| Sukhumi Аҟəа, სოხუმი, Сухуми |
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| de facto independent, however internationally recognized as part of Georgia | Abkhazia |
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| Government | |
| - De facto Mayor | Alias Labakhua[1] |
| Population (2003) | |
| - Total | 43,700UNIQ1b52ccb130dc526a-ref-00,001D8F-QINU |
| Time zone | MSK (UTC+3) |
| Area code(s) | +995 44хххххх |
Sukhumi (Abkhaz: Аҟəа, Aqwa; Georgian: სოხუმი, Sokhumi, Russian: Сухуми, Sukhumi) is the capital of Abkhazia, a de facto independent republic, which is internationally recognized as being an autonomous republic within Georgia. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto Moscow Time (Моско́вское вре́мя is the Time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia and most of western Russia including Saint Petersburg UTC+3 is used in the following locations Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time West Asian Summer Time A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken mainly in Abkhazia and Turkey by the Abkhaz people. Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto An autonomous republic is a type of Administrative division similar to a Province. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The city suffered heavily during the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict in the early 1990s. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999
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Naming
In Georgian, the city is spelled Sokhumi (Georgian: სოხუმი), a spelling used by some English sources as well, including Encyclopaedia Britannica[3] and MSN Encarta[4]. Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Encarta is a Digital Multimedia Encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation. However, the most widely used name for the city is Sukhumi, a Russian transliteration of the city's official name. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Another Abkhaz variant of the city's name, when they speak and write Russian, is Sukhum (Russian: Сухум, a spelling once preferred in Imperial Russia[5]). Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya
General information
Sukhumi is located on a wide bay of the eastern coast of the Black Sea and serves as a port, rail junction and a holiday resort. Sukhumi Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the Caucasus. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey It is known for its beaches, sanatoriums, mineral-water spas and semitropical climate. Sukhumi is also an important air link for Abkhazia as the Sukhumi Dranda Airport is located nearby the city. Sukhumi Dranda Airport is the main airport of Abkhazia. It is alternatively known as Sukhum Babushara Airport. Sukhumi contains a number of small-to-medium size hotels serving chiefly the Russian tourists. The city also maintains botanical gardens established in 1840. Sukhumi Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the Caucasus. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year
The city has a number of research institutes, the State University of Abkhazia and the Sukhumi Branch of the Tbilisi State University (currently functioning in Tbilisi). Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University, better known as Tbilisi State University ( TSU) (თბილისის ივანე ჯავახიშვილის In Soviet times, it contained a renowned ape breeding station. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 From 1945 to 1954 the city's electron physics laboratory was involved in the Soviet program to develop nuclear weapons. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar)
The city is the member of the International Black Sea Club. International Black Sea Club is an international Non-governmental organisation uniting several cities on the Black Sea and in its vicinity [6]
History
The history of the city began in the mid-6th century BC when an earlier settlement of the second and early first millennia BC, frequented by local Colchian tribes, was replaced by the Milesian Greek colony of Dioscurias (Greek: Διοσκουριός), geographically the remotest that Miletus ever established. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Colonies in antiquity were City-states founded from a mother- City Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The city is said to have been so named for the Dioscuri, the twins Castor and Pollux of classical mythology. For the stars see Castor (star and Pollux (star, for the sculptural group in the Prado Museum, see Castor and Pollux (Prado, and for It became busily engaged in the commerce between Greece and the indigenous tribes, importing wares from many parts of Greece, and exporting local salt and Caucasian timber, linen, and hemp. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. It was also a prime center of slave trade in Colchis. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history The city and its surroundings were remarkable for the multitude of languages spoken in its bazaars.
