A submersible that has only limited underwater capability. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A hydrofoil is a Boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull. This article is about the bay near Monterey CA For other uses see Monterey Bay Aquarium, California State University Monterey Bay A submersible, or Bathyscaphe, is a type of Underwater vessel with limited mobility which is typically transported to its area of operation by a surface The term submarine most commonly refers to large manned autonomous vessels, however historically or more casually, submarine can also refer to medium sized or smaller vessels, (midget submarines, wet subs), Remotely Operated Vehicles or robots. A midget submarine is any Submarine under 150 tons typically operated by one or two but up to 6 or 8 crew with no on-board living accommodation A wet sub is a type of underwater vehicle ( Submarine) that does not provide a dry environment for its occupants Remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs is the common accepted name for tethered underwater Robots in the offshore industry An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV is a Robot which travels underwater The word submarine was originally an adjective meaning "under the sea", and so consequently other uses such as "submarine engineering" or "submarine cable" may not actually refer to submarines at all. Submarine was shortened from the term "submarine boat".
Submarines are referred to as "boats" for historical reasons because vessels deployed from a ship are referred to as boats. A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it The first submarines were launched in such a manner. The English term U-Boat for a German submarine comes from the German word for submarine, U-Boot, itself an abbreviation for Unterseeboot ("undersea boat"). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. For the HTML tag see HTML element. An abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short"
Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Submarines were first widely used in World War I, and feature in many large navies. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Military usage ranges from attacking enemy ships or submarines, aircraft carrier protection, blockade running, ballistic missile submarines as part of a nuclear strike force, reconnaissance and covert insertion of special forces. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force A ballistic missile submarine is a Submarine equipped to launch Ballistic missiles ( SLBMs) Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection/maintenance. Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or Submarines can also be specialised to a function such as search and rescue, or undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism and for academic research.
Submarines have one of the largest ranges in capabilities of any vessel, ranging from small autonomous or one- or two-man vessels operating for a few hours, to vessels which can remain submerged for 6 months such as the Russian Typhoon class. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Description and history The Typhoon class was developed under Project 941 as the Russian Akula class ( Акула) meaning Shark. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human divers. Modern deep diving submarines are derived from the bathyscaphe, which in turn was an evolution of the diving bell. A bathyscape, bathyscaphe, or bathyscaph is a free-diving self-propelled deep-sea Diving Submersible, consisting of a crew cabin similar A diving bell, also known as a wet bell, is a cable-suspended airtight chamber open at the bottom like a Moon pool structure that is lowered Underwater
Most large submarines comprise a cylindrical body with conical ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines this structure is the "sail" in American usage ("fin" in European usage). A "conning tower" was a feature of earlier designs: a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. A conning tower is a raised platform on a ship or submarine often armored from which an officer can con the vessel i There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear and various hydrodynamic control fins as well as ballast tanks. Smaller, deep diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout.
Military usage
Until the development of the homing torpedo in World War Two, the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering and was generally not used against other submarines (although British developed an anti-submarine submarine in World War I, dubbed the "R1"). Lieutenant Commander Günther Prien ( 16 January 1908 &ndash 7 March 1941) was one of the outstanding German U-boat aces Type VIIA The Type VIIA boats were designed in 1933 until 1934 as the first of a new generation of attack U-boats Most were built at Deschimag AG Weser in Bremen with U33-36 The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The impact-detonated torpedoes of the era were difficult to use against a submarine because they ran a fixed course at a fixed depth and were relatively easy for the small submarines to avoid with three dimensional maneuvers. Submarines were also used in limited roles for artillery support or raids, and rescuing aircrews during large-scale air attacks on islands, where the aircrewmen would be told of safe places to crash-land damaged aircraft so the submarine crew could rescue them.
With the development of the homing torpedo, better sonar systems, and nuclear propulsion, submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other as well as surface ships. Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate Nuclear navy, or nuclear powered navy consists of Ships powered by relatively small onboard Nuclear reactors known as naval reactors. The development of submarine-launched nuclear missiles and submarine-launched cruise missiles gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from cluster bombs to nuclear weapons. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles or SLBM s are Ballistic missiles delivering Nuclear weapons that are launched from Submarines Modern variants A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow Cluster munitions or cluster bombs are air-dropped or ground-launched munitions that eject a number of smaller submunitions a cluster of bomblets A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.
Mine laying submarines were developed in the early part of the 20th century. The facility has been used in both World Wars. Such capabilities continue today.
The primary defensive power of a submarine lies in its ability to remain concealed in the depths of the ocean. Modern submarines are built with an emphasis on stealth. Advanced propeller designs, extensive sound-reducing insulation, and special machinery allow a submarine to be as quiet as ambient ocean noise, making them extremely difficult to detect. Such submarines can launch an attack on land targets, surface ships, and other submarines from seemingly nowhere, and require specialized equipment to find and attack in retaliation. Water is an excellent conductor of sound, and submarines have excellent sonars that can detect and track comparatively noisy surface ships from long distances. This allows an attacking sub, at its discretion, to quietly maneuver to and attack from the best possible position at the best possible time.
A concealed military submarine is a real threat and, because of its stealth, it can force an enemy navy to waste resources searching large areas of ocean and protecting all ships against possible attack, while in reality only threatening a small area. This advantage was vividly demonstrated in the 1982 Falklands War when the British SSN HMS Conqueror sank the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano. The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the Further reading Footnotes General history The warship was built as, the sixth of the s in New Jersey by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation starting in 1935 and launched in March 1938 After the sinking the Argentine Navy realized that they were vulnerable to submarine attack, and that they had no defense from it. Thus the Argentinian surface fleet withdrew to port for the remainder of the war, though an Argentinian submarine remained at sea.
During World War II some military submarines were used as supply vessels for U-boats.
Anti-submarine net
One of the defenses against submarines is an antisubmarine net that blocks the passage, e. g. at the entrance of a harbor. It can sometimes be lowered to let friendly ships pass. See antisubmarine nets at Pearl Harbor or net laying ship. More than a decade's worth of events leading to the Attack on Pearl Harbor occurred prior to the actual attack
Civil uses
Although the majority of the world's submarines are military ones, there are some civil submarines. They have a variety of uses, including tourism, exploration, oil and gas platform inspections and pipeline surveys.
A semi-civilian use was the adaption of U-boats for cargo carrying during both the First and Second World Wars. Another is that of submarine crew rescue.
Technology
Submersion and trimming
All surface ships, as well as surfaced submarines, are in a positively buoyant condition, weighing less than the volume of water they would displace if fully submerged. In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is To submerge hydrostatically, a ship must have negative buoyancy, either by increasing its own weight or decreasing displacement of the water. To control their weight, submarines are equipped with ballast tanks, which can be filled with either outside water or pressurized air.
For general submersion or surfacing, submarines use the forward and aft tanks, called Main Ballast Tanks or MBTs, which are opened and completely filled with water to submerge, or filled by pressurized air to surface. Under submerged conditions, MBTs generally always stay flooded, which simplifies their design, so on many submarines these tanks are simply a section of interhull space. For more precise and quick control of depth, submarines use smaller Depth Control Tanks or DCTs, also called hard tanks due to their ability to withstand higher pressure. The amount of water in depth control tanks can be controlled either to reflect changes in outside conditions or change submersion depth. Depth control tanks can be located either near the submarine's center of gravity, or separated along the submarine body to prevent affecting trim.
When submerged, the water pressure on submarine's hull can reach 4 MPa for steel submarines and up to 10 MPa for titanium submarines like Komsomolets, while the pressure inside stays the same. Hanzo missed identifierss-n-15starfish]]missiles*6x533mm(21- Inch)torpedotubesfor 53-65 / 53-65k |shiparmour --> This difference results in hull compression, which decreases displacement. Water density also increases, as the salinity and pressure are higher, but this does not compensate for hull compression, so buoyancy falls with depth. Salinity is the Saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of Water. A submerged submarine is in an unstable equilibrium, having a tendency to either fall down to the ocean floor or float up to the surface. Keeping a constant depth requires continual operation of either the depth control tanks or control surfaces. [1]
Submarines in a neutral buoyancy condition are not intrinsically stable in trim. To sustain desired trim, submarines use specialized forward and aft trim tanks. Pumps can move water between these tanks, changing the weight distribution and therefore creating a moment to turn the sub upwards or downwards. A similar system is sometimes used to maintain stability.
The hydrostatic effect of variable ballast tanks is not the only way to control the submarine underwater. Hydrodynamic maneuvering is done by several surfaces, which can be turned to create corresponding hydrodynamic forces when a submarine moves at sufficient speed. The stern planes, located near the propeller and normally oriented horizontally, serve the same purpose as the trim tanks, controlling the trim, and are commonly used, while other control surfaces may not be present on many submarines. The fairwater planes on the sail and/or bow planes on the main body, both also horizontal, are located closer to the centre of gravity, and are used to control depth with less effect on the trim.
When a submarine performs an emergency surfacing, all depth and trim methods are used simultaneously, together with propelling the boat upwards. Such surfacing is very quick, so the sub may even partially jump out of the water, but it inflicts serious damage on some submarine systems, primarily pipes.
Submarine hull
Overview
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Modern submarines are usually cigar-shaped. This design, already visible on very early submarines (see below) is sometimes called a "teardrop hull". A teardrop hull is a Submarine hull design which emphasizes Hydrodynamic flow above all other factors It significantly reduces the hydrodynamic drag on the sub when submerged, but decreases the sea-keeping capabilities and increases the drag while surfaced. In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a Since the limitations of the propulsion systems of early military submarines forced them to operate on the surface most of the time, their hull designs were a compromise. Because of the slow submerged speeds of those subs, usually well below 10kt (18 km·h−1), the increased drag for underwater travel was considered acceptable. Only late in World War II, when technology allowed faster and longer submerged operations and increased surveillance by enemy aircraft forced submarines to stay submerged, did hull designs become teardrop shaped again, to reduce drag and noise. On modern military submarines the outer hull is covered with a thick layer of special sound-absorbing rubber, or anechoic plating, to make the submarine quieter. Anechoic tiles are Rubber or Sorbothane -like tiles containing thousands of tiny voids applied to the outer hulls of military ships and Submarines as well
The human-occupied pressure hulls of extremely deep diving submarines such as DSV Alvin are spherical instead of the more traditional cylinder. Alvin ( DSV-2) is a 16-ton manned deep-ocean research Submersible owned by the United States Navy and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic This allows for a more even distribution of the stress at the great depths such subs operate at. A titanium frame is usually welded or bolted to the pressure hull to provide attachment points for ballast and trim systems, scientific instrumentation, battery packs, syntactic flotation foam, and lighting. Syntactic foams are Composite materials synthesized by filling a Metal, Polymer or Ceramic matrix with hollow particles called Microballoons
A raised tower on top of a submarine accommodates the length of the periscope and electronics masts, which can include radio, radar, electronic warfare, and other systems including the snorkel mast. A periscope is an instrument for observation from a concealed position Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Electronic warfare ( EW) is the use of the Electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this medium by an adversary while optimizing its use by friendly In many early classes of submarines (see history), the Control Room, or "Conn", was located inside this tower, which was known as the "conning tower". A conning tower is a raised platform on a ship or submarine often armored from which an officer can con the vessel i Since that time, however, the Conn has been located within the hull of the submarine, and the tower is more commonly called the "sail" today. The Conn should not be confused with the "bridge", which is a small, open platform set into the top of the sail used for visual observation while operating on the surface.
