Sulfate
IUPAC name	sulfate
Other names	sulphate
Identifiers
CAS number	[14808-79-8]
Properties
Molecular formula	SO42−
Molar mass	96. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 06
Structure
Coordination geometry	Tetrahedral
Related compounds
Related compounds	Sulfonate
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

In inorganic chemistry, a sulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; also sulphate in British English) is a salt of sulfuric acid. The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry/physics In a Tetrahedral molecular geometry a central Atom is located at the center with four Substituents that are located at the corners of a Tetrahedron. A sulfonate ion is an ion that contains the -S(=O2-O&minus Functional group. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Inorganic chemistry is the branch of Chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of Inorganic compounds This field covers all Chemical compounds The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid.

Contents 1 Chemical properties 1.1 Preparation 1.2 Properties 1.3 Structure and bonding 2 Uses 3 History 4 Environmental effects 4.1 Main effects on climate 5 Other sulfur oxoanions 6 See also 7 References

Chemical properties

The sulfate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO₄²⁻ and a molecular mass of 96. A polyatomic ion is a charged species ( Ion) composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex that can be considered as acting An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Use in chemistry In Chemistry, the empirical formula of a Chemical compound is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of Atom Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the 06 daltons; it consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four equivalent oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny A tetrahedron (plural tetrahedra) is a Polyhedron composed of four triangular faces three of which meet at each vertex. The sulfate ion carries a negative two charge and is the conjugate base of the bisulfate (or hydrogen sulfate) ion, HSO₄⁻, which is the conjugate base of H₂SO₄, sulfuric acid. Within the Brønsted - Lowry ( protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member HX of a pair of two compounds that transform Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Organic sulfates, such as dimethyl sulfate, are covalent compounds and esters of sulfuric acid. Dimethyl sulfate is a Chemical compound with formula (CH3O2SO2 Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least

Preparation

Methods of preparing ionic sulfates include:^[1]

• dissolving a metal in sulfuric acid
• reacting sulfuric acid with a metal hydroxide or oxide
• oxidizing metal sulfides or sulfites

Properties

Many examples of ionic sulfates are known, and many of these are highly soluble in water. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Sulfites (also sulphites) are compounds that contain the sulfite Ion S[[oxygen O]]32− Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Exceptions include calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and barium sulfate, which are poorly soluble. Calcium sulfate is a common laboratory and industrial chemical Strontium sulfate (SrSO4 is the sulfate salt of Strontium. It is a white odorless crystalline powder Barium sulfate is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula BaSO4 The barium derivative is useful in the gravimetric analysis of sulfate: one adds a solution of, perhaps, barium chloride to a solution containing sulfate ions. Gravimetric analysis describes a set of methods in Analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of an analyte based on the mass of a solid Barium Chloride is the ionic Chemical compound with the formula BaCl2 The appearance of a white precipitate, which is barium sulfate, indicates that sulfate anions are present. Barium sulfate is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula BaSO4

The sulfate ion can act as a ligand attaching either by one oxygen (monodentate) or by two oxygens as either a chelate or a bridge. Chelation is the binding or complexation of a bi- or multidentate Ligand. ^[1] An example is the neutral metal complex PtSO₄P(C₆H₅)₃₂ where the sulfate ion is acting as a bidentate ligand. The metal-oxygen bonds in sulfate complexes can have significant covalent character.

Structure and bonding

The S-O bond length of 149 pm is shorter than expected for a S-O single bond; for example the bond lengths in sulfuric acid are 157 pm for S-OH. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The tetrahedral geometry of the sulfate ion is as predicted by VSEPR theory. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR theory (1957 is a model in Chemistry, which is used for predicting the shapes of individual Molecules based

The first description of the bonding in modern terms was by Gilbert Lewis in his groundbreaking paper of 1916 where he described the bonding in terms of electron octets around each atom, i. For other uses see Gilbert N Lewis - the American chemist Gilbert Lewis (born April 6, 1941) is an American e. no double bonds and a formal charge of 2+ on the sulfur atom. Chemistry, a formal charge (FC is a Partial charge on an Atom in a Molecule assigned by assuming that Electrons in a Chemical ^[2]

Later, Linus Pauling used valence bond theory to propose that the most significant resonance canonicals had two π bonds (see above) involving d orbitals. In Chemistry, valence bond theory explains the nature of a Chemical bond in a Molecule in terms of atomic valencies. His reasoning was that the charge on sulfur was thus reduced, in accordance with his principle of electroneutrality. ^[3] The double bonding was taken by Pauling to account for the shortness of the S-O bond (149 pm).

