| Sugar beet | ||||||||||||||||
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 Two sugar beets - the one on the left has been selectively bred to be smoother than the traditional beet, so that it traps less soil.
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| Binomial name | ||||||||||||||||
| Beta vulgaris L. |
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for ), a member of the Chenopodiaceae family, is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose. Chenopodiaceae is a family of Flowering plants. Although widely recognized in most plant classifications (notably the Cronquist system) the APG system Solubility of Pure SucroseTemperature(Cg It is grown commercially for sugar. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose.
The sugar beet is directly related to the beetroot, chard and fodder beet, all descended by cultivation from the sea beet. The beet or beetroot is a Flowering plant species ( Beta vulgaris) in the family Chenopodiaceae. Chard ( Beta vulgaris var cicla) also known as Swiss Chard, Silverbeet, Perpetual Spinach, Crab Beet and Mangold The sea beet ( Beta vulgaris subsp maritima) is a member of the family Chenopodiaceae, and is the wild ancestor of common Vegetables such
The European Union, the United States, and Russia are the world's three largest sugar beet producers,[1] although only the European Union and Ukraine are significant exporters of sugar from beet. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Beet sugar accounts for 30% of the world's sugar production.
In the United States, genetically modified sugar beets resistant to glyphosate, (marketed by Monsanto as Roundup) a herbicide, are slated to be planted for the first time in the spring of 2008. Sugar from the biotechnology-enhanced sugarbeet has been approved for human and animal consumption in the European Union. This action by the EU executive body allows unrestricted imports of food and feed products made from (H7-1) glyphosate-tolerant (Roundup Ready) sugarbeets. [2]
Contents |
Culture
Sugar beet is a hardy biennial plant that can be grown commercially in a wide variety of temperate climates. A biennial plant is a flowering Plant that takes two years to complete its lifecycle. During its first growing season, it produces a large (1–2 kg) storage root whose dry mass is 15–20% sucrose by weight. Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object Solubility of Pure SucroseTemperature(Cg In the Physical sciences weight is a Measurement of the gravitational Force acting on an object If not harvested, during its second growing season, the nutrients in this root are consumed to produce the plant's flowers and seeds. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored In commercial beet production, the root is harvested after the first growing season, when the root is at its maximum size.
In most temperate climates, beets are planted in the spring and harvested in the autumn. At the northern end of its range, growing seasons as short as 100 days can produce commercially viable sugarbeet crops. In warmer climates, such as in California's Imperial Valley, sugarbeets are a winter crop, being planted in the autumn and harvested in the spring. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Imperial Valley is a region of southeastern California ( USA) located in part between the Colorado River and the Salton Sea, which In recent years, Syngenta AG has developed the so-called tropical sugar beet. It allows the plant to grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Beets are planted from a small seed; 1 kg of beet seed comprises 100,000 seeds and will plant over a hectare of ground (1 lb will plant about an acre). Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U
Up until the latter half of the 20th century, sugarbeet production was highly labor-intensive, as weed control was managed by densely planting the crop, which then had to be manually thinned with a hoe two or even three times during the growing season. Hoes are Bladed Tools used to agitate the surface of the Soil around Plants to remove weeds pile soil around the base Harvesting also required many workers. Although the roots could be lifted by a plough-like device which could be pulled by a horse team, the rest of the preparation was by hand. One laborer grabbed the beets by their leaves, knocked them together to shake free loose soil, and then laid them in a row, root to one side, greens to the other. A second worker equipped with a beet hook (a short handled tool something between a billhook and a sickle) followed behind, and would lift the beet and swiftly chop the crown and leaves from the root with a single action. The billhook is a traditional cutting tool used mainly in European Agriculture and Forestry, but also common in other parts of the world where it was A sickle is a hand-held Agricultural Tool with a curved Blade typically used for harvesting grain crop or cutting grass for Hay. Working this way he would leave a row of beet that could then be forked into the back of a cart.