"Bathtubs" are related to conning towers but are only for smaller submarines. A bathtub, in the context of smaller submarines, is a metal cylinder attached to the hull which surrounds the hatch and prevents waves from breaking directly into the cabin. It is needed because submarines on the surface don't have a lot of freeboard, i. Freeboard or FREEBOARD may refer to Sporting Goods. The six-wheeled skateboard which acts like a snowboard (on pavement e. , they lie very low in the water, and were waves to break into the cabin, are in serious danger of sinking.
Single / double hull
Modern submarines and submersibles, as well as the oldest ones, often have a single hull. Description The key improvement in the Type XXI was greatly increased battery capacity roughly three times that of the Type VIIC. Large submarines generally have an additional hull or hull sections outside. This external hull, which actually forms the shape of submarine, is called the outer hull (casing in the Royal Navy) or light hull, as it does not have to withstand any pressure difference. The term light hull is used to describe the outer hull of a submarine which houses the pressure hull providing hydrodynamically efficient shape but not holding pressure difference Inside the outer hull there is a strong hull, or pressure hull, which withstands sea pressure and has normal atmospheric pressure inside. The term light hull is used to describe the outer hull of a submarine which houses the pressure hull providing hydrodynamically efficient shape but not holding pressure difference
As early as World War I, it was realized that the optimal shape for withstanding pressure conflicted with the optimal shape for seaworthiness and minimized water resistance, and construction difficulties further complicated the problem. This was solved either by a compromise shape, or by using two hulls; internal for holding pressure, and external for optimal shape. Until the end of World War II, most submarines had an additional partial cover on the top, bow and stern, built of thinner metal, which was flooded when submerged. Germany went further with the Type XXI, the general predecessor of modern submarines, in which the pressure hull was fully enclosed inside the light hull, but optimised for submerged navigation, unlike earlier designs that were optimised for surface operation. Description The key improvement in the Type XXI was greatly increased battery capacity roughly three times that of the Type VIIC.
After World War II, approaches split. The Soviet Union changed its designs, basing them on the latest German developments. All post-WWII heavy Soviet and Russian submarines are built with a double hull structure. A double hull is a Ship hull design and construction method where the bottom and sides of the ship have two complete layers of watertight hull surface one outer layer American and most other Western submarines switched to a primarily single-hull approach. They still have light hull sections in the bow and stern, which house main ballast tanks and provide a hydrodynamically optimized shape, but the main cylindrical hull section has only a single plating layer. However, the double-hull approach is today being considered for future submarines in the United States as a means to improve payload capacity, stealth and operational reach. [2]
Pressure hull
The pressure hull is generally constructed of thick high-strength steel with a complex structure and high strength reserve, and is separated with watertight bulkheads into several compartments. A bulkhead is an upright wall within the hull of a Ship. Other kinds of partition elements within a ship are decks and Deckheads Etymology In structures such as land-based Buildings traffic Tunnels Ships aerospace vehicles, or Submarines compartmentalization is the fundamental There are also examples of more than two hulls in a submarine, like the Typhoon class, which has two main pressure hulls and three smaller ones for control room, torpedoes and steering gear, while the missile launch system is located between the main hulls. Description and history The Typhoon class was developed under Project 941 as the Russian Akula class ( Акула) meaning Shark.
The dive depth cannot be increased easily. A submarine's depth ratings are a primary design parameter and measure of its ability Simply making the hull thicker increases the weight and requires reduction of the weight of onboard equipment, ultimately resulting in a bathyscaphe. A bathyscape, bathyscaphe, or bathyscaph is a free-diving self-propelled deep-sea Diving Submersible, consisting of a crew cabin similar This is affordable for civilian research submersibles, but not military submarines, so their dive depth was always bound by current technology.
WW1 submarines had their hulls built of carbon steel, and could not submerge below 100 meters. Carbon steel, also called plain carbon steel, is Steel where the main alloying constituent is Carbon. During World War Two, high-strength alloyed steel was introduced, allowing for dive depths of up to 200 meters. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has High-strength alloyed steel is still the main material for submarines today, with 250-400 meters depth limit, which cannot be exceeded on a military submarine without sacrificing other characteristics. To exceed that limit, a few submarines were built with titanium hulls. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Titanium is almost as strong as steel, but lighter, and is also not ferromagnetic, which is important for stealth. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it Titanium submarines were favored by the Soviet Union, which developed specialized high-strength alloys and built an industry capable of producing titanium at an affordable cost. It has produced several types of titanium submarines. Titanium alloys allow a major increase in depth, but other systems need to be redesigned to cope, so test depth was limited to 1000 meters for K-278 Komsomolets, the deepest-diving combat submarine. Hanzo missed identifierss-n-15starfish]]missiles*6x533mm(21- Inch)torpedotubesfor 53-65 / 53-65k |shiparmour --> An Alfa class submarine may have successfully operated at 1300 meters,[3] though continuous operation at such depths would be an excessive stress for many submarine systems. Preproduction The initial design work began in 1957 and was highly innovative necessarily so to meet the demanding requirements - sufficient speed to successfully pursue any ship Titanium also does not flex as easily as steel, and may become brittle over many cycles of diving and surfacing. Despite its benefits, the high cost of titanium construction led to the abandonment of titanium submarine construction as the Cold War ended.
Deep diving civilian submarines have used thick glass pressure hulls.
The task of building a pressure hull is very difficult, as it must withstand pressures up to that of its required diving depth. When the hull is perfectly round in cross-section, the pressure is evenly distributed, and causes only hull compression. If the shape is not perfect, the hull is bent, with several points heavily strained. Inevitable minor deviations are resisted by the stiffener rings, but even a one inch (25 mm) deviation from roundness results in over 30 percent decrease of maximal hydrostatic load and consequently dive depth. [4] The hull must therefore be constructed with very high precision. All hull parts must be welded without defects, and all joints are checked several times using different methods. This contributes to the very high cost of modern submarines. (For example, each Virginia-class attack submarine costs 2. Innovations The Virginia s incorporate several innovations Instead of Periscopes the subs have a pair of extendable " Photonics masts quot outside 6 billion dollars, over $200,000 per ton of displacement. )
Propulsion
Originally submarines were human propelled. Design HMCS Windsor's displacement is approximately 2200 tons surfaced and 2400 tons submerged History The Royal Navy was going to follow the ''Oberon''s with nuclear powered boats but there was still a role for diesel powered boats as demonstrated by activities Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Development At the beginning of the 1990s the German Navy was seeking a replacement for the Type 206 submarines Initial study started on a Type 209 The German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ( is the Navy of Germany and part of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (often abbreviated HDW) is a German Shipbuilding company headquartered in Kiel. For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. Description The key improvement in the Type XXI was greatly increased battery capacity roughly three times that of the Type VIIC. The first mechanically driven submarine was the 1863 French Plongeur, which used compressed air for propulsion, and anaerobic propulsion was first employed by the Spanish Ictineo II in 1864. Plongeur (French for "Diver" was a French Submarine launched on 16 April 1863 Narcís Monturiol Estarriol ( 28 September 1819 – 6 September 1885) was a Spanish Catalan Engineer, Ictineo's engine used a chemical mix containing a peroxide compound to generate heat for steam propulsion while also providing oxygen for the crew. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The system was not employed again until 1940 when the German Navy tested a system employing the same principles, the Walter turbine, on the experimental V-80 submarine and later on the naval U-791 submarine. Hellmuth Walter ( 26 August 1900 in Wedel near Hamburg – 16 December 1980 in Upper Montclair New Jersey) was A turbine is a rotary Engine that extracts Energy from a Fluid flow
Until the advent of nuclear marine propulsion, most 20th century submarines used batteries for running underwater and gasoline (petrol) or diesel engines on the surface and to recharge the batteries. Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship powered by a Nuclear reactor. Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum Early submarines used gasoline, but this quickly gave way to paraffin, then diesel, because of reduced flammability. In chemistry paraffin is the common name for the Alkane Hydrocarbons with the general formula C n H2 n +2 Diesel-electric became the standard means of propulsion. The diesel or gasoline engine and the electric motor, separated by clutches, were initially on the same shaft and drove the propeller. This allowed the engine to drive the electric motor as a generator to recharge the batteries and also propel the submarine if required. The clutch between the motor and the engine would be disengaged when the submarine dove so that the motor could be used to turn the propeller. The motor could have more than one armature on the shaft, and these could be electrically coupled in series for slow speed and in parallel for high speed. (These alternative connections were known as "group down" and "group up", respectively. )
The principle was modified for some submarine designs in the 1930s, particularly those of the U.S. Navy and the British U class submarines. Design and development These small submarines of around 630 tons were originally intended as unarmed training vessels to replace the ageing H class, to be used as The engine was no longer attached to the motor/propeller drive shaft, but drove a separate generator to drive the motors on the surface while recharging the batteries. This diesel-electric propulsion allowed much more flexibility; for example, the submarine could travel slowly while the engines were running at full power to recharge the batteries as quickly as possible, reducing time spent on the surface, or use its snorkel. A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric Powertrain for providing locomotion. A submarine snorkel is a device that allows a Submarine to operate submerged while still taking in air from above the surface It was then possible to insulate the noisy diesel engines from the pressure hull, making the submarine quieter. Soundproofing is any means of reducing the intensity of Sound with respect to a specified source and receptor
Other power sources were attempted. Oil-fired steam turbines powered the British "K" class submarines, built during the first World War and in the following years, with the intent of giving them the necessary surface speed to keep up with the British battle fleet. Design and development In 1913 an outline design was prepared for a new submarine class which could operate with the fleet sweeping ahead of it in a fleet action World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The "K" class subs were not very successful, however. (The design was also over-endowed with hatches, which proved troublesome in service. ) German Type XXI submarines attempted the application of hydrogen peroxide to provide long-term, fast air-independent propulsion, but were ultimately built with very large batteries instead. Description The key improvement in the Type XXI was greatly increased battery capacity roughly three times that of the Type VIIC. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution slightly more Viscous than water
At the end of the Second World War, the British and Russians experimented with hydrogen peroxide/kerosene (paraffin) engines which could be used both above and below the surface. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution slightly more Viscous than water Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid The results were not encouraging enough for this technique to be adopted at the time, and although the Russians deployed a class of submarines with this engine type (codenamed Quebec by NATO), they were considered unsuccessful. Today several navies use air-independent propulsion. Air-independent propulsion (AIP is a term that encompasses technologies which allow a submarine to operate without the need to surface or use a snorkel to access atmospheric Notably Sweden uses Stirling technology on the Gotland class and Södermanland class series of submarines. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. A Stirling engine is a closed-cycle regenerative Heat engine with a Gaseous working fluid Features The Gotland class attack submarine is one of the most moden submarines of the Swedish Navy in service mainly designed for submarine missions such as anti-shipping operations Units The Stirling engine is heated by burning diesel fuel with liquid oxygen stored in cryogenic tanks. Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to Cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals A newer development in air-independent propulsion is the use of hydrogen fuel cells, first applied in series on the German Type 212 submarine, with nine 34 kW or two 120-kilowatt cells. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device It produces electricity from Fuel (on the Anode side and an oxidant (on the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Development At the beginning of the 1990s the German Navy was seeking a replacement for the Type 206 submarines Initial study started on a Type 209
Steam power was resurrected in the 1950s with the advent of the nuclear-powered steam turbine driving a generator. By removing the requirement for atmospheric oxygen, these submarines can remain submerged indefinitely. (Air is recycled and fresh water is distilled from seawater. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture ) These vessels always have a small battery and diesel engine/generator installation for emergency use if the reactors have to be shut down.
