Subhas Chandra Bose
Born	January 23, 1897 Cuttack, Orissa
Died	August 18, 1945 Taihoku, Taiwan (presumed)
Cause of death	Aircraft crash (presumed)
Nationality	Indian
Title	Netaji
Known for	Indian independence movement activism and reorganising and leading the Indian National Army
Spouse	Emilie Schenkl
Children	Anita Bose Pfaff

Subhas Chandra Bose (Bengali: সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু; (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 [although this is disputed (see below)]), generally known as Netaji (literally "Respected Leader"), was one of the most prominent and highly respected leaders of the Indian independence movement against the British Raj. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Cuttack ( Oriya: କଟକ)(कटक (derived from the Sanskrit word 'Kataka' which signifies Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. An aviation accident is defined in the International Civil Aviation Organization Annex 13 The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant The Indian National Army ( INA) or Azad Hind Fauj ( Hindi: आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists Frau Emilie Schenkl Bose, ( 26 December 1910 – March 1996 an Austrian born national was the wife and secretary of Subhash Chandra Bose, a leader Anita Bose Pfaff (also Anita Bose-Pfaff, Anita B Pfaff) (born 1942 in Vienna) is the daughter of Indian Freedom fighter Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common In Law, death in absentia is the status of a person who has been declared legally dead. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British

Bose was elected president of the Indian National Congress for two consecutive terms but resigned from the post following ideological conflicts with Mahatma Gandhi. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Bose believed that Mahatma Gandhi's tactics of non-violence would never be sufficient to secure India's independence, and advocated violent resistance. He established a separate political party, the All India Forward Bloc and continued to call for the full and immediate independence of India from British rule. The All India Forward Bloc is a leftwing nationalist Political party in India. He was imprisoned by the British authorities eleven times.

His stance did not change with the outbreak of the Second World War, which he saw as an opportunity to take advantage of British weakness. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including At the outset of the war, he fled India and travelled to the Soviet Union, Germany and Japan, seeking an alliance with the aim of attacking the British in India. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. With Japanese assistance, he re-organised and later led the Indian National Army, formed from Indian prisoners-of-war and plantation workers from Malaya, Singapore and other parts of Southeast Asia, against British forces. The Indian National Army ( INA) or Azad Hind Fauj ( Hindi: आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century Singapore With Japanese monetary, political, diplomatic and military assistance, he formed the Azad Hind Government in exile and regrouped and led the Indian National Army in battle against the allies at Imphal and in Burma. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore The Indian National Army ( INA) or Azad Hind Fauj ( Hindi: आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists The Battle of Imphal took place in the region around the city of Imphal, the capital of the state of Manipur in North-East India from March until July The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United

His political views and the alliances he made with Nazi and other militarist regimes opposed to the British Empire have been the cause of arguments among historians and politicians, with some accusing him of Fascist sympathies and of Quislingist actions, while others in India largely sympathetic towards his inculcation of realpolitik as a manifesto that guided his social and political choices. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Quisling, after Norwegian politician Vidkun Quisling, who assisted Nazi Germany to conquer his own country is a term used to describe traitors and Realpolitik ( German: de real “realistic” “practical” or “actual” and de Politik “politics” refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily He is believed to have died on 18 August 1945 in a plane crash over Taiwan. The alleged death of Subhas Chandra Bose, the supreme commander of Azad Hind Fauz and Free India Legion in a plane crash in Taiwan on Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. However, contradictory evidence exists regarding his death in the accident.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Actions during the Second World War 3 The Escape 3.1 Assassination Attempts 3.2 In Germany 4 South-East Asia 4.1 Indian National Army 5 Disappearance and alleged death of Bose 6 Mysterious monk 7 Political views 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links