| Top Ten Sugar Beet Producers - 2005 (million metric ton) |
|
|---|---|
 France |
29 |
 Germany |
25 |
 United States |
25 |
 Russia |
22 |
 Ukraine |
16 |
 Turkey |
14 |
 Italy |
12 |
 Poland |
11 |
 United Kingdom |
8 |
 Spain |
7 |
| World Total | 242 |
| Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[3] |
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Today, mechanical sowing, herbicide application for weed control and mechanical harvesting has removed this reliance on workers. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed
Harvesting is now entirely mechanical. The beet harvester chops the leaf and crown (which is high in non-sugar impurities) from the root, lifts the root, and removes excess soil from the root in a single pass over the field. A modern harvester is typically able to cover six rows at the same time. The beet is left in piles at the side of the field and then conveyed into a trailer for delivery to the factory. The conveyor removes more soil -a farmer would be penalized at the factory for excess soil in his load.
If beet is to be left for later delivery, it is formed into clamps. Straw bales are used to shield the beet from the weather. Provided the clamp is well built with the right amount of ventilation, the beet does not significantly deteriorate. A storage clamp is used in the agricultural industry for temporary storage of root crops such as Potato, Turnip, swede, Mangelwurzel Beet that is frozen and then defrosts, produce complex carbohydrates that cause severe production problems in the factory. In the UK, loads may be hand examined at the factory gate before being accepted.
In the US, the fall harvest begins with the first hard frost, which arrests photosynthesis and the further growth of the root. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. Depending on the local climate, it may be carried out in few weeks or be prolonged throughout the winter months. The harvest and processing of the beet is referred to as "the campaign", reflecting the organization required to deliver crop at a steady rate to processing factories that run 24 hours a day for the duration of the harvest and processing (for the UK the campaign lasts approx 5 months). In the Netherlands this period is known as "de bietencampagne", a time to be careful when driving local roads in the area the beets are grown. The reason for this is the naturally high clay content of the soil, causing slippery roads when soil falls from the trailers during transport. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and
Sebewaing, Michigan is known as the sugar beet capital of the world. Sebewaing is a village in Huron County in the US state of Michigan. Sebewaing lies in the Thumb region of Michigan, both the region and state are major sugar beet producers. The Thumb is a region and a peninsula of Michigan, so named because the Lower Peninsula is shaped like a Mitten; thus The Thumb is the area that looks Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Sebewaing is home to one of three other Michigan Sugar Company factories, and is home to the "Michigan Sugar Festival".
Processing
Reception
After harvesting, the beets are hauled to the factory. Delivery in the UK is by hauler or, for local farmers, by tractor and trailer. Railways and boats were once used in the UK, but no longer. Some beet was carried by rail in the Republic of Ireland, until the 2006 shutdown of sugar beet production in the country due to the end of subsidies. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe.
Each load entering is weighed and sampled before tipping onto the reception area, typically a "flat pad" of concrete, where it is moved into large heaps. The beet sample is checked for
- soil tare - the amount of non beet delivered
- crown tare - the amount of low sugar beet delivered
- sugar content ("pol") - amount of sucrose in the crop
- nitrogen content - for recommending future fertilizer use to the farmer. Polarimetry is the measurement and interpretation of the Polarization of Transverse waves, most notably electromagnetic waves such as radio waves and Light
From these the actual sugar content of the load is calculated and the grower's payment determined.
The beet is moved from the heaps into a central channel or gulley where it is washed towards the processing plant.
Diffusion
After reception at the processing plant the beet roots are washed, mechanically sliced into thin strips called cossettes, and passed to a machine called a diffuser to extract their sugar content into a water solution.