Nuclear power is now used in all large submarines, but due to the high cost and large size of nuclear reactors, smaller submarines still use diesel-electric propulsion. The ratio of larger to smaller submarines depends on strategic needs; for instance, the US Navy and the Royal Navy operate only nuclear submarines,[5] which is usually explained by the need for overseas operations. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Other major operators rely on a mix of nuclear submarines for strategic purposes and diesel-electric submarines for defensive needs. Most fleets have no nuclear submarines at all, due to the limited availability of nuclear power and submarine technology. Diesel-electric submarines also have a distinct advantage over their nuclear cousins in terms of stealth. Nuclear submarines are always generating noise from the coolant pumps and turbo-machinery needed to operate the reactor, even at low power levels. A conventional submarine operating on its batteries is almost completely silent, the only noise coming from the shaft bearings and flow noise around the hull, all of which stops when the sub hovers in mid water to listen. Commercial submarines usually rely only on batteries, as they are never expected to operate independently of a mother ship.
Toward the end of the 20th century, some submarines, such as the British Vanguard class, began to be fitted with pump-jet propulsors instead of propellers. A pump-jet or water jet is a marine system that creates a jet of Water for propulsion. Although these are heavier, more expensive, and less efficient than a propeller, they are significantly quieter, giving an important tactical advantage.
The magnetohydrodynamic drive, or "caterpillar drive", which has no moving parts was popularized as a submarine propulsion system by the movie version of The Hunt for Red October, written by Tom Clancy, which portrayed it as a virtually silent system. A magnetohydrodynamic drive or MHD Propulsor, is a method for propelling seagoing vessels using only electric and magnetic fields with no Moving parts, The Hunt for Red October is a Novel by Tom Clancy. The story follows the intertwined adventures of Soviet Submarine captain Marko Thomas Leo Clancy Jr (born April 12 1947) is an American author best known for his technically detailed espionage and Military science storylines
Although experimental surface ships have been built with this propulsion system, speeds have not been as high as expected. In addition, the drive system can induce bubbles to form, compromising stealth, and the low efficiency leads to the requirement for very high powered reactors. These factors make it unlikely to be considered for any military purpose.
Armament
The success of the submarine is inextricably linked to the development of the torpedo, invented by the English engineer Robert Whitehead in 1866. The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below Robert Whitehead ( 3 January 1823 &ndash 14 November 1905) was an English engineer His invention is essentially the same today as it was 100 years ago. Only with the arrival of self propelled torpedoes could the submarine make the leap from mechanical novelty into a weapon of war. Until the perfection of the guided torpedo, multiple torpedoes of the straight running kind were required to attack a target. An acoustic torpedo is a Torpedo that aims itself by listening for characteristic sounds of its target or by searching for it using Sonar. With at most 20 to 25 torpedoes stored onboard, the number of attacks that could be made was limited. To increase combat endurance most submarines of the First World War functioned as submersible gunboats, using their deck guns against unarmed targets and diving to escape and engage enemy warships. "Deck gun" can also mean a type of big water nozzle used for firefighting. The importance of guns encouraged the development of the unsuccessful Submarine Cruiser such as the French Surcouf and the Royal navy's X1 and M class submarines. Early career The Washington Naval Treaty had placed strict limits on naval construction by the major naval powers but submarines had been omitted The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Description Propulsion The main engines were two 8-cylinder Admiralty Diesel engines with a total output of. With the arrival of ASW aircraft, guns became more of means of defence than of attack. Anti-submarine warfare (ASW or in older form A/S is a branch of Naval warfare that uses surface Warships Aircraft, space craft or other Submarines A more practical method of increasing combat endurance was the external torpedo tube which could only be loaded in port.
The ability of submarines to approach enemy harbors covertly led to their use as minelayers. Minelaying is the act of deploying explosive mines Historically this has been carried out by ships submarines and aircraft Minelaying submarines of the First and Second World War were specially built for that purpose. Modern submarine-laid mines, such as the British Mark 6 Sea Urchin, are designed to be deployed by a submarine's torpedo tubes. A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited
After World War II, both the USA and the USSR experimented with submarine launched cruise missiles such as the SSM-N-8 Regulus and P-5 Pyatyorka however with such missiles the submarine had to surface to fire its missiles. A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow The SSM-N-8A Regulus Cruise missile was the nuclear deterrent weapon employed by the United States Navy from 1955 to 1964 The P-5 Pyatyorka (П-5 «Пятёрка» "Pyatyorka" means "fiver" in English - the equivalent to an A grade was a cold war era Anti-shipping missile Such missiles were the forerunners of modern submarine launched cruise missiles which can be fired from the torpedo tubes of submerged submarines e. g. the US BGM-109 Tomahawk and Russian RPK-2 Viyuga. The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM is a long-range all-weather subsonic cruise missile The RPK-2 Viyuga (РПК-2 Вьюга "Viyuga" is " Blizzard " in English Cruise missile is a complex Russian submarine launched missile Ballistic missiles can also be fired from a submarine's torpedo tubes, for example missiles such as the anti-submarine SUBROC, and versions of surface to surface anti-ship missiles such as the Exocet and Harpoon, encapsulated for submarine launch. SUBROC (SUBmarine ROCket was a type of Submarine launched Rocket intended for use as an anti-submarine weapon Anti-ship missiles are a Missile designed for use against Ships Most anti-ship missiles are of the Sea-skimming type and use a combination of The Exocet is a French -built Anti-ship missile whose various versions can be launched from surface vessels submarines and airplanes The Harpoon is an all-weather over-the-horizon, Anti-ship missile system developed and manufactured by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing Integrated With internal volume as limited as ever and the desire to carry heavier warloads, the idea of the external launch tube was revived, usually for the encapsulated missiles and such tubes being placed in the space between the internal pressure and outer streamlined hulls.
The strategic mission of the SSM-N-8 and the P-5 were taken up by submarine-launched ballistic missile beginning with the US Navy's Polaris missile, then the Poseidon and Trident missiles. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles or SLBM s are Ballistic missiles delivering Nuclear weapons that are launched from Submarines Modern variants The Polaris missile was a submarine-launched two-stage solid-fuel nuclear-armed ballistic missile ( SLBM) built during the Cold War by Lockheed for
Sensors
A submarine will have a range of sensor types that depends on its purpose. Modern military submarines rely almost entirely on an extremely sensitive suite of passive and active sonars to find their prey. Active sonar relies on an audible "ping" to generate echoes revealing objects around the transmitting submarine. Active systems are rarely used, as the transmitting submarine will invariably reveal its own position to its target. Passive sonar is literally a set of extremely sensitive hydrophones set into the submarine's hull or trailed behind said submarine in a towed array, generally several hundred feet long, if not more. The towed array is the mainstay of NATO submarine detection systems, as it reduces the amount of flow noise that is heard by the operators. Hull mounted sonar is employed to back up the towed array, and in confined coastal waters where a towed array could be fouled by sea floor obstacles.
Submarines also carry radar equipment for detection of surface ships and aircraft. Again, sub captains are more likely to use radar detection gear rather than active radar to detect targets, as radar energy can be detected far beyond its own return range, revealing the transmitting submarine's position. Periscopes are hardly ever used except to take position fixes and to verify the identity of a contact.
Civilian submarines, such as Alvin or the Russian Mir submersibles, rely on small active sonar sets and viewing ports to navigate. Light does not penetrate beyond about 300 feet (91 m), so high intensity lights must be carried to illuminate the area around the submersible.
Navigation
Although early submarines had very little in the way of navigation aids, modern submarines have a variety of navigation systems. Modern military submarines use an inertial guidance system for navigation while submerged, but drift error unavoidably builds up over time. An Inertial Navigation System (INS is a Navigation aid that uses a Computer and motion sensors to continuously track the position orientation and Velocity To counter this, the Global Positioning System will occasionally be used to obtain an accurate position. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth The periscope - a retractable tube with prisms allowing a view to the surface - is only used occasionally in modern submarines, since the range of visibility is short. A periscope is an instrument for observation from a concealed position In Optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat polished surfaces that refract Light. The Virginia-class submarines and Astute Class submarines have "photonics masts" rather than hull-penetrating optical tube periscopes. Innovations The Virginia s incorporate several innovations Instead of Periscopes the subs have a pair of extendable " Photonics masts quot outside Background As the ''Swiftsure''-class submarines aged the Royal Navy began to design their replacements These masts must still be hoisted above the surface, and employ electronic sensors for visible light, infrared, laser range-finding, and electromagnetic surveillance.
Communication
Military submarines have several systems for communicating with distant command centers or other ships. One is the VLF radio, which can reach a submarine either on the surface or submerged up to a fairly shallow depth, usually less than 250 feet (76 m) or so. ELF frequencies can reach a submarine at much greater depths, but has a very low bandwidth and is generally only used to call a submerged sub to a shallower depth where VLF signals can reach. A submarine also has the option of floating a long, buoyant wire to a shallower depth, allowing VLF transmissions to be made by even a deeply submerged boat.
By extending a radio mast, a submarine can also use a "burst transmission" technique. A burst transmission takes only a fraction of a second, minimizing a submarine's risk of detection. To communicate with other submarines, a system known as Gertrude is used. Gertrude is basically a sonar telephone. Voice communication from one submarine is transmitted by low power speakers into the water, where it is detected by passive sonars on the receiving submarine. The range of this system is probably very short, and using it radiates sound into the water, which can be heard by enemy submarines, surface ships and aircraft.
Civilian submarines can use similar, albeit less powerful systems to communicate with support ships or other submersibles in the area.
Command and control
All submarines need facilities to control their motion. Military submarines also need facilities to operate their sensors and weapons.
Crew
Overview
With nuclear power, submarines can remain submerged for months at a time. This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled Diesel submarines must periodically resurface or snorkel to recharge their batteries. A submarine snorkel is a device that allows a Submarine to operate submerged while still taking in air from above the surface Most modern military submarines are able to generate oxygen for their crew by electrolysis of water. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Atmosphere control equipment includes a CO2 scrubber, which uses an amine absorbent to remove the gas from air and diffuse it into waste pumped overboard. A machine that uses a catalyst to convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide (removed by the CO2 scrubber) and bonds hydrogen produced from the ship's storage battery with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water, also found its use. An atmosphere monitoring system samples the air from different areas of the ship for nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, R12 and R114 refrigerant, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and others. Poisonous gases are removed, and oxygen is replenished by use of an oxygen bank located in a main ballast tank. Some heavier submarines have two oxygen bleed stations (forward and aft). The oxygen in the air is sometimes kept a few percent less than atmospheric concentration to reduce fire danger.
