulfur Mustard (H, HD, HS), CBWinfo. com
  5. ^ a b c Uses of CW since the First World War, Federation of American Scientists
  6. ^ a b Daniel Feakes (2003). "Global society and biological and chemical weapons", Global Civil Society Yearbook 2003. Oxford University Press, 87-117.  

External links

Dictionary

sulfur mustard

-noun

  1. (chemistry) a class of chlorinated alkyl mercaptans, used in chemical warfare as vesicants
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