Diffusers are long (many metres) vessels in which the beet slices go in one direction while hot water goes in the opposite direction. The movement may either be by a rotating screw or the whole unit rotates and the water and cossettes move through internal chambers. There are three common designs of diffuser, the horizontal rotating 'RT' (from Raffinerie Tirlemontoise, the manufacturer), inclined screw 'DDS' (De Danske Sukkerfabrikker), or vertical screw "Tower". The Sugar refinery of Tienen (Dutch Tiense Suikerraffinaderij - French Raffinerie Tirlemontoise) a subsidiary of Raffinerie Tirlemontoise Group A less common design uses a moving belt of cossettes and water is pumped onto the top of the belt and pours through. In all cases the flow rates of cossettes and water are in the ratio one to two. Typically cossettes take about 90 minutes to pass through the diffuser, the water only 45 minutes. These are all countercurrent exchange methods that extract more sugar from the cossettes using less water than if they merely sat in a hot water tank. Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism used to transfer some property of a Fluid from one flowing current of fluid to another across a Semipermeable membrane or thermally-conductive The liquid exiting the diffuser is called raw juice. The colour of raw juice varies from black to a dark red depending on the amount of oxidation which is itself dependent on diffuser design.
The used cossettes, or pulp, exits the diffuser at about 95% moisture but low sucrose content. Using screw presses, the wet pulp is then pressed down to 75% moisture. This recovers additional sucrose in the liquid pressed out of the pulp, and reduces the energy needed to dry the pulp. The pressed pulp is dried and sold as animal feed, while the liquid pressed out of the pulp is combined with the raw juice or more often introduced into the diffuser at the appropriate point in the countercurrent process.
During diffusion there is a degree of breakdown of the sucrose into invert sugars and these can undergo further breakdown into acids. These breakdown products are not only losses of sucrose but also have knock-on effects reducing the final output of processed sugar from the factory. To limit (thermophilic) bacterial action the feed water may be dosed with formaldehyde and control of the feed water pH is also practised. Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. There have been attempts at operating diffusion under alkaline conditions but the process has proven problematic - the improved sucrose extraction in the diffuser offset by processing problems in the next stages.
Carbonatation
The raw juice contains many impurities that must be removed before crystallization. This is accomplished via carbonatation. Carbonatation is a chemical reaction where Calcium hydroxide reacts with Carbon dioxide and forms insoluble Calcium carbonate: Ca(OH2 First, the juice is mixed with hot milk of lime (a suspension of calcium hydroxide in water). Lime water is the common name for saturated Calcium hydroxide Solution. This treatment precipitates a number of impurities, including multivalent anions such as sulfate, phosphate, citrate and oxalate, which precipitate as their calcium salts and large organic molecules such as proteins, saponins and pectins, which aggregate in the presence of multivalent cations. Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. A citrate can refer either to the Conjugate base of Citric acid, (C3H5O(COO33&minus or to the Esters of citric An oxalate (also ethanedioate) is a salt or Ester of Oxalic acid. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Saponins are a class of chemical compounds one of very many Secondary metabolites found in natural sources with saponins found in particular abundance in various plant Pectin (from Greek πηκτικός - pektikos, "congealed curdled" a white to light brown powder is a Heteropolysaccharide An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge In addition, the alkaline conditions convert the simple sugars, glucose and fructose, along with the amino acid glutamine, to chemically stable carboxylic acids. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Fructose (also levulose or laevulose) is a simple reducing Sugar ( Monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q; the abbreviation Glx or Z represents either glutamate or Glutamic acid) is one of the 20 Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H Left untreated, these sugars and amines would eventually frustrate crystallization of the sucrose.
Next, carbon dioxide is bubbled through the alkaline sugar solution, precipitating the lime as calcium carbonate (chalk). Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3 Chalk (ʧɔːk is a soft white porous Sedimentary rock, a form of Limestone composed of the Mineral Calcite. The chalk particles entrap some impurities and absorb others. A recycling process builds up the size of chalk particles and a natural flocculation occurs where the heavy particles settle out in tanks (clarifiers). Flocculation is a process where a Solute comes out of Solution in the form of floc or flakes A final addition of more carbon dioxide precipitates more calcium from solution; this is filtered off, leaving a cleaner golden light brown sugar solution called thin juice.
Before entering the next stage the thin juice may receive soda ash to modify the pH and sulphitation with a sulfur-based compound to reduce colour formation due to decomposition of monosaccharides under heat. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16
Evaporation
The thin juice is concentrated via multiple-effect evaporation to make a thick juice, roughly 60% sucrose by weight and similar in appearance to pancake syrup. A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in Chemical engineering, is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from Steam to evaporate water Thick juice can be stored in tanks for later processing reducing load on the crystallization plant.