Pauling's use of d orbitals provoked a debate on the relative importance of π bonding and bond polarity (electrostatic attraction) in causing the shortening of the S-O bond. The outcome was a broad consensus that d orbitals play a role, but are not as significant as Pauling had believed. ^[4][5] A widely accepted description involves pπ - dπ bonding, initially proposed by D. W. J Cruickshank, where fully occupied p orbitals on oxygen overlap with empty sulfur d orbitals (principally the d_z² and d_x²-y²). ^[6] In this description, while there is some π character to the S-O bonds, the bond has significant ionic character. This explanation is quoted in some current textbooks. ^[7][1] The Pauling bonding representation for sulfate and other main group compounds with oxygen is a common way of representing the bonding in many textbooks. ^[7][1]

Uses

Sulfates are important in both the chemical industry and biological systems:

• The lead-acid battery typically uses sulfuric acid. Lead-acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French Physicist Gaston Planté, are the oldest type of Rechargeable battery.
• Some anaerobic microorganisms, such as those living near deep sea thermal vents use sulfates as electron acceptors. A black smoker or sea vent is a type of Hydrothermal vent found on the Ocean floor.
• Copper sulfate is a common algaecide. Copper(II sulfate is the Chemical compound with the formula Cu[[Sulfur S]] O 4 Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms
• Magnesium sulfate, commonly known as Epsom salts, is used in therapeutic baths. Magnesium sulfate is a Chemical compound containing Magnesium and Sulfate, with the formula MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate is a Chemical compound containing Magnesium and Sulfate, with the formula MgSO4
• Gypsum, the natural mineral form of hydrated calcium sulfate, is used to produce plaster. Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Calcium sulfate is a common laboratory and industrial chemical The term plaster can refer to plaster of Paris Lime plaster, or Cement plaster.
• The sulfate ion is used as counter ion for some cationic drugs. A counter ion is an Ion, the presence of which allows the formation of an overall neutrally charged species An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge

History

Some sulfates were known to alchemists. The vitriol salts, from the latin vitreolum, glassy, were so-called because they were some of the first transparent crystals known. ^[8] Green vitriol is ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO₄·7H₂O; blue vitriol is copper sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO₄·5H₂O and white vitriol is zinc sulfate heptahydrate, ZnSO₄·7H₂O. Iron(II sulfate or ferrous sulfate is the Chemical compound with the formula ( Fe[[Sulfur S]] O 4 Copper(II sulfate is the Chemical compound with the formula Cu[[Sulfur S]] O 4 Zinc sulfate ( Zn[[Sulfate SO4]] is a colorless crystalline water-soluble Chemical compound. Alum, a double sulfate with the formula K₂Al₂(SO₄)₄·24H₂O, figured in the development of the chemical industry. For the purely-slang term alum meaning "graduate" see Alumnus.

Environmental effects

Sulfates occur as microscopic particles (aerosols) resulting from fossil fuel and biomass combustion. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Biomass refers to living and recently dead Biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production They increase the acidity of the atmosphere and form acid rain. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure

Main effects on climate

The main direct effect of sulfates on the climate involves the scattering of light, effectively increasing the Earth's albedo. The albedo of an object is the extent to which it diffusely reflects light from the sun This effect is moderately well understood and leads to a cooling from the negative radiative forcing of about 0. In Climate science radiative forcing is (loosely defined as the change in net Irradiance at the Tropopause. 5 W/m² relative to pre-industrial values,^[9] partially offsetting the larger (about 2. 4 W/m²) warming effect of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared The effect is strongly spatially non-uniform, being largest downstream of large industrial areas.

The first indirect effect is also known as the Twomey effect. Twomey effect - describes how Cloud condensation nuclei from anthropogenic pollution may increase the amount of solar radiation reflected by clouds Sulfate aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei and this leads to greater numbers of smaller droplets of water. Cloud condensation nuclei or CCN s (also known as cloud seeds) are small particles (typically 0 Lots of smaller droplets can diffuse light more efficiently than just a few larger droplets.

The second indirect effect is the further knock-on effects of having more cloud condensation nuclei. It is proposed that these include the suppression of drizzle, increased cloud height, ^[10] to facilitate cloud formation at low humidities and longer cloud lifetime. A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen crystals floating in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or another Planetary body Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean Relative humidity. ^[11] Sulfate may also result in changes in the particle size distribution, which can affect the clouds radiative properties in ways that are not fully understood. Chemical effects such as the dissolution of soluble gases and slightly soluble substances, surface tension depression by organic substances and accommodation coefficient changes are also included in the second indirect effect. ^[12]

The indirect effects probably have a cooling effect, perhaps up to 2 W/m², although the uncertainty is very large. Sulfates are therefore implicated in global dimming, which may have acted to offset some of the effects of global warming. Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct Irradiance at the Earth 's surface that was observed for several decades after the start of systematic Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the

Other sulfur oxoanions

Molecular formula	Name
SO52−	Peroxomonosulfate ion
SO42−	Sulfate
SO32−	Sulfite
S2O82−	Peroxodisulfate
S2O72−	Pyrosulfate
S2O62−	Dithionate
S2O52−	Metabisulfite
S2O42−	Dithionite
S2O32−	Thiosulfate
S4O62−	Tetrathionate

See also

• Sulfonate

References

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