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Major ideas in Sufi metaphysics have surrounded the concept of Wahdat or "Unity with God". For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Caliph Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Qur'an Text Surahs ** Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam children's duties towards their parents and parent's rights over their children both males and females Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam Hinduism and Islam, from the of arrival of the Arabs as far back as the eighth century AD has had a checkered history Islam and Jainism came in close contact with each other following the Islamic conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Two main Sufi philosophies prevail on this controversial topic. Philosophies: particular schools of thought styles of philosophy or descriptions of philosophical ideas attributed to a particular group or culture - listed in alphabetical Wahdat-ul-Wujood (Unity of Being) essentially states that in God lies everything and God lies in everything. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Wahdat-ul-Shuhud (Apparentism, or Unity of Witness), on the other hand, holds that God and his creation are entirely separate. Some Islamic reformers have claimed that the difference between the two philosophies differ only in semantics and that the entire debate is merely a collection of "verbal controversies" which have come about because of ambiguous language. Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them However, the concept of the relationship between God and the universe is still actively debated both among Sufis and between Sufis and non-Sufi Muslims. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion
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Wahdat-ul-Wujood
Wahdat-ul-Wujood or Wahdat al-Wajud (Arabic: وحدة الوجود) the "Unity of Being" is a Sufi philosophy emphasizing that 'there is no true existence except the Ultimate Truth (God)'. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Or in other phrasing that the only truth within the universe is God, and that all things exist within God only. The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy All of his creations emerge from `adim (عدم non-existence) to wujood (existence) out of his thought only. Hence the existence of God is the only truth (Haqq), and the concept of a separate created universe is a fallacy (Batil). Haqq (حقّ is the Arabic word for truth. In Islamic context it is also interpreted as Righteousness, Right and (certain Batil is an Arabic word meaning falsehood and can be used to describe a nullified or invalid act or contract according to the Sharia.
Wahdat-ul-wujood is considered a formulation of Ibn Arabi (Muhyi ad-Din al-Shaykh al-Akbar) since he is considered the originator of this idea, however this term is not used in any of his writings. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Arabi (ابن عربي ( July 28, 1165 - November 10, 1240) was an Wahdat-ul-Wujood spread through the teachings of the Sufis like Shaikh Abu Ali Sindhi and Bayazid Bistami. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Bayazid Bastami ( Persian بايزيد بسطامى) also known as Abu Yazid Bistami or Tayfur Abu Yazid al-Bustami, (804-874 CE was a Sachal Sarmast and Bulleh Shah two Sufi poets from Pakistan, were also ardent followers of Wahdat-ul-Wujood. Sachal Sarmast ( 1739 - 1829) ( Sindhi: سچلُ سرمستُ) ( Urdu: سچل سرمست) was a renowned Sindhi Sufi Bulleh Shah (1680 – 1757 ( Shahmukhi: Gurmukhi: ਬੁੱਲ੍ਹੇ ਸ਼ਾਹ}} whose real name was Abdullah Shah, was a Punjabi Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and
Ibn Arabi was of the opinion that being in reality is to be one with God. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Arabi (ابن عربي ( July 28, 1165 - November 10, 1240) was an All other actual and possible beings in the universe are manifestations and states or modes of his Divine Names and Attributes.
This mystic sufi philosophy found conducive soil in many parts of South Asia as most of the saints and sages became dedicated disciples of Wahdat-ul-Wujood. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف It is also associated with the Hamah Ust (Persian meaning "He is the only one") philosophy in South Asia.
Today, some Sufi Orders, notably the Bektashi sect and the non-traditional sects of Universal Sufism, place much emphasis on the concept of wahdat-ul-wujood. Bektashism (Bektaşilik is an Islamic Sufi order ( Tariqat) considered to be a distinct branch of Shi'a Islam Universal Sufism is a spiritual and Universalist movement founded by Hazrat Inayat Khan in the early 20th century
Pantheism, Panentheism, and Wahdat-ul-wujood
The English word Pantheism means All is God[1] but the Arabic word wahdat ul-wujood emphasizes that there is just a single being in existence and this single being is God. Pantheism ( Greek: πάν ( 'pan') = all and θεός ( 'theos') = God it literally means " God is All However, wahdat ul-wujood maybe closer to panentheism, because it states that while the Universe is part of God or God's mind, God is still greater than his creation. Panentheism (from Greek (pân "all" (en "in" and (Theós "God" "all-in-God" is a belief system
Criticism of the concept
Some Muslims, including both Sufis and Salafis, have made comparisons between wahdat ul-wujood and Pantheism, the concept that all is God. Pantheism ( Greek: πάν ( 'pan') = all and θεός ( 'theos') = God it literally means " God is All This criticism has come both from Salafis and from Sufis as well. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف
Some, however, will counter that the two concepts differ in that wahdat ul-wujood states that God and the universe aren't identical. [2] They hold that the real existence to be for God only and the universe to have no existence on its own or without God.
Salafi criticism
Some Salafis criticize the concept of wahdat ul-wujood on the grounds that it was a product of Arab interaction with Hindu philosophy, and is not a purely Islamic concept. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Others also cite similarities with Kabbalah. Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism.