Early life

Subhas Chandra Bose was born in 1897 to an affluent Bengali family in Cuttack, Orissa in India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Cuttack ( Oriya: କଟକ)(कटक (derived from the Sanskrit word 'Kataka' which signifies Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country His father, Janakinath Bose, was a public prosecutor who believed in orthodox nationalism, and later became a member of the Bengal Legislative Council. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Bose was educated at Ravenshaw Collegiate School, Cuttack, Scottish Church College, Calcutta and Fitzwilliam College at Cambridge University. Ravenshaw College (now Ravenshaw University is located in Cuttack, India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Cuttack ( Oriya: କଟକ)(कटक (derived from the Sanskrit word 'Kataka' which signifies The Scottish Church College, which is located at 1 & 3 Urquhart Square Calcutta 700006 is the oldest continuing Missionary administered liberal arts and sciences college Fitzwilliam College (usually called 'Fitz' is a college of the University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the In 1920, Bose took the Indian Civil Services entrance examination and was placed fourth with highest marks in English. The Indian Civil Service, popularly known by its acronym ICS, originated as the elite Civil service of the Indian Government under British colonial However, he resigned from the prestigious Indian Civil Service in April 1921 despite his high ranking in the merit list, and went on to become an active member of India's independence movement. He joined the Indian National Congress, and was particularly active in its youth wing. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India.

Bose was attracted by the Non-Coorperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi. So he went to Gandhi and offered himself to work for the Indian National Congress . Gandhi sent him to Calcutta to work under Chittaranjan Das . He therefore returned to Calcutta to work under Chittaranjan Das, the Bengali freedom fighter and co-founder (with Motilal Nehru) of the Swaraj Party. Chittaranjan Das (CRDas (চিত্তরঞ্জন দাস Chittorônjon Dash) (popularly called Deshbandhu "Friend of the country" ( November The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between Bangladesh and India) on the Indian subcontinent with a history dating Motilal Nehru ( May 6, 1861 – February 6, 1931) was an early Indian independence activist and leader of the Indian National Congress The Swaraj Party was a political party in India that sought greater self-government and political freedoms for the Indian people from the British Raj.

In 1921, Bose organised a boycott of the celebrations to mark the visit of the Prince of Wales to India, which led to his imprisonment. Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom In April 1924, Bose was elected to the post of Chief Executive Officer of the newly constituted Calcutta Corporation, In October that year, Bose was arrested on suspicion of terrorism. At first, he was kept in Alipore Jail and later he was exiled to Mandalay in Burma (where earlier Bal Gangadhar Tilak had spent 6 years in prison). The Alipore Jail is a prison in Alipore, India, where political prisoners were kept under British rule, among them Subhash Chandra Bose. Mandalay is the second largest city and the last royal capital of Burma (Myanmar and is the economic and cultural hub of Upper Burma Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak (बाळ गंगाधर टिळक ( July 23 1856 - August 1 1920) was an Indian nationalist On January 23, 1930, Bose was once again arrested for leading an "independence procession", protesting against British rule in India. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After his release from jail on September 25, he was elected as the Mayor of the City of Calcutta. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government

Over a span of 20 years, Bose was incarcerated eleven times by the British, either in India or in Rangoon. Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. During the mid 1930s he was exiled by the British from India to Europe, where he championed India's cause and aspiration for self-rule before gatherings and conferences.

After his father's death, the British authorities allowed him to land at Calcutta's airport only for the religious rites, which would be followed by his swift departure. He travelled extensively in India and in Europe before stating his political opposition to Gandhi. During his stay in Europe from 1933 to 1936, he met several European leaders and thinkers. He came to believe that India could achieve political freedom only if it had political, military and diplomatic support from outside, and that an independent nation necessitated the creation of a national army to secure its sovereignty. Subhash Chandra Bose married Emilie Schenkl, an Austrian born national, who was his secretary, in 1937. Frau Emilie Schenkl Bose, ( 26 December 1910 – March 1996 an Austrian born national was the wife and secretary of Subhash Chandra Bose, a leader According to Schenkl, she and Bose were secretly married in Bad Gastein on 26 December 1937. Bad Gastein is a spa town in Austria, situated in the middle of the National Park Hohe Tauern, at 1000 metres above Sea level. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. They had one daughter, Anita, born in 1942. Anita Bose Pfaff (also Anita Bose-Pfaff, Anita B Pfaff) (born 1942 in Vienna) is the daughter of Indian Freedom fighter Bose wrote many letters to Schenkl during the period 1934–1942, of which many have been published in the book Letters to Emilie Schenkl, edited by Sisir Kumar Bose and Sugata Bose.