Crystallization
The thick juice is fed to the crystallizers, recycled sugar is dissolved into it and the resulting syrup is called "mother liquor". This is concentrated further by boiling under vacuum in large vessels and seeded with fine sugar crystals. These crystals grow, as sugar from the mother liquor forms around them. The resulting sugar crystal and syrup mix is called a massecuite (from French "cooked mass"). French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The massecuite is passed to a centrifuge where the liquid is removed from the sugar crystals. A centrifuge is a piece of equipment generally driven by a motor that puts an object in Rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis Remaining syrup is rinsed off with water and the crystals dried in a granulator using warm air. The remaining syrup is fed to another crystallizer from which a second batch of sugar is produced. This sugar ("raw") is of lower quality with a lot of colour and impurities and is the main source of the sugar that is re-dissolved into the mother liquor. The syrup from the raw is also sent to a crystalliser. From this a very low quality sugar crystal is produced (known in some systems as "AP sugar") that is also redissolved. The syrup separated is molasses; still containing sugar but with too much impurity to be economically processed further. Molasses or Treacle is a thick Syrup by-product from the processing of the Sugarcane or Sugar beet into Sugar.
There are variations on the above system, with different recycling and crystallisation paths.
Other uses
Beverages
In a number of countries, most notably the Czech Republic, sugar from sugar beet is used to make a type of "rum" which is now known as tuzemak. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Rum is a Distilled beverage made from Sugarcane by-products such as Molasses and sugarcane Juice by a process of fermentation On the Åland Islands, a similar drink is made under the brand name Kobba Libre. In some European countries, especially in the Czech Republic and Germany, sugar beet is also used to make rectified spirit and vodka. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A rectified spirit or rectified alcohol is highly concentrated Ethanol (drinking alcohol which has been purified by means of rectification (repeated distillation Vodka is one of the world's most popular Distilled beverages It is a clear liquid which consists of mostly Water and Ethanol purified by Distillation
Sugar beet syrup
An unrefined sugary syrup can be produced directly from sugar beet. This thick, dark syrup is produced by cooking shredded sugar beet for several hours, then pressing the resulting sugar beet mash and concentrating the juice produced until it has the consistency similar to that of honey. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the No other ingredients are used. In Germany, particularly the Rhineland area, this sugar beet syrup (called Zuckerrüben-Sirup in German) is used as a spread for sandwiches, as well as for sweetening sauces, cakes and desserts. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Rhineland ( Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany.
Commercially, if the syrup has a Dextrose Equivalency above 30 DE, the product has to be hydrolyzed and converted to a high-fructose syrup, much like high-fructose corn syrup, or iso-glucose syrup in the EU. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS is any of a group of Corn syrups that has undergone Enzymatic processing to increase its Fructose content and is then mixed
Betaine
Betaine can be isolated from the by-products of sugar beet processing. Production is chiefly by chromatagraphic separation using techniques such as the "simulated moving bed".