Fresh water is produced by either an evaporator or a reverse osmosis unit. Reverse osmosis (RO is a separation process that uses pressure to force a Solution through a membrane that retains the Solute on one side and allows the It is used for showers, sinks, cooking and cleaning. Seawater is used to flush toilets, and the resulting "black water" is stored in a sanitary tank until it is blown overboard using pressurised air or pumped overboard by using a special sanitary pump. The method for blowing sanitaries overboard is difficult to operate, and the German Type VIIC boat U-1206 was lost with casualties because of a mistake with the toilet. Type VIIA The Type VIIA boats were designed in 1933 until 1934 as the first of a new generation of attack U-boats Most were built at Deschimag AG Weser in Bremen with U33-36 Water from showers and sinks is stored separately in "gray water" tanks, which are pumped overboard using the drain pump.
Trash on modern large submarines is usually disposed of using a tube called a Trash Disposal Unit (TDU), where it is compacted into a galvanised steel can. At the bottom of the TDU is a large ball valve. An ice plug is set on top of the ball valve to protect it, the cans on top of the ice plug. The top breech door is shut, and the TDU is flooded and equalised with sea pressure, the ball valve is opened and the cans fall out to the ocean floor assisted by scrap iron weights inside the cans.
A typical nuclear submarine has a crew of over 80; non-nuclear boats typically have fewer than half as many. The conditions on a submarine can be difficult because crewmembers must work in isolation for long periods of time, without contact with their families. Submarines normally maintain radio silence to avoid detection. For the status maintained in telecommunications see Radio silence. Operating a submarine is dangerous, even in peacetime, and many submarines have been lost in accidents.
Women as part of crew
Norway opened up every function in the armed forces to women in 1985, making the Royal Norwegian Navy the first navy to allow female crewmen. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Royal Norwegian Navy (often abbreviated as RNoN) is the branch of the Norwegian Defence Force responsible for naval operations The Royal Danish Navy conducted trials with mixed gender crews in 1985 and 1987, making no alterations to the sub, and allowed for female submariners in 1988. The Royal Danish Navy ( RDN) (officially Kongelige Danske Marine in Danish but commonly Søværnet (literally 'Sea Defence' is the sea-based [6] Sweden followed after in 1989. The Royal Swedish Navy ( Swedish: Marinen) is the naval branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. [7] The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) began to allow female personnel in 1998 and thereafter Royal Canadian Navy in 2002. The Royal Australian Navy ( RAN) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. For the history of Canada's naval forces after 1968 see Canadian Forces Maritime Command The Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN) was the Germany, Spain and Portugal also allows for females on all military functions, including submarines. The German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ( is the Navy of Germany and part of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces The Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa also known as Marinha de Guerra Portuguesa or as Armada Portuguesa) is the naval branch of the Portuguese [6]
In 1995, Solveig Krey of the Royal Norwegian Navy became the first female officer to assume command on a submarine, the HNoMS Kobben. Solveig Krey (born 1963 is the first female commanding officer of a Submarine in the world The Royal Norwegian Navy (often abbreviated as RNoN) is the branch of the Norwegian Defence Force responsible for naval operations History Along with the rest of the Royal Norwegian Navy the submarine fleet was to be modernized according to the Fleet plan of 1960. [8]
The usual reasons for barring women is primness, given the lack of privacy and "hot bunking" or "hot racking", a common practice on submarines where three sailors share two bunks on a rotating basis to save space. The US Navy argues it would cost $300,000 per bunk to permit women to serve on submarines versus $4,000 per bunk to allow women to serve on aircraft carriers. However, this calculation is based on the assumption of semi segregation of the female crew, possibly to the extent of structural redesign of the vessel. [9]
The US Navy, which permits women to serve on almost every other ship in the fleet, only allows three exceptions for women being on board military submarines: (1) Female civilian technicians for a few days at most; (2) Women midshipmen on an overnight during summer training for both Navy ROTC and Naval Academy; (3) Family members for one-day dependent cruises. For the fish called midshipman see Midshipman fish. The rank of midshipman is one of the oldest ranks still in existence ROTC links here For other uses see ROTC (disambiguation A Reserve Officers' Training Corps ( ROTC) ROTC produces officers in all branches The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland, United States that educates and commissions officers of the United States [10]
History of submarines
Early history of submarines and the first submersibles
The first submersible with reliable information on its construction was built in 1620 by Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel, a Dutchman in the service of James I of England. The history of submarines covers the historical chronology and facts related to Submarines, manned autonomous boats that operate underwater Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel ( Alkmaar, Holland, 1572 - London, November 7 1633) was the Dutch Inventor James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James It was created to the standards of the design outlined by English mathematician William Bourne. William Bourne (c 1535-1582 was an English mathematician innkeeper and former Royal Navy gunner who created an idea for an early Submarine and wrote It was propelled by means of oars. The precise nature of the submarine type is a matter of some controversy; some claim that it was merely a bell towed by a boat. Two improved types were tested in the Thames between 1620 and 1624. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. In 2002 a two-man version of Bourne's design was built for the BBC TV programme Building the Impossible by Mark Edwards, and successfully rowed under water at Dorney Lake, Eton. Mark Edwards is a traditional boatbuilder based at Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey, England. Dorney Lake is a purpose built rowing Lake in the United Kingdom. Eton is a Town in Berkshire, England, lying on the opposite bank of the River Thames to Windsor and connected to it by Windsor
Though the first submersible vehicles were tools for exploring under water, it did not take long for inventors to recognize their military potential. The strategic advantages of submarines were set out by Bishop John Wilkins of Chester, England, in Mathematicall Magick in 1648. John Wilkins ( January 1, 1614 - November 19, 1672) was an English clergyman and author Chester is the County town of Cheshire, England. Lying on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales, it is home to 77040
- Tis private: a man may thus go to any coast in the world invisibly, without discovery or prevented in his journey.
- Tis safe, from the uncertainty of Tides, and the violence of Tempests, which do never move the sea above five or six paces deep. From Pirates and Robbers which do so infest other voyages; from ice and great frost, which do so much endanger the passages towards the Poles.
- It may be of great advantages against a Navy of enemies, who by this may be undermined in the water and blown up.
- It may be of special use for the relief of any place besieged by water, to convey unto them invisible supplies; and so likewise for the surprisal of any place that is accessible by water.
- It may be of unspeakable benefit for submarine experiments.
The first military submarines
The first military submarine was Turtle (1775), a hand-powered egg-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell to accommodate a single man. Turtle was the world's first Submarine used in battle It was invented in Connecticut in 1775 by American Patriot David David Bushnell (1742 - 1824 of Saybrook Connecticut, was an American Inventor during the Revolutionary War. It was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion. A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting Rotational motion into Thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an During the American Revolutionary War, Turtle (operated by Sgt. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Ezra Lee, Continental Army) tried and failed to sink the British warship HMS Eagle, flagship of the blockaders in New York harbor on September 7, 1776. The City of New York Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
In 1800, France built a human-powered submarine designed by Robert Fulton, the Nautilus. Nautilus is often considered the first practical Submarine, though preceded by Cornelius Drebbel 's of 1620 Robert Fulton ( November 14, 1765 &ndash February 24, 1815) was a U Nautilus is often considered the first practical Submarine, though preceded by Cornelius Drebbel 's of 1620 The French eventually gave up on the experiment in 1804, as did the British when they later considered Fulton's submarine design.
During the War of 1812, in 1814, Silas Halsey lost his life while using a submarine in an unsuccessful attack on a British warship stationed in New London harbor. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies New London is a seaport city and a Port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States
In 1851, a Bavarian artillery corporal, Wilhelm Bauer, took a submarine designed by him called the Brandtaucher (incendiary-diver) to sea in Kiel Harbour. Wilhelm Bauer ( December 23, 1822 - June 20,1875 was the German Inventor and Engineer, who built several hand-powered Wilhelm Bauer ( December 23, 1822 - June 20,1875 was the German Inventor and Engineer, who built several hand-powered For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. This submarine was built by August Howaldt and powered by a treadwheel. August Ferdinand Howaldt ( 23 October 1809 &ndash 4 August 1883) was a German Engineer and ship builder The word Treadmill, originally a type of mill operated by a person treading steps of a wheel to grind grain now designates a piece of indoor sporting equipment for running without It sank but the three crewmen managed to escape. The submarine was raised in 1887 and is on display in a museum in Dresden.
Submarines in the American Civil War
During the American Civil War, the Union was the first to field a submarine. Construction In the autumn of 1861 the Navy asked the firm of Neafie & Levy to construct a small submersible ship designed by the French Engineer Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The French-designed Alligator was the first U.S. Navy sub and the first to feature compressed air (for air supply) and an air filtration system. Construction In the autumn of 1861 the Navy asked the firm of Neafie & Levy to construct a small submersible ship designed by the French Engineer Initially hand-powered by oars, it was converted after 6 months to a screw propeller powered by a hand crank. With a crew of 20, it was larger than Confederate submarines. Alligator was 47 feet (14. 3 m) long and about 4 feet (1. 2 m) in diameter. It was lost in a storm off Cape Hatteras on April 1, 1863 with no crew and under tow to its first combat deployment at Charleston. Cape Hatteras is a cape on the coast of North Carolina. It is the point that protrudes the furthest to the southeast along the northeast-to-southwest line of the Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
The Confederate States of America fielded several man-powered submarines. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 The first Confederate submarine was the 30-foot (9 m) long Pioneer which sank a target schooner using a towed mine during tests on Lake Pontchartrain, but was not used in combat. A schooner (ˈskuːnɚ is a type of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts Schooners were first used by the Lake Pontchartrain (ˈpɒntʃətreɪn in English Lac Pontchartrain IPA in French) is a brackish Lake It was scuttled after New Orleans was captured and in 1868 was sold for scrap.
The Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley (named for one of its financiers, Horace Lawson Hunley) was intended for attacking the North's ships, which were blockading the South's seaports. History Hunley and two earlier submarines were privately developed and paid for by Horace Lawson Hunley, James McClintock, and Baxter Watson Horace Lawson Hunley ( June 20, 1823, Sumner County Tennessee &ndash October 15, 1863, Charleston, South Carolina was The submarine had a long pole with an explosive charge in the bow, called a spar torpedo. A spar torpedo is a Weapon consisting of a Bomb placed at the end of a long pole or spar and attached to a Boat. The sub had to approach an enemy vessel, attach an explosive, move away, and then detonate it. The sub was extremely hazardous to operate, and had no air supply other than what was contained inside the main compartment. On two occasions, the sub sank; on the first occasion half the crew died and on the second, the entire eight-man crew (including Hunley himself) drowned. On February 18, 1864 Hunley sank USS Housatonic off Charleston Harbor, the first time a submarine successfully sank another ship, though it sank in the same engagement shortly after signaling its success. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Three ships of the United States Navy have been named Housatonic after the Housatonic River. Another Confederate submarine was lost on its maiden voyage in Lake Pontchartrain; it was found washed ashore in the 1870s and is now on display at the Louisiana State Museum. The Louisiana State Museum (LSM founded in New Orleans in 1906 and still headquartered there is a complex of National Historic Landmarks housing thousands of artifacts and works of art Submarines did not have a major impact on the outcome of the war, but did portend their coming importance to naval warfare and increased interest in their use in naval warfare.
South America
The first submarine in South America was the Hipopotamo, tested in Ecuador on September 18, 1837. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common It was built by Jose Rodriguez Lavandera, who successfully crossed the Guayas River in Guayaquil accompanied by Jose Quevedo. The Guayas River is a River in western Ecuador. It gives name to the Guayas Province, and it is the most important river in South America Guayaquil (waʝaˈkil officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest and the most populous City in Ecuador, as well as that nation's main port Rodriguez Lavandera enrolled in the Navy in 1823, becoming a Lieutenant by 1830. The Hipopotamo crossed the Guayas on two more occasions, but it was then abandoned because of lack of funding and interest from the government.
The submarine Flach was commissioned in 1865 by the Chilean government during the war between Chile and Peru against Spain (1864-1866). History The Flach was built in 1866 at the request of the Chilean government by Karl Flach, a German engineer and immigrant Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It was built by the German engineer Karl Flach. The submarine sank during tests in Valparaiso bay on May 3, 1866, with the entire eleven-man crew. Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Mechanically-powered submarines (late 19th century)
The first submarine not relying on human power for propulsion was the French Plongeur, launched in 1863, and using compressed air at 180 psi (1241 kPa). Plongeur (French for "Diver" was a French Submarine launched on 16 April 1863 Plongeur (French for "Diver" was a French Submarine launched on 16 April 1863 The pound per square inch or more accurately pound-force per square inch (symbol psi or lbf/in² or lbf/in²) is a unit of [11]
The first combustion-powered submarine was Ictineo II, designed in Spain by Narciso Monturiol. Narcís Monturiol Estarriol ( 28 September 1819 – 6 September 1885) was a Spanish Catalan Engineer, Narcís Monturiol Estarriol ( 28 September 1819 – 6 September 1885) was a Spanish Catalan Engineer, Originally launched in 1864 as human-powered, propelled by 16 men,[11] it was converted to peroxide propulsion and steam in 1867. The 14 meter (46 ft) craft was designed for a crew of two, could dive to 30 metres (96 ft), and demonstrated dives of two hours. On the surface it ran on a steam engine, but underwater such an engine would quickly consume the submarine's oxygen, so Monturiol invented an anaerobic engine. The beauty of this method was that while the engine drove the screw, it also released oxygen which was used in the hull for the crew and fed an auxiliary steam engine.
In 1870, the French writer Jules Verne published the science fiction classic 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, which concerns the adventures of a maverick inventor in Nautilus, a submarine more advanced than any at the time. Jules Gabriel Verne ( February 8 1828 &ndash March 24 1905) was a French Author who pioneered the science-fiction For the 1954 film starring Kirk Douglas see 20000 Leagues Under the Sea. The Nautilus is the fictional Submarine featured in Jules Verne's novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870 and The story inspired inventors to build more advanced submarines.
In 1879, the Peruvian government, during the War of the Pacific, commissioned and built the fully operational submarine Toro Submarino. The War of the Pacific, sometimes called the Saltpeter War in reference to its original cause was fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia Development In 1864 an overseas German Civil engineer Federico Blume Othon (1831–1901 developed the design of the first submarine for the Peruvian It never saw military action before being scuttled after the defeat of that country in the war to prevent its capture by the enemy.
The first submarine to be mass-produced was human-powered. It was the submarine of the Polish inventor Stefan Drzewiecki—50 units were built in 1881 for the Russian government. Stefan Drzewiecki ( July 26, 1844 in Kunka, Podolia, Russian Empire (today Ukraine) &ndash April 23, 1938 In 1884 the same inventor built an electric-powered submarine.
Discussions between the English clergyman and inventor George Garrett and the industrially and commercially adept Swede Thorsten Nordenfelt led to a series of steam-powered submarines. George William Littler Garrett ( 4 July 1852 – 26 February 1902) was a British clergyman and inventor who pioneered submarine design Thorsten Nordenfelt (1842-1920 was a Swedish inventor and industrialist The first was the Nordenfelt I, a 56 tonne, 19. 5 metre (64 ft) vessel similar to Garret's ill-fated Resurgam (1879), with a range of 240 kilometres (150 mi, 130 nm), armed with a single torpedo, in 1885. Resurgam ( Latin: "I shall rise again") is the name given to two early Victorian Submarines designed and built by Reverend The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below Like Resurgam, Nordenfelt I operated on the surface by steam, then shut down its engine to dive. While submerged the submarine released pressure generated when the engine was running on the surface to provide propulsion for some distance underwater. Greece, fearful of the return of the Ottomans, purchased it. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Nordenfelt then built Nordenfelt II (Abdülhamid) in 1886 and Nordenfelt III (Abdülmecid) in 1887, a pair of 30 metre (100 ft) submarines with twin torpedo tubes, for the Ottoman navy. A torpedo tube is a device for launching Torpedoes in a horizontal direction Abdülhamid became the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo submerged. [13] Nordenfelt's efforts culminated in 1887 with Nordenfelt IV which had twin motors and twin torpedoes. It was sold to the Russians, but proved unstable, ran aground, and was scrapped.
On 8 September 1888, an electrically powered vessel built by the Spanish engineer and sailor Isaac Peral for the Spanish Navy was launched. Cartagena ( is a Spanish Mediterranean city and naval station in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula in the autonomous community of Region of Murcia Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Peral submarine The Peral submarine was first conceived on 20 September 1884 when Lieutenant Isaac Peral wrote in a paper several notes which would become his "Proyecto It had two torpedoes, new air systems, and a hull shape, propeller, and cruciform external controls anticipating much later designs. Its underwater speed was ten knots (19 km/h). In June 1890 Peral's submarine launched a torpedo while submerged. Its ability to fire torpedoes under water while maintaining full propulsive power and control has led some to call it the first U-boat. U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers After many successful dives the project was scrapped because of the difficulties of recharging at sea and the short range of battery-powered vessels.
Shortly after, the French Gymnote was launched on 24 September 1888. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The electrically-powered Gymnote was a fully functional military submarine and completed 2,000 dives successfully.
Many more designs were built at this time by various inventors, but submarines were not to become effective weapons until the 20th century.
Late 19th century to World War I
The turn of the 19th century marked a pivotal time in the development of submarines, with a number of important technologies making their debut, as well as the widespread adoption and fielding of submarines by a number of nations. Diesel electric propulsion would become the dominant power system and equipment such as the periscope would become standardized. A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric Powertrain for providing locomotion. Large numbers of experiments were done by countries on effective tactics and weapons for submarines, all of which would culminate in them making a large impact on the coming World War I.
In 1896, the Irish inventor John Philip Holland designed submarines that, for the first time, made use of internal combustion engine power on the surface and electric battery power for submerged operations. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world John Philip Holland (Seán Pilib Ó Maolchalann ( 29 February, 1840 &ndash 12 August, 1914) was an Engineer who developed the first The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy The Holland VI was launched on 17 May 1897 at Navy Lt. Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard of Elizabeth, New Jersey. On 11 April 1900 the United States Navy purchased the revolutionary Holland VI and renamed it the USS Holland (SS-1), America's first commissioned submarine. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Design and construction The work was done at (Ret Navy Lt Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard of Elizabeth New Jersey for John Holland's company In 1902, Holland received a patent. [14] Some of his vessels were purchased by the United States, the United Kingdom, the Imperial Russian Navy, and Japan, and commissioned into their navies around 1900 (1905 for Japan, too late to serve in the Russo-Japanese War). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Imperial Russian Navy refers to the Tsarist Fleets prior to the Bolshevik Revolution. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September
Commissioned in June 1900, the French steam and electric submarine Narval introduced the classic double-hull design, with a pressure hull inside the outer light hull. These 200-ton ships had a range of over 100 miles (160 km) on the surface, and over 10 miles (16 km) underwater. The French submarine Aigrette in 1904 further improved the concept by using a diesel rather than a gasoline engine for surface power. Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy-six completed before 1914.
Submarines during World War I
Military submarines first made a significant impact in World War I. A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Forces such as the U-boats of Germany saw action in the First Battle of the Atlantic, and were responsible for the sinking of Lusitania, which was sunk as a result of unrestricted submarine warfare and among the reasons for the entry of the United States into the war. U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers The First Battle of the Atlantic ( 1914 &ndash 1918) was a naval campaign of World War I, largely fought in the seas around the British Construction and trials Owned by the Cunard Steamship Company built by John Brown and Company Lusitania was named for the ancient Roman province of Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of Naval warfare in which Submarines sink merchant ships without warning as opposed to attacks per prize regulations The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
The U-boats' ability to function as practical war machines relied on new tactics, their numbers, and submarine technologies such as combination diesel-electric power system developed in the preceding years. More submersibles than true submarines, U-boats operated primarily on the surface using regular engines, submerging occasionally to attack under battery power. They were roughly triangular in cross-section, with a distinct keel to control rolling while surfaced, and a distinct bow. In boats and ships keel can refer to either of two parts a structural element or a hydrodynamic element
In 1916, two Serbian pilots, Dimitrije Konjović and Walter Zelezny of the Austro-Hungarian air service, bombed and sank the French submarine Foucault in the Adriatic, becoming the first to sink a submarine from the air. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Spotting survivors in the water, they landed their flying boats and rescued all of them, an act for which the French government awarded Konjovic special recognition in 1968. A flying boat is a specialised form of Aircraft that is designed to take off from and land on water using its Fuselage as a floating hull.
Interwar developments
Various new submarine designs were developed during the interwar years. Among the most notorious ones were submarine aircraft carriers, equipped with a waterproof hangar and steam catapult to launch and recover one or more small seaplanes. Submarine aircraft carriers are submarines equipped with Fixed wing aircraft for observation or attack missions The submarine and its plane could then act as a reconnaissance unit ahead of the fleet, an essential role at a time when radar still did not exist. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships The first example was the British HMS M2, followed by the French Surcouf, and numerous aircraft-carrying submarines in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The accident M2 left her base at Portland on 26 January 1932 for an exercise in West Bay Dorset carrying Parnall Peto serial N255 Early career The Washington Naval Treaty had placed strict limits on naval construction by the major naval powers but submarines had been omitted For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article
Submarines during World War II
Germany
Germany had the largest submarine fleet during World War II. U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Due to the Treaty of Versailles limiting the surface navy, the rebuilding of the German surface forces had only begun in earnest a year before the outbreak of World War II. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. Expecting to be able to defeat the Royal Navy through underwater warfare, the German High Command pursued guerre de course commerce raiding and immediately stopped all construction on capital surface ships save the nearly completed Bismarck class battleships and two cruisers, switching its resources to submarines, which could be built more quickly. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Commerce raiding is to destroy the logistics (supplies of an enemy on the open sea rather than engaging the combatants themselves or enforcing a Blockade against them History The Bismarck and the Tirpitz, the only two ships of this class were laid down in 1936 and launched three years later nominally Though it took most of 1940 to expand the production facilities and get the mass production started, more than a thousand submarines were built by the end of the war.
Germany put submarines to devastating effect in the Second Battle of the Atlantic in World War II, attempting but ultimately failing to cut off Britain's supply routes by sinking more merchant ships than Britain could replace. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns A merchant vessel is a Ship that transports Cargo and Passengers during peace time The supply lines were vital to Britain for food and industry, as well as armaments from the US. Although the U-boats had been updated in the intervening years, the major innovation was improved communications, encrypted using the famous Enigma cipher machine. The Enigma machine is any one of a family of related electro-mechanical Rotor machines used to generate Ciphers for the Encryption and decryption of This allowed for mass-attack tactics or "wolf packs" (Rudeltaktik), but was also ultimately the U-boats' downfall. Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating
After putting to sea, U-boats operated mostly on their own, trying to find convoys in areas assigned to them by the High Command. If a convoy was found, the submarine did not attack immediately, but shadowed the convoy to allow other submarines in the area to find the convoy. These were then grouped into a larger striking force to attack the convoy simultaneously, preferably at night while surfaced.
From September 1939 to the beginning of 1943, the Ubootwaffe ("U-boat force") scored unprecedented success with these tactics, but were too few to have any decisive success. By the spring of 1943, German U-boat construction was at full capacity, but this was more than nullified by increased numbers of convoy escorts, aircraft, as well as technical advances like radar and sonar. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate Huff-Duff and Ultra allowed the Allies to route convoys around wolf packs when they detected them from their radio transmissions. High frequency direction finder is usually known by its Acronym HF/DF, pronounced Huff-Duff. ULTra ("Urban Light Transport" is a Personal rapid transit system from Advanced Transport Systems Ltd a company based in Cardiff, Wales. The results were devastating: from March to July of that year, over 130 U-boats were lost, 41 in May alone. Concurrent Allied losses dropped dramatically, from 750,000 tons in March to only 188,000 in July. Although the Second battle of the Atlantic would continue to the last day of the war, the U-boat arm was unable to stem the tide of men and material, paving the way for Operation Torch, Operation Husky, and ultimately, D-Day. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British - American invasion of French North Africa in World War II The Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, was a major World War II campaign in which the Allies took Sicily from the Axis D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote Winston Churchill wrote that the U-boat "peril" was the only thing that ever gave him cause to doubt the Allies' eventual victory. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874
Japan
The Japanese Imperial Navy started their submarine service with five Holland Type VII class submarines purchased from the Electric Boat Company. Imperial Japanese Navy submarines originate with the purchase of five Holland type submarines from the United States in 1905 For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article Characteristics Each submarine had four 3000 Horsepower (22 MW) engines and carried enough fuel to go around the world one-and-a-half times - more than enough General Dynamics/Electric Boat (usually abbreviated as Electric Boat, and referred to as "EB" or "The Boat Company" by its employees a division of Japan had the most varied fleet of submarines of World War II; including manned torpedoes (Kaiten manned torpedos), midget submarines (Ko-hyoteki and Kairyu), medium-range submarines, purpose-built supply submarines and long-range fleet submarines. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including This article is about the suicide torpedo For other meanings see Kaiten (disambiguation. History Fifty were built The "A Target" name was assigned as a ruse—if their design was prematurely discovered by Japan's foes the Japanese Navy could insist that History Over 760 of these submarines were planned and by August 1945 about 213 had been manufactured They also had submarines with the highest submerged speeds during world war II (Sen taka I-200 class submarines) and submarines that could carry multiple aircraft the Sen toku I-400 class submarine). Background In 1938 the Imperial Japanese Navy constructed an experimental high-speed submarine for evaluation purposes which was designated Vessel Number 71 for security purposes Characteristics Each submarine had four 3000 Horsepower (22 MW) engines and carried enough fuel to go around the world one-and-a-half times - more than enough They were also equipped with the most advanced torpedo of the conflict, the oxygen-propelled "Long Lance" Type 95. The Type 93 was a 610 mm (24 inch diameter Torpedo of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
Nevertheless, despite their technical prowess, Japanese submarines were relatively unsuccessful. They were often used in offensive roles against warships, which were fast, maneuverable and well-defended compared to merchant ships. In 1942, Japanese submarines sank two aircraft carriers among other warships, but were not able to sustain these results afterwards. By the end of the war, submarines were instead often used to transport supplies to island garrisons.
United States
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The United States used its submarine force to attack merchant shipping (commerce raiding or guerre de course), its submarines destroying more Japanese shipping than all other weapons combined. First patrol Grayback ’s first war patrol from 15 February to 10 April took her along the coast of Saipan and Guam. This feat was considerably aided by the Imperial Japanese Navy's failure to provide adaquete escort forces for the nation's merchant fleet.
Whereas Japan had the finest submarine torpedoes of the war, the United States Navy had the worst: the Mark 14 torpedo that ran ten feet too deep, tipped with a Mk VI exploder that was based on an unimproved version of the Mark V contact exploder but with an additional magnetic exploder, neither of which was reliable. The Mark 14 torpedo was the United States Navy 's standard submarine-launched anti-ship Torpedo of World War II. The faulty depth control mechanism of the Mark 14 was corrected in August 1942, but field trials for the exploders were not ordered until mid-1943, when tests in Hawaii and Australia confirmed the flaws. Fully operational Mark 14 torpedoes were not put into service until September 1943. The Mark 15 torpedo used by US surface combatants had the same Mk VI exploder and was not fixed until late 1943. One attempt to correct the problems resulted in a wakeless, electric torpedo being placed in submarine service, but USS Tang and Tullibee were lost to self-inflicted hits by these torpedoes. Career On the morning of 17 February, she sighted a convoy of two freighters their escorts and five smaller ships
During World War II, 314 submarines served in the United States Navy. On 7 December 1941, 111 boats were in commission; 203 submarines from the Gato, Balao, and Tench classes were commissioned during the war. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Museum Boats Six Gato s are on display in the United States. is at Seawolf Park, is at the Wisconsin Maritime Museum, and is at Propulsion The propulsion of the Balao class submarines was generally similar to that of the preceding ''Gato'' class. Museums Two Tench Class submarines are on display for the general public During hostilities, 52 boats with 3,506 men were lost, the highest killed in action percentage of any US service arm in WWII. Killed in action ( KIA or K I A) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own forces by other US submarines sank 1,392 enemy vessels, a total tonnage of 5. 3 million tons, including 8 aircraft carriers and over 200 warships.
United Kingdom
The Royal Navy Submarine Service was primarily used to enforce the classic British blockade role. The Royal Navy Submarine Service is the collective name given to the Submarine element of the Royal Navy. A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force It therefore chiefly operated in inshore waters and tended to only surface by night.
Its major operating areas were around Norway, the Mediterranean (against the Axis supply routes to North Africa), and in the Far East. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan RN submarines operating out of Trincomalee and Australia were a constant threat to Japanese shipping passing through the Malacca Straits. Trincomalee (திருகோணமலை Tirukōṇamalai තිරිකුණාමළය Tirikūṇamaḷaya is a district a bay and a port city on the northeast coast of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra
In the war British submarines sank 2 million tons of enemy shipping and 57 major warships, the latter including 35 submarines. Amongst these is the only instance ever of a submarine sinking another submarine while both were submerged. This occurred when HMS Venturer engaged the U864; the Venturer crew manually computed a successful firing solution against a three-dimensionally manoeveuring target using techniques which became the basis of modern torpedo computer targeting systems. Footnotes Seventy-four British submarines were lost, half probably to naval mines. A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited [15]
The snorkel
Diesel submarines need air to run their engines, and so carried very large batteries for submerged travel. In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy These limited the speed and range of the submarines while submerged. The snorkel, a prewar Dutch invention, was used to allow German submarines to run just under the surface, attempting to avoid detection visually and by radar. A submarine snorkel is a device that allows a Submarine to operate submerged while still taking in air from above the surface The German navy experimented with engines that would use hydrogen peroxide to allow diesel fuel to be used while submerged, but technical difficulties were great. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution slightly more Viscous than water The Allies experimented with a variety of detection systems, including chemical sensors to "smell" the exhaust of submarines. Olfaction (also known as olfactics or smell) refers to the Sense of smell.
Cold war diesel electric submarines, such as the Oberon class, used batteries to power the motors so they ran silently. Design and construction The Oberon class was based heavily on the preceeding ''Porpoise'' class of submarines Glass-reinforced plastic was used in They recharged the batteries using the diesel engines without ever surfacing.
Modern submarines
In the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel-electric propulsion. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the These two innovations gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months, and enabled previously impossible voyages such as USS Nautilus' crossing of the North pole beneath the Arctic ice cap in 1958 [16]and the USS Triton's submerged circumnavigation of the world in 1960. "Underway on nuclear power" Following her commissioning Nautilus remained dockside for further construction and testing The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is subject to the caveats explained below defined as the point in the northern Design history Background The USS Triton (SSRN-586 is considered part of the first generation of Nuclear-powered submarines to be commissioned [17] Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia have been powered by nuclear reactors. The limiting factors in submerged endurance for these vessels are food supply and crew morale in the space-limited submarine.
In 1959–1960, the first ballistic missile submarines were put into service by both the United States (George Washington class) and the Soviet Union (Hotel class) as part of the Cold War nuclear deterrent strategy. A ballistic missile submarine is a Submarine equipped to launch Ballistic missiles ( SLBMs) Boats (SSBN-598 USS ''George Washington'' (SSBN-599 USS ''Patrick Henry'' (SSBN-600 USS ''Theodore Roosevelt'' Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the A nuclear deterrent is the phrase used to refer to a country's nuclear weapons arsenal when considered in the context of Deterrence theory.