Bose became the president of the Haripura Indian National Congress in 1938, against Gandhi's wishes. Gandhi commented "Pattavi's defeat is my own defeat. Anyway, Subhas Bose is not an enemy of the country". Gandhi's continued opposition led to the latter's resignation from the Working Committee, and the possibility that the rest of the CWC would resign. The executive committee of the Congress Party in India typically consisting of fifteen members elected from the All India Congress Committee or AICC is known as the Congress In the face of this gesture of no-confidence, Bose himself resigned, and was left with no alternative but to form an independent party, the All India Forward Bloc. The All India Forward Bloc is a leftwing nationalist Political party in India. Bose also initiated the concept of the National Planning Committee in 1938.

Actions during the Second World War

Bose advocated the approach that the political instability of war-time Britain should be taken advantage of—rather than simply wait for the British to grant independence after the end of the war (which was the view of Gandhi, Nehru and a section of the Congress leadership at the time). In this, he was influenced by the examples of Italian statesmen Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi redirects here for other meanings see Garibaldi (disambiguation. Giuseppe Mazzini ( June 22, 1805, Genoa, Italy - March 10, 1872, Pisa, Italy was an Italian Patriot

His correspondence reveals that despite his clear dislike for British subjugation, he was deeply impressed by their methodical and systematic approach and their steadfastly disciplinarian outlook towards life. In England, he exchanged ideas on the future of India with British Labour Party leaders and political thinkers like Lord Halifax, George Lansbury, Clement Attlee, Arthur Greenwood, Harold Laski, J.B.S. Haldane, Ivor Jennings, G.D.H. Cole, Gilbert Murray and Sir Stafford Cripps . The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Edward Frederick Lindley Wood 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC ( 16 April 1881 &ndash George Lansbury ( 21 February 1859 &ndash 7 May 1940) was a British Politician, socialist, Christian pacifist Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 For the US congressional representative from Indiana see Arthur H Harold Joseph Laski ( June 30, 1893 &ndash March 24, 1950) was an English Political theorist, Economist, Author John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS ( 5 November 1892 &ndash 1 December 1964) known as Jack (but who used 'J Sir William Ivor Jennings, KBE, ( May 16, 1903 - December 19, 1965 educated at Bristol Grammar School, was a British Lawyer George Douglas Howard Cole ( 25 September 1889 &ndash 14 January 1959) was an English Political theorist, Economist George Gilbert Aimé Murray ( January 2, 1866 &ndash May 20 1957) was a British classical scholar and Public intellectual Sir Richard Stafford Cripps ( 24 April 1889 &ndash 21 April 1952) was a British Labour politician and Chancellor He came to believe that a free India needed Socialist authoritarianism, on the lines of Turkey's Kemal Atatürk, for at least two decades. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Bose was refused permission by the British authorities to meet Mr. Ataturk at Ankara for political reasons. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. It should be noted that during his sojourn in England, only the Labour Party and Liberal politicians agreed to meet with Bose when he tried to schedule appointments. Conservative Party officials refused to meet Bose or show him the slightest courtesy due to the fact that he was a politician coming from a colony, but it may also be recalled that in the 1930s leading figures in the Conservative Party had opposed even Dominion status for India. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country It may also be observed here that it was during the regime of the Labour Party (1945-1951), with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence.