Sufi criticism
Some Sufis, such as Ahmad Sirhindi (Mujaddid Alif Sani), have critcised wahdat ul-wujood. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Imam-e-Rabbani Mujaddid Alf Sani Shaykh Ahmad al-Farooqi Sirhindi (~1564&ndash1624 commonly renowned as Mujaddid Alf Sani was an Indian Islamic scholar Ahmad Sirhindi wrote about the sayings that universe has no existence of its own and is a shadow of the existence of the necessary being. He also wrote that one should discern the existence of universe from the absolute and that the absolute does not exist because of existence but because of his essence. [3]
Similarity to other belief systems
It is also speculated that the concept of wahdat ul-wujood could be product of Arab interaction with Hindu mystics and literature, specifically in reference to the non-dualistic teachings of the Upanishads, which preaches very similar concepts in regards to reality being an illusion and the only true existence being Brahman. Advaita Vedanta ( IAST Advaita Vedānta; Sanskrit अद्वैत वेदान्त əd̪vait̪ə veːd̪ɑːnt̪ə is a sub-school of the The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings Maya ( Sanskrit sa माया māyā) in Indian religions, has multiple meanings Brahman ( bráhman-, Nominative bráhma sa ब्रह्म is a concept of Hinduism. The Upanishads were translated into Arabic during Muslim rule of South Asia. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion However this concept was developed in Spain during the Muslim rule, much before Muslim rule in India.
Wahdat-ul-Shuhud
Wahdat-ul-Shuhud (or wah-dat-ul-shuhud, wahdat-ul-shuhud, or wahdatul shuhud) has often been translated into English as Apparentism. In Arabic it literally means "unity of witness".
One of the main proponents of Wahdat-ul-Shuhud was Ahmad Sirhindi of South Asia. Imam-e-Rabbani Mujaddid Alf Sani Shaykh Ahmad al-Farooqi Sirhindi (~1564&ndash1624 commonly renowned as Mujaddid Alf Sani was an Indian Islamic scholar According to his doctrine, any experience of unity between God and the created world is purely subjective and occurs only in the mind of the believer; it has no objective counterpart in the real world. The former position, Shaykh Ahmad felt, led to pantheism, which was contrary to the tenets of Sunnite Islam.
Ahmad Sirhindi, another exponent of the doctrine of wahdat al-shuhud, held that God and creation are not identical; rather, the latter is a shadow or reflection of the Divines Name and Attributes when they are reflected in the mirrors of their opposite non-beings (a'dam al-mutaqabila). Imam-e-Rabbani Mujaddid Alf Sani Shaykh Ahmad al-Farooqi Sirhindi (~1564&ndash1624 commonly renowned as Mujaddid Alf Sani was an Indian Islamic scholar
Abu Hafs Umar al-Suhrawardi, Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi and Abd-al-karim Jili were also proponents of apparentism. Abu Hafs Umar al-Suhrawardi (Persian عمر سهروردى) fixme (1144 - 1234 was an Iranian Sufi from Choresmia Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi ( Urdu: ریاض احمد گوھر شاہی) (&lrm 25 November, 1941 – 25 November, 2001 عبدالكريم جيلى Abd-al-karim Jili (1365-1424 was the Sufi author of Al-Insan-ul-Kamil ( The Perfect Man)
Shah Waliullah's view of Wahdat
Shah Waliullah made the first attempt to reconcile the two (apparently) contradictory doctrines of wahdat al-wujud (unity of being) of Ibn al-'Arabi and wahdat al-shuhud (unity in conscience) of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi. Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlavi ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: شاہ ولی الله دهلوی) also known as Shah Waliullah of Delhi
Shah Waliullah neatly resolved the conflict, calling these differences 'verbal controversies' which have come about because of ambiguous language. If we leave, he says, all the metaphors and similes used for the expression of ideas aside, the apparently opposite views of the two metaphysicians will agree. The positive result of Shah Wali Allah's reconciliatory efforts was twofold: it brought about harmony between the two opposing groups of metaphysicians, and it also legitimized the doctrine of wahdat al-wujud among the mutakallimun (theologians), who previously had not been ready to accept it.
In his books Lamahat and Sata'at, he discusses stages of being, the perceptive faculty, the relation of the abstract with the universe, the universal soul and the souls of man, after death, essence, miracles, the scope of man, the soul of the perfect, universal order, source of manifestation, and the transformation of mystics from quality to quality. He also demonstrated that the long-standing assumption that Sufi doctrine was divided between Apparentism and Unity of Being was a difference of expression alone, the latter doctrine being seen as merely a less-advanced stage of projection.
References
- ^ pantheism derives from Greek: πάν ( 'pan' ) = all and θεός ( 'theos' ) = God
- ^ Tehqiq ul Haq fi Kalamat ul Haq a book by Pir Meher Ali Shah
- ^ Maktoobat Rabbaniyah
- God Speaks, The Theme and Purpose of Creation. Pantheism ( Greek: πάν ( 'pan') = all and θεός ( 'theos') = God it literally means " God is All Syed Pir Meher Ali Shah was born on AD 14 April 1859 (Monday 1st Ramadan, 1275 A Meher Baba, Dodd Meade, 1955. (second edition, p. 280)
Further reading
- Thaqīq al-haqq fi'l kalamat al-haqq a book by Peer Mahr Ali Shah
- A Salafi refutation of the concept
See also
- Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (1153 - 1191). Shahab al-Din Yahya as-Suhrawardi ( Persian شهاب الدين يحيى سهروردى, also known as Sohrevardi) was a Persian philosopher Sufi
- Emanationism
- Illuminationist philosophy
External links
- Wahdatul Wajood Kiya Hai by Sayyed Ahmad Saeed Kazmi (In Urdu)
- Index of articles related to Wahdat-ul-Wujood
- What is Wahdat al-Wujood
- Wahdat-al-Wujud and the politics of polytheism
- Marefat Allah by Allame Tehrani (In Arabic)
- Tawhid Elmi va Eini by Allameh Tabatabaei and Allame Tehrani (In Persian)
- Wahdat Wujud by Ruhollah Khomeini(In Persian)
- Wahdat al-Wujood clarified
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