While the greater endurance and performance from nuclear reactors makes nuclear submarines better for long-distance missions or the protection of a carrier battle-force they have the technical limitation in stealthiness as the reactor always have to be chilled with the inherent noise it brings from pumps. Conventional diesel-electric submarines have continued to be produced by both nuclear and non-nuclear powers as they lack this limitation, except when required to run the diesel engine to recharge the ship’s battery. Technological advances in sound damping, noise isolation, and cancellation have substantially eroded this advantage. Though far less capable regarding speed and weapons payload, conventional submarines are also cheaper to build. The introduction of air-independent propulsion boats, conventional diesel-electric submarines with some kind of auxiliary air-independent electricity generator, have led to increased sales of such types of submarines. Air-independent propulsion (AIP is a term that encompasses technologies which allow a submarine to operate without the need to surface or use a snorkel to access atmospheric
During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat-and-mouse games; this tradition today continues, on a much reduced scale. The Soviet Union suffered the loss of at least four submarines during this period: K-129 was lost in 1968 (which the CIA attempted to retrieve from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes-designed ship Glomar Explorer), K-8 in 1970, K-219 in 1986, and Komsomolets in 1989 (which held a depth record among military submarines—1000 m). Discovery and salvage - Project Jennifer In early August 1968 the wreck of K-129 was pin-pointed by the USS ''Halibut'' (SSGN-587 northwest of Oahu, at an near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Howard Robard Hughes Jr (December 24 1905 – April 5 1976 was an American Aviator, Industrialist, Film producer / director, Philanthropist Project Jennifer See also Project Jennifer Since the K-129 had sunk in very deep water a large ship was required for the recovery operation Accidents 1960 Loss of Coolant On 13 October 1960, while operating in the Barents Sea, K-8 suffered a ruptured steam generator tube The Incident On 3 October 1986, while on patrol 680 miles (1100 km northeast of Bermuda, K-219 suffered Hanzo missed identifierss-n-15starfish]]missiles*6x533mm(21- Inch)torpedotubesfor 53-65 / 53-65k |shiparmour --> Many other Soviet subs, such as K-19 (the first Soviet nuclear submarine, and the first Soviet sub to reach the North Pole) were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks. The US lost two nuclear submarines during this time: USS Thresher due to equipment failure during a test dive while at its operational limit, and USS Scorpion due to unknown causes. Early career Thresher conducted lengthy sea trials in the western Atlantic and Caribbean Sea areas in 1961 and 1962 Service history Scorpion's keel was laid 20 August 1958 by the Electric Boat Division of the General Dynamics Corporation in
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Pakistan Navy's Hangor sank the Indian frigate INS Khukri. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. Pakistan Navy ( Urdu: پاک بحریہ) is the naval branch of the Military of Pakistan. PNS Hangor was a Pakistani Daphné class submarine, which during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War sank the Indian frigate India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country INS Khukri was a Type 14 ASW Frigate in service of the Indian Navy. This was the first submarine kill since World War II, and the only one until the United Kingdom employed nuclear-powered submarines against Argentina in 1982 during the Falklands War. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the The Argentine cruiser General Belgrano was sunk by HMS Conqueror (the first sinking by a nuclear-powered submarine in war). General history The warship was built as, the sixth of the s in New Jersey by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation starting in 1935 and launched in March 1938 Further reading Footnotes The PNS Ghazi, a Tench class submarine on loan to Pakistan from the US, was lost in the Indo-Pakistani War. For the submarine named Ghazi bought by the Pakistan Navy in 2000 see NRP Cachalote (S165 History See also USS Diablo (SS-479 Museums Two Tench Class submarines are on display for the general public It was the first submarine casualty since World War II during war time.
More recently, Russia has had two high profile submarine accidents. The Kursk went down with all hands in 2000. Background Work on building the Kursk began in 1992 at Severodvinsk, near Arkhangelsk. On August 12, 2000, the Russian Oscar II class Submarine, ''Kursk'' sank in the Barents The K-159 sank while being towed to a scrapyard in 2003, with nine lives lost. Radioactive discharge accident On 2 March 1965, K-159 suffered an accident involving radioactive discharges into her steam generators almost certainly
Submarines in popular culture
Fiction books
The most famous fictional submarine is probably Nautilus, which belongs to Captain Nemo in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. The Nautilus is the fictional Submarine featured in Jules Verne's novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870 and Captain Nemo is a Fictional character featured in Jules Verne 's novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870 and The Mysterious Jules Gabriel Verne ( February 8 1828 &ndash March 24 1905) was a French Author who pioneered the science-fiction For the 1954 film starring Kirk Douglas see 20000 Leagues Under the Sea. Many other ships were named Nautilus; however, Verne named the submarine after Robert Fulton's real-life submarine Nautilus, and the name has been associated with fighting ships of the United States Navy since 1803. The Nautilus is a tropical mollusk, having a many-chambered spiral shell with a pearly interior Robert Fulton ( November 14, 1765 &ndash February 24, 1815) was a U Nautilus is often considered the first practical Submarine, though preceded by Cornelius Drebbel 's of 1620
Other books:
- The Dragon in the Sea
- The Hunt for Red October by Tom Clancy
- Jingo
- The Shark Mutiny
- HMS Unseen
- World War Z by Max Brooks
- USS Seawolf
- Madame Terror
- Ice Station Zebra by Alistair Maclean
- Hunter Killer by Geoffrey Jenkins
- Run Silent, Run Deep by Edward L. Beach, Jr.
- Torpedo Run by Douglas Reeman
- Red Rackham's Treasure (French:Le Trésor de Rackham le Rouge) by Hergé
- Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson
- Tom Swift and his Jetmarine by Victor Appleton II
See also Category:Fictional submarines. The Dragon in the Sea (1956 also known as Under Pressure from its serialization is a novel by Frank Herbert. The Hunt for Red October is a Novel by Tom Clancy. The story follows the intertwined adventures of Soviet Submarine captain Marko Thomas Leo Clancy Jr (born April 12 1947) is an American author best known for his technically detailed espionage and Military science storylines The Shark Mutiny is a novel written by Patrick Robinson and was published in 2001 Two submarines of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Unseen HMS ''Unseen'' was a Second World War U-class submarine launched World War Z An Oral History of the Zombie War (abbreviated WWZ) is a Novel by Max Brooks which chronicles a fictional Zombie Max Brooks (born Maximillian Michael Brooks on May 22, 1972 in New York City) is an author and screenwriter USS Seawolf is a naval thriller published in 2000 by Patrick Robinson. Madame Terror is a 2006 novel by Jan Guillou, featuring the fictional Swedish spy Carl Hamilton. Ice Station Zebra is a 1968 Action film directed by John Sturges, starring Rock Hudson as the submarine captain Patrick McGoohan Alistair Stuart MacLean (28 April 1922 - 2 February 1987 Scottish Gaelic: Alasdair MacGill-Eain) was a Scottish Novelist who wrote successful Hunter-Killer is a Military term traditionally used to describe an entity in which the roles of "sensor" and "shooter" are separated Geoffrey Jenkins ( June 16 1920 Pretoria, South Africa - November 7 2001) was a South African Novelist Run Silent Run Deep is a War Film released in 1958 based on the 1955 novel by then-Commander Edward L Edward Latimer Beach Jr ( April 20, 1918 – December 1, 2002) was a highly-decorated United States Navy Submarine Torpedo Run is a 1958 War film starring Glenn Ford as a World War II Submarine commander in the Pacific Red Rackham's Treasure ( French: Le Trésor de Rackham le Rouge) is the twelfth of The Adventures of Tintin, a series French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Georges Prosper Remi ( May 22, 1907 - March 3, 1983) better known by the Pen name Hergé, was a Belgian Cryptonomicon is a 1999 novel by Neal Stephenson. It concurrently follows the exploits of World War II -era Cryptographers affiliated with Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known primarily for his Science fiction works in the Postcyberpunk genre Tom Swift is the young protagonist in several series of juvenile adventure novels which began in the early twentieth century and continues to the present Victor Appleton was a house pseudonym used by the Stratemeyer Syndicate, most famous for being associated with the Tom Swift series of books
Television
- Stingray was a 1960s marionette TV series by Gerry Anderson, based around the exploits of the crew of the eponymous futuristic submarine. Stingray is a children's Marionette Television show created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and produced by AP Films A marionette is a Puppet controlled from above using strings a marionette's puppeteer is called a manipulator. For a detailed article on collaborations with Sylvia Anderson see Sylvia and Gerry Anderson; the separated strands aren't working - GA is the common thread throughout
- Thunderbird 4 was a small utility submarine featured in the TV series Thunderbirds by Gerry Anderson. This page describes the fictional machines featured in Gerry and Sylvia Anderson 's 1966 Supermarionation TV series Thunderbirds and Thunderbirds is a British mid-1960s television show devised by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and made by AP Films using a form of Puppetry For a detailed article on collaborations with Sylvia Anderson see Sylvia and Gerry Anderson; the separated strands aren't working - GA is the common thread throughout
- The Seaview is a submarine that serves as scenario for Irwin Allen's 1960s series Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Irwin Allen ( June 12, 1916 – November 2, 1991) was a television and film producer nicknamed "The Master of Disaster" for his work Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea was a 1960s American Science Fiction Television series based on the 1961 film of the same name.
- SeaQuest DSV is a science fiction television series featuring a futuristic submarine of the same name. seaQuest DSV was an American Science fiction television series created by Rockne S In the series prologue, the seaQuest DSV (Deep Submergence Vessel) is a full military vessel as it was originally design to be by its primary architect, Capt. Nathan Bridger (actor Roy Scheider). Roy Richard Scheider (November 10 1932 – February 10 2008 was an Academy Award - and Golden Globe -nominated American Actor. However, after the (fictional) Livingston Trench standoff incident, a treaty was signed, and the giant submarine was later refit into an exploration vessel under control of the newly-formed United Earth Oceans Organization (UEO). Though the majority of the crew at the time of the series were scientists, the seaQuest retained military-trained personnel to operate and control her, as well as semi-self-sealing hull technology to prevent leaks or minimize external damage, multi-function torpedoes, torpedo interception devices, and even nuclear missiles for armament. (A reluctant Bridger is tricked into commanding her for the first two years of the series, though he soon grows to appreciate being in command of his dream ship. Actor Michael Ironside would replace Scheider as a new commanding officer of the seaQuest in the third-and-last season. Michael Ironside (born February 12, 1950) is a Canadian method actor. ) Many consider the series SeaQuest DSV to be an updated remake of the earlier series Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. seaQuest DSV was an American Science fiction television series created by Rockne S A " remake' " is a term used to described something that has been done again sometimes with better Quality, and usually with more features Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea was a 1960s American Science Fiction Television series based on the 1961 film of the same name.
Film
A genre of submarine movies has developed. Submarine films are a subgenre of War film which takes place in a Submarine below the surface of the ocean Submarines are popular subjects for films due to the danger, drama and claustrophobia of being on a submarine, and the suspense of the cat-and-mouse game of submarine or anti-submarine warfare. Some of the first, based on a classic book, was Run Silent, Run Deep and The Enemy Below. Run Silent Run Deep is a War Film released in 1958 based on the 1955 novel by then-Commander Edward L The Enemy Below is a 1957 War film which tells the story of the battle between the captain of an American Destroyer escort and the More modern movies include Gray Lady Down, The Hunt for Red October, Das Boot, U-571, and Crimson Tide. Gray Lady Down is a 1978 Disaster film by Universal Studios which starred Charlton Heston, David Carradine, Stacy The Hunt for Red October is a film based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Tom Clancy. Das Boot (das boːt German for The Boat) is a 1981 feature film directed by Wolfgang Petersen, adapted from a novel of the same U-571 is a 2000 film directed by Jonathan Mostow, and starring Matthew McConaughey, Bill Paxton, Harvey Keitel, Crimson Tide is a 1995 Hollywood Submarine film starring Denzel Washington and Gene Hackman, produced by Don Simpson K-19: The Widowmaker is about the first of many disasters that befell the Soviet submarine K-19. K-19 The Widowmaker is a movie released on July 19, 2002, about the first of many disasters that befell the Soviet submarine of the same name Operation Petticoat is a Cary Grant comedy from 1959 about a World War II submarine. Operation Petticoat is a 1959 comedic film directed by Blake Edwards, and starring Cary Grant, Tony Curtis, and Dina Merrill, Another comedy about a diesel submarine, Down Periscope, stars Kelsey Grammer. Down Periscope is a 1996 comedy movie starring Kelsey Grammer as the captain of a rust-bucket submarine called the USS ''Stingray'', (referred Allen Kelsey Grammer (born February 21 1955) is an American Actor best known for his two-decade portrayal of psychiatrist Dr The James Bond movie The Spy Who Loved Me featured a Royal Navy ballistic missile sub being stolen by a shipping tycoon to be used in his plot for world domination. James Bond 007 is a Fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve Novels and two Short story The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)
Games
Many computer games have been created around submarines.