Although the sea made serious inroads upon the territory of Dioscurias, it continued to flourish until its conquest by Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus in the later second century BC. See Mithridates for people and concepts with the same name Mithridates VI (Μιθριδάτης 132&ndash63 BC also known as Mithridates Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. Under the Roman emperor Augustus (Greek: Σεβαστός) the city assumed the name of Sebastopolis or Savastapolis [7]. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly But its prosperity was past, and in the first century AD Pliny the Elder described the place as virtually deserted though the town still continued to exist during the times of Arrian in the 130s. The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author For others with this name see Arrianus (disambiguation. Lucius Flavius Arrianus 'Xenophon' (ca [8] The remains of towers and walls of Sebastopolis have been found underwater; on land the lowest levels so far reached by archaeologists are of the first and second centuries AD. In 542 the Romans evacuated the town and demolished its citadel to prevent it from being captured by Sassanid Iran. Events By Place Byzantine Empire An outbreak of the plague kills at least 230000 in Constantinople (before they stopped The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire In 565, however, the emperor Justinian I restored the fort and Sebastopolis continued to remain one of the Byzantine strongholds in Colchis until being sacked by the Arab conqueror Marwan II in 736. Events By Place Byzantine Empire November 14 — Justin II succeeds Justinian I as Emperor Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan or Marwan II (688-750 (Arabic مروان بن محمد بن مروان بن الحكم was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled Events By Place Asia The scholar-priest Rōben invites Shinshō to give lectures on the Avatamsaka Sutra at Kinshōsen-ji
Afterwards, the town came to be known as Tskhumi, a toponym which is frequently related to the Svan for "hot". The Svan language (ლუშნუ ნინ/შკა̈ნ lušnu nin/šḳän; სვანური ენა svanuri ena) is a language spoken in Northwest [9] Georgian scholars sometimes explain it as meaning the "hornbeam tree" in Georgian. Plants in the genus Carpinus ( Cár-pi-nus) are commonly called Hornbeams. Restored by the kings of Abkhazia from the Arab devastation, it particularly flourished during Georgia’s "golden age" in the 12th-13th centuries, when Tskhumi became a center of traffic with the European maritime powers, particularly with the Republic of Genoa. The Kingdom of Abkhazia, also known as Kingdom of Apkhazeti-Egrisi or the Kingdom of the Abkhazs (აფხაზთა სამეფო refers to an The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century The Genoese established their short-lived trading factory at Tskhumi early in the 14th century.
The Ottoman navy occupied the town in 1451, but for a short time. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Later contested between the princes of Abkhazia and Mingrelia, Tskhumi finally fell to the Turks in the 1570s. The Principality of Abkhazia emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th-16th centuries amid the civil wars in the Kingdom of Georgia that concluded with the Megrelia, Mingrelia or Samegrelo / Samargalo (სამეგრელო Samegrelo; Mingrelian: სამარგალო Samargalo The new masters heavily fortified the town and called it Sohumkale, with kale meaning "fort" but the first part of the name of disputed origin. It may represent Turkish su, "water", and kum, "sand", but is more likely to be an alteration of its earlier Georgian name. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. [9] At the request of the pro-Russian Abkhazian prince, the town was stormed by the Russian Marines in 1810 and turned, subsequently, into their major outpost in the North West Caucasus. The Russian Naval Infantry, ( Marines, Морская пехота are the amphibious force of the Russian Armed Forces. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Sukhumi was declared the seaport in 1847 and was directly annexed to the Russian Empire after the ruling Shervashidze princely dynasty was ousted by the Russian authorities in 1864. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Shervashidze ( Abkhaz: Chachba) was a noble family in Abkhazia which according to later sources can be traced at least as far back as the twelfth century Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year During the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878, the town was temporarily controlled by the Ottoman forces and Abkhaz-Adyghe rebels. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered The Adyghe or Adygs are a people of the northwest Caucasus region principally inhabiting Adygeya (24
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the town and Abkhazia in general were engulfed in the chaos of the Russian Civil War. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed A short-lived Bolshevik government was suppressed in May 1918 and Sukhumi was incorporated into the Democratic Republic of Georgia as a residence of the autonomous People's Council of Abkhazia and the headquarters of the Georgian governor-general. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos The Red Army and the local revolutionaries took the city from the Georgian forces on March 4 1921, and declared Soviet rule. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Sukhumi functioned as the capital of the "Union treaty" Abkhaz Soviet Socialist Republic associated with the Georgian SSR from 1921 until 1931, when it became the capital of the Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR. The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. By 1989, Sukhumi had 110,000 inhabitants and was one of the most prosperous cities of Georgia. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Many holiday dachas for Soviet leaders were situated there. Dacha ( is a Russian word for seasonal or year-round second homes located in the Exurbs of Soviet and Russian cities