Uridine
Uridine can be isolated from sugar beet. Uridine is a molecule (known as a Nucleoside) that is formed when Uracil is attached to a Ribose ring (also known as a Ribofuranose) via a β-N1- Uridine in combination with omega 3 fatty acids has been shown to alleviate depression. n −3 fatty acids (popularly referred to as ω−3 fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids) are a family of unsaturated Fatty acids that In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe [4]
Alternative fuel
There are plans by BP and Associated British Foods to use agricultural surpluses of sugar beet to produce biobutanol in East Anglia in the United Kingdom. BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major Associated British Foods plc ( is a British Multinational food ingredients and retail group with sales of £6 Butanol may be used as a Fuel in an Internal combustion engine. East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
History
Although beets have been grown as vegetables and for fodder since antiquity (a large root vegetable appearing in 4000-year old Egyptian temple artwork may be a beet), their use as a sugar crop is relatively recent. As early as 1590, the French botanist Olivier de Serres extracted a sweet syrup from beetroot, but the practice did not become common. Olivier de Serres (1539 &ndash 1619 was a French author and soil scientist whose Théâtre d'Agriculture was the text book of French agriculture in the 1600s The Prussian chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf used alcohol to extract sugar from beets (and carrots) in 1747, but his methods did not lend themselves to economical industrial-scale production. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Andreas Sigismund Marggraf ( 3 March 1709 &ndash 7 August 1782) was a German Chemist and pioneer of Analytical chemistry His former pupil and successor Franz Karl Achard began selectively breeding sugar beet from the White Silesian fodder beet in 1784. Franz Karl Achard ( April 28, 1753, Berlin - April 20, 1821, Wohlau-Cunern was a German ( Prussian chemist physicist By the beginning of the 19th century, his beet was approximately 5–6 percent sucrose by weight, compared to around 20 percent in modern varieties. Under the patronage of Frederick William III of Prussia, he opened the world's first beet sugar factory in 1801, at Cunern in Silesia. Early life The son of King Frederick William II of Prussia, Frederick William was born in Potsdam and became Crown Prince in 1786 when his father ascended A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods Konary is a small village in the region of Sandomierz Uplands, near the town of Klimontów. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people
The development of the European beet sugar industry was encouraged by the Napoleonic Wars. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions In 1807 the British began a blockade of France, preventing the import of sugarcane from the Caribbean. A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Partly in response, in 1812, Frenchman Benjamin Delessert came up with a sugar extraction process suitable for industrial application, and in 1813, Napoleon instituted a retaliatory embargo. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. In international Commerce and politics, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce By the end of the wars, over 300 sugar beet mills operated in France and central Europe. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and
The first U. S. sugar beet mill opened in 1838, but the first commercially successful mill was established by E. H. Dyer in 1879. Ebenezer Herrick Dyer ( April 17, 1822 – 1906 was an American businessman who established the first successful commercial Beet sugar mill in
Agriculture
Sugar beet is an important part of a rotating crop cycle.
Sugar beet plants are susceptible to rhizomania ("root madness") which turns the bulbous tap root into many small roots making the crop economically unprocessable. Strict controls are enforced in European countries to prevent the spread, but it is already endemic in some areas. Continual research looks for varieties with resistance as well as increased sugar yield. Sugar beet breeding research in the United States is most prominently conducted at various USDA Agricultural Research Stations, including one in Fort Collins, Colorado, headed by Linda Hanson and Leonard Panella, one in Fargo, North Dakota, headed by John Wieland, and one at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, headed by J. The City of Fort Collins, a Home Rule Municipality situated on the Cache la Poudre River along the Colorado Front Range, is the County seat Fargo is a city in Cass County, North Dakota in the United States. Michigan State University ( MSU) is a co-educational public Research university in East Lansing, Michigan USA. East Lansing is a city in the US state of Michigan. The city is located directly east of Lansing, Michigan, the state's capital Mitchell McGrath.
Other economically important members of the Chenopodioideae subfamily:
- Beetroot
- Chard
- Mangelwurzel or Fodder Beet
See also
References
- ^ Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers - Countries By Commodity
- ^ Sugar Producer Magazine
- ^ http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN
- ^ Compounds from fatty fish, sugar beets, beet molasses may help fight depression
External links
- Sugar Process at the American Crystal Sugar Company website
- How Beet Sugar is Made
- Growing Sugar Crystals
- CSM sugar
- Guardian (UK) article on how sugar beet can be used for fuel
- Sugar beet culture in the northern Great Plains area hosted by the University of North Texas Government Documents Department
The Chenopodioideae is a subfamily of the Flowering plant family Amaranthaceae, formerly treated as a distinct family Chenopodiaceae, and comprising The beet or beetroot is a Flowering plant species ( Beta vulgaris) in the family Chenopodiaceae. Chard ( Beta vulgaris var cicla) also known as Swiss Chard, Silverbeet, Perpetual Spinach, Crab Beet and Mangold Mangelwurzel or mangold wurzel ( Beta vulgaris) is a Root vegetable of the family Chenopodiaceae, genus Beta (the Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae
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