- Aces of The Deep
- AquaNox
- Dangerous Waters
- Operation Neptune
- Silent Hunter
- Silent Hunter II
- Silent Hunter III
- Silent Hunter 4: Wolves of the Pacific
- Silent Service
- Silent Steel
- Shells of Fury
- Sub Culture
- Wolfpack
- 688 Attack Sub
- Codename: Iceman
- Age of Sail II
- Destroyer Command
- Pacific Storm
- Tom Clancy's SSN
- Fleet Command
- Danger From The Deep
Music
- The Beatles wrote a song entitled "Yellow Submarine". Aces of the Deep is a World War II U-boat combat simulation game developed and published by Dynamix for MS-DOS in 1994 AquaNox (from latin: aqua - "water" and nox - "night" is a game and trademark for a series of Submarine -based shooter Dangerous Waters is a Submarine simulator developed by Sonalysts Combat Simulations, released on February 22 2005. Operation Neptune is an educational Computer game produced in 1991 by The Learning Company. Silent Hunter is a World War II Submarine combat simulation for MS-DOS, developed by Aeon Electronic Entertainment and published Silent Hunter II is a WWII U-boat combat simulation from Ubisoft for Windows 95 / 98 / ME. Silent Hunter III is a Submarine Simulation developed by Ubisoft Romania and published by Ubisoft. Silent Service is a 1985 Submarine simulator Computer game. It was designed by Sid Meier and published by MicroProse Silent Service II is a submarine simulation game released in 1990 for DOS and ported in 1991 to Amiga. Silent Steel is an unorthodox Submarine simulator computer game Sub Culture is a submarine action/adventure computer game developed by Criterion Studios and published by Ubisoft. 688 Attack Sub is a Submarine simulator game designed by John W Codename ICEMAN is a graphical Adventure game made with the SCI engine and published by Sierra in 1989 Age of Sail II is the sequel to Age of Sail. It has similar historically accurate game play and is enhanced with 3D graphics and a free-floating camera Destroyer Command is a naval Simulation released by Ubisoft in 2002 and developed by the now-defunct Ultimation Inc Pacific Storm is a strategic and tactical game of the Pacific war set in World War II, released by Buka Entertainment. Tom Clancy's SSN is a simulation of the 688i ( Los Angeles-class) nuclear hunter/killer Submarine. Fleet Command (FC also known as Jane's Fleet Command, is a Real-time tactics naval warfare simulation Computer game released The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 " Yellow Submarine " is a 1966 song by The Beatles (credited to Lennon/McCartney) which was recorded by John Lennon, Paul McCartney
- Iron Maiden included a song entitled "Run Silent Run Deep" on their No Prayer for the Dying album. For other uses see Iron maiden. No Prayer for the Dying is the eighth studio Album by the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden.
- The Thomas Dolby song "One of our Submarines" was included on his The Golden Age of Wireless album
- Loscil released an album entitled "Submers", on which every track is named after a submarine. Thomas Dolby (born Thomas Morgan Robertson, on 14 October 1958) is an English Musician, producer and inventor " One of Our Submarines " is a song by British new wave / Synth pop musician Thomas Dolby. The Golden Age of Wireless is a 1982 album by Synthpop pioneer Thomas Dolby. Loscil is the electronic / Ambient music project of Scott Morgan, from Vancouver BC.
- Sabaton wrote a song called "Wolfpack", which is based on a German wolf pack’s encounter with Allied convoy ONS-92. Sabaton is a Heavy metal band from Sweden Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The U-boats mentioned in the song are U-124 (which sank 4 ships that night), U-569, U-406 and U-94.
- Phil Ochs wrote two songs about nuclear submarines which sank: "The Thresher" and "The Scorpion Departs But Never Returns". Philip David Ochs ( December 19 1940 – April 9 1976) was a U
See also
Submarine articles
- Submarine warfare
- Ballistic missile submarine
- Communication with submarines
- Wet sub
- Merchant submarine
- Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
- Deep Submergence Vehicle
- Submarines in the United States Navy
- Submarine simulator, a computer game genre
- List of countries with submarines
- List of submarine actions
- List of sunken nuclear submarines
Related topics
- Timeline of underwater technology
- Modern Naval tactics
- Nuclear navy
- Submarine cable
- Submersible
- Semi-submersible
- Depth charge
- U-boat
Articles on specific vessels
- Ships named Nautilus
- List of submarines of the Royal Navy
- List of submarines of the United States Navy
- List of Soviet submarines
- List of submarines of the Indian Navy
- List of U-boats
Articles on specific submarine classes
- List of submarine classes
- List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy
- List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
- List of United States submarine classes
Patents
- U.S. Patent 708,553 - Submarine boat
References
- ^ Physics Of Liquids & Gases. Naval warfare is divided into three operational areas Surface warfare, Air warfare and underwater warfare. A ballistic missile submarine is a Submarine equipped to launch Ballistic missiles ( SLBMs) Communication with submarines when they are submerged is a difficult technological task which requires specific techniques and devices A wet sub is a type of underwater vehicle ( Submarine) that does not provide a dry environment for its occupants A merchant submarine is a type of Submarine intended for Trade, and being without armaments it is not considered a warship like most other types of submarines An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV is a Robot which travels underwater A Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV is a type of Deep Submergence Vehicle used for rescue of downed submarines and clandestine missions There are two major types of Submarines in the United States Navy: ballistic missile submarines and attack submarines A submarine simulator, or subsim for short is usually a Computer game in which the player commands a Submarine. The following countries operate or have operated Submarines for naval or other Military purposes This is a list of notable submarine actions: American Civil War 1864 February 17 — human-powered submarine ''H Eight nuclear submarines have sunk as a consequence of either accident or extensive damage two from the United States, four from the Soviet Navy, and two from the This is a Timeline of Underwater Technology. The entries marked ## are about Decompression tables Pre-industrial The term modern naval tactics refers to tactical doctrines developed after World War II following the final obsolescence of the Battleship and the development of long-range Nuclear navy, or nuclear powered navy consists of Ships powered by relatively small onboard Nuclear reactors known as naval reactors. A submersible, or Bathyscaphe, is a type of Underwater vessel with limited mobility which is typically transported to its area of operation by a surface A semi-submersible or semisubmersible is a Watercraft that can put much of its bulk underwater Depth Charge is a character in the Beast Wars: Transformers universe U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers The Nautilus is a tropical mollusk, having a many-chambered spiral shell with a pearly interior This is a list of Royal Navy submarines, arranged chronologically This is a list of Submarines of the United States Navy, listedboth by hull number and by name This is a list of ships and classes of the Soviet Navy. It is by no means complete Details of the Submarines of the Indian Navy, the largest Submarine fleet in Asia The list of U-boats includes all U-boats built or operated by Germany. This is a list of submarine classes, sorted by country The navies of 46 states operate Submarines. This is a list of Submarine classes of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom. Submarines in the Soviet Navy were developed by numbered "projects" which were sometimes but not always given names Submarines of the United States Navy are built in classes using a single design for a number of boats Elementary Classical Physics. Retrieved on 2006-10-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2000/May/Virginia-Class.htm National Defence magazine
- ^ Federation of American Scientists
- ^ US Naval Academy
- ^ Submarine Warfare. Retrieved on 2006-10-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ a b NATO Review - Vol.49 - No 2 - Summer 2001: Women in uniform
- ^ http://www.rekryc.mil.se/article.php?id=11756 in Swedish, Retrieved 04-23-2007
- ^ ;[1]
- ^ Armed Forces Careers offering you information about military careers - Air Force Careers
- ^ question #10
- ^ a b Globalsecurity
- ^ Submarine Heritage Centre - submarine history of Barrow-in-Furness
- ^ Submarine Heritage Centre - submarine history of Barrow-in-Furness
- ^ U.S. Patent 708,553
- ^ Submarine History. The Royal Navy. Retrieved on April 18, 2007.
- ^ History of USS Nautilus SSN571
- ^ May 10, 1960: USS Triton Completes First Submerged Circumnavigation
- Gardiner, Robert (1992). Steam, Steel and Shellfire, The steam warship 1815-1905. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781557507747. OCLC 30038068. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- Blair, Clay (1975). Clay Blair Jr (1925 December 16 1998) was an American historian best known for his books on military history Silent Victory: The U. S. Submarine War Against Japan. Philadelphia: Lippincott. ISBN 9780397007530. OCLC 821363. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- Lockwood, Charles A. (1951). Charles Andrews Lockwood ( 6 May, 1890 &ndash 7 June, 1967) was an admiral of the United States Navy. Sink 'Em All: Submarine Warfare in the Pacific. New York: Dutton. OCLC 1371626. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- O'Kane, Richard H. (1977). Rear Admiral Richard Hetherington “Dick” O'Kane ( February 2, 1911 – February 16, 1994) was a United States Navy Clear the Bridge!: The War Patrols of the USS Tang. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN 9780528810589. OCLC 2965421. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- O'Kane, Richard H. (1987). Rear Admiral Richard Hetherington “Dick” O'Kane ( February 2, 1911 – February 16, 1994) was a United States Navy Wahoo: The Patrols of America's Most Famous World War II Submarine. Novato, California: Presidio Press. ISBN 9780891413011. OCLC 15366413. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- Werner, Herbert A. (1999). Iron coffins: a personal account of the German U-Boat battles of World War II. London: Cassell Military. ISBN 9780304353309. OCLC 41466905. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
External links
- Submariners Association - UK Submariners site and Boat Database
- John Holland - submarine inventor
- Submarine #1 and The Fenian Ram - Photos John Holland's Submarine #1 and his second submarine, The Fenian Ram
- USS Nautilus Photos onboard the Nuclear Submarine USS Nautilus SS-571 in Groton, CT
- German Submarines of WWII and U-boat losses in 1943
- German Midget Submarines: Seehund and Molch
- Submarines of WWI
- Role of the Modern Submarine
- U.S. World War II Submarine Veterans History Project
- German submarines using peroxide
- Record breaking Japanese Submarines
- German U-Boats 1935–1945 (German)
- U.S. submarine photo archive
- On Eternal Patrol memorial submarine site
- The Invention of the Submarine
- Submersibles and Technology by Graham Hawkes
- The Fleet Type Submarine Online US Navy submarine training manuals, 1944-1946. Formerly Restricted status.
- Royal Navy submarines
- For Allied Tonnage Losses in 1943
- The Home Front: Manitowoc County in World War II: Video footage of submarine launches into Lake Michigan during WWII.
- The Sinking of the Ghazi
- DutchSubmarines : Including first ever submarine
- USS Lionfish Photos onboard the WWII Fleet Sub USS Lionfish in Fall River, MA
Dictionary
submarine
-adjective
-noun
- A boat that can go underwater.
- A kind of sandwich made in a long loaf of bread.
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