Sukhumi was a centre of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict from 1989 to 1993 which damaged much of the city. Guram Gabiskiria (გურამ გაბესკირია ( March 2, 1947 – September 27, 1993) was a Mayor of Sukhumi Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) During the Abkhaz siege of Sukhumi (1992-1993), the city and its environs suffered almost daily air strikes and artillery shellings, with heavy civilian casualties. [11] On September 27, 1993 the battle for Sukhumi was concluded by a full-scale campaign of ethnic cleansing against its majority Georgian population (see Sukhumi Massacre), including members of the Abkhaz government (Zhiuli Shartava, Raul Eshba, etc) and mayor of Sukhumi Guram Gabiskiria. The Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia, also known as Genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia (according to the Georgian side and by a number of western scholars The Sukhumi massacre (სოხუმის ტრაგედია took place on September 27, 1993, during the War in Abkhazia and fall of Sukhumi Zhiuli Shartava (ჟიული შარტავა ( March 7, 1944 – September 27, 1993) was a Georgian Politician Raul Eshba (რაულ ეშბა (1944-1993 was an ethnic Abkhaz Politician who was killed in Sukhumi along with Zhiuli Shartava, Guram Gabiskiria (გურამ გაბესკირია ( March 2, 1947 – September 27, 1993) was a Mayor of Sukhumi Although the city has been relatively peaceful and partially rebuilt, it is still suffering the after-effects of the war, and it has not regained its earlier ethnic diversity.
Monuments
Sukhumi houses a number of historical monuments, notably the Beslet arcaded bridge built during the reign of queen Tamar of Georgia in the 12th century. Tamar (თამარი also transliterated as T'amar Thamar or Tamara ( c It also retains visible vestiges of the defunct monuments, including the Roman walls, the 11th-century castle of Bagrat III, several towers of the Great Abkhazian Wall constructed by the early modern Mingrelian and Abkhazian princes amid their territorial disputes; the 14th-century Genoese fort, and the 18th-century Ottoman fortress. Bagrat III (ბაგრატ III (c 960 – May 7, 1014) of the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty was King of the Abkhazians from The 11th century Kaman Church (12 km from Sukhumi) is erected, according to tradition, over the tomb of Saint John Chrysostom. This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos. Some 22 km from Sukhumi lies New Athos with the ruins of the medieval city of Anacopia. New Athos (Афон Ҿыц Afon Tshyts, ახალი ათონი Akhali Atoni, Новый Афон The Neo-Byzantine New Athos Monastery was constructed here in the 1880s on behest of Tsar Alexander III of Russia. Neo-Byzantine architecture is an architectural revival style, most frequently seen in religious institutional and public Buildings It emerged in 1840s in Western Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of Electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Alexander III Alexandrovich ( 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) (Александр III Александрович reigned as Emperor Northward in the mountains is the Voronya Cave, the deepest in the world. The Voronya Cave aka Krubera-Voronia Cave, Cave of Kruber, etc
References
- ^ Алиас Лабахуа вступил в должность мэра столицы (Alias Labakhua takes office of the capital's mayor), 18. 09. 2007 (Russian)
- ^ 2003 Census statistics (Russian)
- ^ "Sokhumi". (2006). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. In Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Retrieved November 6, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: [1]
- ^ "Sokhumi". Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (2006). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. In Encarta. Encarta is a Digital Multimedia Encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved November 6, 2006: [2]
- ^ (Russian) Мачавариани К.Д. Описательный путеводитель по городу Сухуму и Сухумскому округу с историко- этнографическим очерком. – Сухум. 1913
- ^ International Black Sea Club, members
- ^ Hewitt, George (1998) The Abkhazians: a handbook St. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Martin's Press, New York, p. 62, ISBN 031221975X
- ^ Dioscurias. A Guide to the Ancient World, H. W. Wilson (1986). Retrieved 20 July 2006, from xreferplus.
- ^ a b Room, A. (2005), Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites. McFarland & Company, Inc. , Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, ISBN 0-7864-2248-3, p. 361
- ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994
- ^ The Human Rights Watch report, March 1995 Vol. 7, No. 7
See also
External links
The Sukhumi riot was a Riot in Sukhumi, Abkhaz ASSR, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union, in July 1989 triggered by an increasing inter-ethnicDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic