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Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet", and figuratively "right to vote"; probably from suffrago "hough", and originally a term for the pastern bone used to cast votes) is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. The pastern is a part of the horse between the Fetlock joint and the Hoof, or between the wrist and forepaw of a Dog. In that context, it is also called political franchise or simply the franchise. In most democracies citizens or subjects above the voting age can normally vote in its elections. Resident aliens can vote in some countries and in others exceptions are made for citizens of countries with which they have close links (e. g. some members of the Commonwealth of Nations, and the members of the European Union). The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

Contents

Types of suffrage

Universal suffrage

Main article: Universal suffrage

Universal suffrage is the term used to describe a situation in which the right to vote is not restricted by race, gender, belief or social status. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to It typically does not extend a right to vote to all residents of a region; distinctions are frequently made in regard to citizenship, age, and occasionally mental capacity or criminal convictions. This article deals with personal residence in a given place For other uses see Residency (disambiguation and Resident.

The short-lived Corsican Republic (1755-1769) was the first country to grant limited universal suffrage for all inhabitants over the age of 25. In November 1755 Pasquale Paoli proclaimed Corsica a sovereign nation, independent from the Republic of Genoa. This was followed by other experiments in the Paris Commune of 1871 and the island republics of Tavolara (1886-1899) and Franceville (1889), and then by New Zealand in 1893. The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May The municipality of Franceville (present-day Port Vila) on Efate or Sandwich island was established during the period when the New Hebrides were a Neutral New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Finland was the first European country to grant universal suffrage to its citizens in its 1906 elections, and the first country in the world to make every citizen eligible to run for parliament. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe.

Women's suffrage

Main article: Women's suffrage

Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote on the same terms as men. This was the goal of the suffragists and the "Suffragettes". Suffragette is a term originally coined by the Daily Mail newspaper as a derogatory label for the more radical and Militant members of the The first major country to give women the vote in national elections was New Zealand in 1893, although various states and territories in Australia and the United States had given women the vote prior to this. The first major country to give women the right to stand for election as well as to vote was Australia in 1902 and the first major European country was Finland in 1906. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe.

Manhood suffrage

Manhood suffrage is the right of adult men of all classes, ethnicities, races, and religions to vote unless disqualified by mental illness or criminal conviction.

Equal suffrage

Equal suffrage is a term sometimes confused with Universal suffrage, although its meaning is the removal of graded votes, where a voter could possess a number of votes in accordance with income, wealth or social status.

Census suffrage

Census suffrage is the opposite of Equal suffrage, meaning that the votes cast by those eligible to vote are not equal, but are weighed differently according to the person's rank in the census (e. g. , people with high income have more votes than those with a small income). The suffrage may therefore be limited, usually to the propertied classes, but can still be universal, including, for instance, women or ethnic minorities, if they meet the census.

Compulsory suffrage

Main article: Compulsory suffrage

Compulsory suffrage is a system where those who are eligible to vote are required by law to do so. Compulsory voting requires electors to Vote in Elections or attend a polling place on voting day Compulsory voting requires electors to Vote in Elections or attend a polling place on voting day Australia practises this form of suffrage. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Forms of exclusion from suffrage

Religion

In the aftermath of the Reformation it was common in European countries for people of disfavored religious denominations to be denied civil and political rights, often including the right to vote, stand for election or sit in parliament. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Church (disambiguation A religious denomination is a subgroup within a Religion that operates under a common name tradition and identity In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Roman Catholics were denied the right to vote until 1788, and the right to sit in parliament until 1829. The anti-Catholic policy was justified on the grounds that the loyalty of Catholics supposedly lay with the Pope rather than the national monarch. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and

In England and Ireland, several Acts practically disenfranchised non-Anglicans or non-Protestants by imposing an oath before being admitted to vote or to run for an election. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The 1673 and 1678 Test Acts forbade non-Anglicans from holding public offices, the 1727 Disenfranchising Act took away Catholics' (Papists') voting rights in Ireland, only restored in 1788. The Test Acts were a series of English Penal laws that served as a Religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman The Disenfranchising Act was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Ireland passed in 1727, one of a series of Penal laws prohibiting all Jews could not even be naturalized, an attempt to change this situation, the Jewish Naturalization Act 1753 provoked such reactions that it was repealed next year. The Jewish Naturalization Act 1753 was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Great Britain, which received Royal assent on 7 July 1753 Nonconformists (Methodists and Presbyterians) were only allowed to run for elections to the British House of Commons in 1828, Catholics in 1829 (Catholic Relief Act 1829), Jews in 1858 (Emancipation of the Jews in England). Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The Catholic Relief Act 1829 (10 Geo IV c7 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 24 March 1829, and received the Royal Assent PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Freedom for Catholics bodes well for Jews When in 1829 the Roman Catholics of England were freed from all their civil disabilities the hopes of the Jews rose Benjamin Disraeli, often labelled as "Jewish", could only begin his political career in 1837 because he had been converted to Anglicanism at the age of 12. Benjamin Disraeli 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (born Benjamin D'Israeli; 21 December 1804 &ndash 19 April 1881 was

In several British North American colonies, including after the 1776 Declaration of Independence, Jews, Quakers or Catholics were excluded from the voting rights and/or from running for elections. The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the This article is about declarations of independence in general [1] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 stated that "Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house, or appointed to any office or place of trust, before taking his seat, or entering upon the execution of his office, shall (. The Delaware Constitution of 1776 was the first governing document for Delaware state government and was in effect from its adoption in September 1776 until replaced . . ) also make and subscribe the following declaration, to wit: I, A B. do profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ His only Son, and in the Holy Ghost, one God, blessed for evermore; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration. ". [2] This was repealed by article I, section2. of the 1792 Constitution: "No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, under this State. The Delaware Constitution of 1792 was the second governing document for Delaware state government and was in effect from its adoption in June 12, 1792 until ". [3] The 1778 Constitution of the State of South Carolina stated that "No person shall be eligible to sit in the house of representatives unless he be of the Protestant religion",[4] the 1777 Constitution of the State of Georgia (art. The Constitution of the State of South Carolina is the governing document of U The Constitution of the State of Georgia is the governing document of the U VI) that "The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county (. . . ) and they shall be of the Protestent (sic) religion". [5] In Maryland, voting rights and eligibility were extended to Jews in 1828. [6]

In Canada, several religious groups (Mennonites, Hutterites, Doukhobors) were disenfranchised by the war-time Elections Act of 1917, mainly because they opposed military service. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496&ndash1561 though his teachings were a relatively Hutterites are a communal branch of Anabaptists who like the Amish and Mennonites, trace their roots to the Radical Reformation of the 16th century The Doukhobors or Doukhabors (Духоборы Dukhobory) earlier Dukhobortsy (Духоборцы are a Christian group of Russian This disenfranchisement ended with the end of the First World War, but was renewed for Doukhobors from 1934 (Dominion Elections Act) to 1955. [7]

The first Constitution of modern Romania in 1866 provided in article 7 that only Christians could become Romanian citi­zens. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Jews native of Romania were declared stateless per­sons. The history of Jews in Romania concerns the Jews of Romania and of Romanian origins from their first mention on what is nowadays Romanian territory In 1879, under pressure of the Berlin Peace Conference, this article was amended granting non-Christians the right to become Romanian citizens, but naturalization is granted on a case-by-case basis and was subject to Parliament approval. The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin ( June 13 - July 13, 1878) by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary An application took over ten years to process. Only in 1923 a new constitution was adopted, whose article 133 extended Romanian citizenship to all Jewish residents and equal­ity of rights to all Romanian citizens. [8]

In the Republic of Maldives, only Muslim Maldivian citizens have voting rights and are eligible for parliamentary elections. The Maldives ( or, or Maldive Islands) officially the Republic of Maldives, is an Island nation consisting of a group of atolls stretching [9]

Wealth, Tax class, Social class

Until the nineteenth century, many Western democracies had property qualifications in their electoral laws; e. g. only landowners could vote, or the voting rights were weighed according to the amount of taxes paid (as in the Prussian three-class franchise). After the 1848 revolutions in the German states, the Prussian three-class franchise system ( Dreiklassenwahlrecht) was introduced in 1849 by the Most countries abolished the property qualification for national elections in the late nineteenth century, but retained it for local government elections for several decades. Today these laws have largely been abolished, although the homeless may not be able to register because they lack regular addresses. Homelessness is the condition and social category of people who lack housing because they cannot afford or are otherwise unable to maintain regular safe and adequate shelter

In the United Kingdom, prior to the House of Lords Act 1999, peers who were members of the House of Lords were excluded from voting for the House of Commons because they were not commoners. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The House of Lords Act 1999 (1999 c 34 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was given Royal Assent on 11 November 1999 The Peerage is a system of Titles of Nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The Sovereign is also ineligible to vote in British parliamentary elections.

Knowledge

Sometimes the right to vote has been limited to people who had achieved a certain level of education or passed a certain test, e. g. "literacy test" in some states of the US.

Such practises were sometimes abandoned after protests about racial bias, see also the next section ("race").

Race

Various countries, usually with large non-white populations, have historically denied the vote to people of particular races or to non-whites in general. This has been achieved in a number of ways:

Age

Main article: Voting age

All modern democracies require voters to meet age qualifications to vote. A voting age is a minimum age established by Law that a person must attain in order to be eligible to Vote in a Public Election. Worldwide voting ages are not consistent, fluctuating between countries and even within countries, usually between 16 and 21 years.

Criminality

Many countries restrict the voting rights of convicted criminals. Some countries, and some U. S. states, also deny the right to vote to those convicted of serious crimes after they are released from prison. In some cases (e. g. the felony disenfranchisement laws found in many U.S. states) the denial of the right to vote is automatic on a felony conviction; in other cases (e. Felony disenfranchisement is the term used to describe the practice of prohibiting persons from Voting based on the fact that they have been convicted of a Felony A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government g. provisions found in many parts of continental Europe) the denial of the right to vote is an additional penalty that the court can choose to impose, over and above the penalty of imprisonment, such as in France or Germany. Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. In the Republic of Ireland, prisoners are not specifically denied the right to vote, but are also not provided access to a ballot station, so are effectively disenfranchised. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Canada allowed only prisoners serving a term of less than 2 years the right to vote, but this was found unconstitutional in 2002 by the Supreme Court of Canada in Sauvé v. Canada (Chief Electoral Officer), and all prisoners were allowed to vote as of the 2004 Canadian federal election. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian Sauvé v Canada (Attorney General, 3 SCR 519 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision where the Court held that Prisoners have a right to vote The 2006 Canadian federal election (more formally the 39th General Election) was held on January 23 2006 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the

Residency

Under certain electoral systems elections are held within subnational jurisdictions, preventing persons who would otherwise be eligible from voting because they do not reside within such a jurisdiction, or because they live in a kind which cannot participate. In the United States, residents of Washington, DC receive no voting representation in Congress and only three electoral votes, while residents of Puerto Rico have neither. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Sometimes citizens become ineligible to vote because they are no longer resident in their country of citizenship. For example, Australian citizens who have been outside Australia more than one and less than six years may excuse themselves from the requirement to vote in Australian elections while they remain outside Australia (voting in Australia is compulsory for resident citizens). This article deals with elections to the Australian Parliament. [10]

Nationality

Main article: Right of foreigners to vote

In most countries, suffrage is limited to citizens and, in many cases, permanent residents of that country. Suffrage, the right to vote in a particular country generally derives from Citizenship. However, some members of supra-national organisations such as the Commonwealth of Nations and the European Union have given voting rights to citizens of all countries within that organisation. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Until the mid-twentieth century, many Commonwealth countries gave the vote to all British citizens in the country, regardless of whether they were normally resident there. In most cases this was because there was no distinction between British and local citizenship. Several countries qualified this with restrictions preventing non-white British citizens such as Indians and British Africans from voting. Under European Union law, citizens of European Union countries can vote in each others' local and European Parliament elections on the same basis as citizens of the country in question.

Naturalization

In some countries, naturalized citizens do not enjoy the right of vote and/or to be candidate, either permanently or for a determined period.

Article 5 of the 1831 Belgian Constitution made a difference between ordinary naturalization, and grande naturalisation. The Constitution of Belgium dates back to 1831 Since then Belgium has been a Parliamentary monarchy that applies the principles of Ministerial Only (former) foreigners who had been granted grande naturalisation were entitled to vote or be candidate for parliamentary elections or to be appointed as minister. However, ordinary naturalized citizens could vote for municipal elections. [11] Ordinary naturalized citizens and citizens who had acquired Belgian nationality through marriage were only admitted to vote, but not to be candidate, for parliamentary elections in 1976. The concepts of ordinary and grande naturalization were suppressed from the Constitution in 1991. [12]

In France, the 1889 Nationality Law barred those who had acquired the French nationality by naturalization or marriage from voting, eligibility and access to several public jobs. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In 1938 the delay was reduced to 5 years. [13] These discriminations, as well as others against naturalized citizens, were gradually abolished in 1973 (9 January 1973 law) and 1983. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar.

In Morocco, a former French protectorate, and in Guinea, a former French colony, naturalized citizens are prohibited from voting for 5 years after their naturalization. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect [14][15]

In the Federated States of Micronesia, Micronesian citizenship for a minimum of 15 years is an eligibility condition to be elected to the parliament. The Federated States of Micronesia is an Island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, north of Papua New Guinea. [16]

In Nicaragua, Peru and the Philippines, only citizens by birth are eligible for parliamentary elections, naturalized citizens enjoy only voting rights[17]. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP [18][19]

In Uruguay, naturalized citizens have the right of eligibility to the parliament after 5 years. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America [20]

Function

In France, a 1872 law, only rescinded by a 1945 decree, prohibited all army personnel from voting. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [21]

In the United Kingdom, public servants have to resign before running for an election. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [22]

The 1876 Constitution of Texas (article VI, section 1) stated that "The following classes of persons shall not be allowed to vote in this State, to wit: (. The Constitution of the State of Texas is the document that describes the structure and function of the government of the U . . ) Fifth--All soldiers, marines and seamen, employed in the service of the army or navy of the United States. ". [23]

History of suffrage around the world

History of suffrage in Canada

History of suffrage in New Zealand

Main article: History of voting in New Zealand

History of suffrage in the United Kingdom

See also: History of British society
See also: The Parliamentary Franchise in the United Kingdom 1885-1918

Suffrage in the United Kingdom was slowly changed over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries to allow universal suffrage through the use of the Reform Acts and the Representation of the People Acts. The History of English society demonstrates innumerable changes over many centuries The Parliamentary Franchise in the United Kingdom 1885-1918 was the result of centuries of development in different kinds of constituencies In the United Kingdom, Reform Act is a generic term used for legislation concerning electoral matters

History of suffrage in the United States

Main article: Voting rights in the United States

In the United States, suffrage is determined by the separate states, not federally. The issue of voting rights in the United States has been contentious over the country's history. However, the "right to vote" is expressly mentioned in five Amendments to the U. S. Constitution. These five Amendments limit the basis upon which the right to vote may be abridged or denied:

In addition, the 23rd Amendment (1961): provides that residents of the District of Columbia can vote for the President and Vice-President. Amendment XXIII was the twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution which permits the District of Columbia to choose Electors Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D

References

  1. ^ Williamson, Chilton (1960), American Suffrage. Chronicles is a US monthly Magazine published by the paleoconservative Rockford Institute. From property to democracy, Princeton University Press 
  2. ^ Constitution of Delaware, 1776, The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, <http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/de02.htm>. Yale Law School, or YLS, is the Law school of Yale University in New Haven Connecticut. Retrieved on 7 December 2007 
  3. ^ State Constitution (Religious Sections) - Delaware, The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State], <http://members.tripod.com/candst/cnst_de.htm>. Retrieved on 7 December 2007 
  4. ^ An Act for establishing the constitution of the State of South Carolina, March 19, 1778, The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, <http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/sc02.htm>. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1778 ( MDCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Yale Law School, or YLS, is the Law school of Yale University in New Haven Connecticut. Retrieved on 5 December 2007 
  5. ^ Georgia (U.S. state) Constitution, The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, <http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/ga02.htm>. Yale Law School, or YLS, is the Law school of Yale University in New Haven Connecticut. Retrieved on 7 December 2007 
  6. ^ An Act for the relief of Jews in Maryland, passed February 26, 1825, Archives of Maryland, Volume 3183, Page 1670, February 26, 1825, <http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/003183/html/m3183-1670.html>. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Retrieved on 5 December 2007 
  7. ^ A History of the Vote in Canada, Chapter 3 Modernization, 1920–1981, Elections Canada, Last Modified: 2007-7-9, <http://www.elections.ca/content.asp?section=gen&document=chap3&dir=his&lang=e&textonly=false>. Retrieved on 6 December 2007 
  8. ^ Chronology - From the History Museum of the Romanian Jews; Hasefer Publishing House, The Romanian Jewish Community, <http://www.romanianjewish.org/en/mosteniri_ale_culturii_iudaice_03_13.html>. Retrieved on 6 December 2007 
  9. ^ Maldives. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
  10. ^ Australian Electoral Commission, "Voting Overseas - Frequently Asked Questions", 20 November 2007
  11. ^ Delcour, M. C. , Traité théorique et pratique du droit électoral appliqué aux élections communales, Louvain, Ickx & Geets, 1842, p. 16
  12. ^ Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1999), La participation politique des allochtones en Belgique - Historique et situation bruxelloise, Academia-Bruylant (coll. Sybidi Papers), Louvain-la-Neuve, <http://suffrage-universel.be/be/00.htm>. Retrieved on 6 December 2007 
  13. ^ Patrick Weil, Nationalité française (débat sur la)", dans Jean-François Sirinelli (dir. ), Dictionnaire historique de la vie politique française au XXe siècle, Paris, PUF, 1995, p. 719-721
  14. ^ Nadia Bernoussi, L’évolution du processus électoral au Maroc, 22/12/2005
  15. ^ art. 3, al. 3, Loi Organique portant code électoral guinéen
  16. ^ Federated States of Micronesia. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
  17. ^ Nicaragua. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
  18. ^ Peru. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
  19. ^ Philippines. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
  20. ^ Uruguay. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
  21. ^ Plénitude de la République et extension du suffrage universel, Assemblée nationale (National Assembly of France), <http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/suffrage_universel/suffrage-extension.asp#militaires>. The French National Assembly. The other is the Senate ( “Sénat”) Retrieved on 5 December 2007 
  22. ^ Fonction publique et mandats électifs dans l'Union européenne, Études de législation comparée, Assemblée nationale (National Assembly of France), May 2006, <http://www.assemblee-nationale.tv/europe/comparaisons/2005-030_incompatiblite_mandats_fonctionnaires_ue.asp>. The French National Assembly. The other is the Senate ( “Sénat”) Retrieved on 5 December 2007 
  23. ^ Constitution of the State of Texas (1876), Tarlton Law Library, The University of Texas School of Law, <http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/IART06.html>. The University of Texas School of Law is an ABA -certified American Law school located on The University of Texas at Austin campus Retrieved on 8 December 2007 

Bibliography

See also

External links

Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Dictionary

suffrage

-noun

  1. A kind of prayer.
  2. A vote in deciding a particular question.
  3. The right or chance to vote, express an opinion, or participate in a decision.
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