The Escape

On the outbreak of war, Bose advocated a campaign of mass civil disobedience to protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's decision to declare war on India's behalf without consulting the Congress leadership. Victor Alexander John Hope 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow KG, KT, GCSI, GCIE, OBE, PC ( 24 September 1887 Having failed to persuade Gandhi of the necessity of this, Bose organised mass protests in Calcutta calling for the 'Holwell Monument' commemorating the Black Hole of Calcutta, which then stood at the corner of Dalhousie Square, to be removed. The Black Hole of Calcutta was a small Dungeon in Fort William where troops of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, held British A reasonable measure of the contrast between Gandhi and Bose is captured in a saying attributable to him: "If people slap you once, slap them twice". He was thrown in jail by the British, but was released following a seven-day hunger strike. Bose's house in Calcutta was kept under surveillance by the CBI, but their vigilance left a good deal to be desired. With two court cases pending, he felt the British would not let him leave the country before the end of the war. This set the scene for Bose's escape to Germany, via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Bose had never been to Afghanistan, and could not speak the local tribal language (Pashto). Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو‎ pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as

Bose escaped from under British surveillance at his house in KOLKATA. On January 19, 1941, accompanied by his nephew Sisir K. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bose, Bose gave his watchers the slip and journeyed to Peshawar. With the assistance of the Abwehr, he made his way to Peshawar where he was met at Peshawar Cantonment station by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah and Bhagat Ram Talwar. The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944 ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26 January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia through India's North West frontier with Afghanistan. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, For this reason, he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a Forward Bloc leader in the North West Frontier Province. The All India Forward Bloc is a leftwing nationalist Political party in India. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union, and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Since Bose could not speak one word of Pashto, it would make him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard grow to mimic those of the tribesmen.

Supporters of the Aga Khan helped him across the border into Afghanistan where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from the Organization Todt who then aided his passage across Afghanistan via Kabul to the border with Soviet Russia. Aga Khan ( آقا خان) is the Hereditary title of the Imam of the Nizārī Muslims the largest branch of the Ismā'īlī The Organisation Todt (OT was a Third Reich civil and Military engineering group in Germany eponymously named for its founder Fritz Todt, an Once in Russia the NKVD transported Bose to Moscow where he hoped that Russia's traditional enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for a popular rising in India. The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of However, Bose found the Soviets' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow, Count von der Schulenburg. He had Bose flown on to Berlin in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favourable hearing from Joachim von Ribbentrop and the Foreign Ministry officials at the Wilhelmstrasse. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946 was Foreign Minister of Germany from 1938 until 1945 The Wilhelmstrasse ( German Wilhelmstraße, see ß) is a street in the center of Berlin, the capital of Germany. ^[1]

Assassination Attempts

In 1941, when the British learned that Bose had sought the support of the Axis Powers, they ordered their agents to intercept and assassinate Bose before he reached Germany. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries A recently declassified intelligence document refers to a top-secret instruction to the Special Operations Executive (SOE) of British intelligence department to murder Bose. The Special Operations Executive ( SOE) (sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars " after Sherlock Holmes ' fictional group of helpers In fact, the plan to liquidate Bose has few known parallels, and appears to be a last desperate measure against a man who had thrown the British Empire into a panic. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. ^[2]

In Germany

See also: Legion Freies Indien and Azad Hind Radio

Having escaped incarceration at home by assuming the guise of a Pashtun insurance agent ("Ziaudddin") to reach Afghanistan, Bose travelled to Moscow on the passport of an Italian nobleman "Count Orlando Mazzotta". Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of From Moscow, he reached Rome, and from there he travelled to Germany, where he instituted the Special Bureau for India under Adam von Trott zu Solz, broadcasting on the German-sponsored Azad Hind Radio. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Special Bureau of India was set up by Subhash Chandra Bose under Adam von Trott zu Solz in Berlin in 1941. Adam von Trott zu Solz ( August 9, 1909 – August 26, 1944) was a German Lawyer and Diplomat who opposed Azad Hind Radio was a propaganda radio service that was started in leadership of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in Germany in 1942 to encourage Indians He founded the Free India Centre in Berlin, and created the Indian Legion (consisting of some 4500 soldiers) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in North Africa prior to their capture by Axis forces. The Legion Freies Indien, or the Indische Legion, variously known as the Tiger Legion, the Free India Legion (in English the Azad Hind Legion The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Indian Legion was attached to the Wehrmacht, and later transferred to the Waffen SS;^[3]. The Legion Freies Indien, or the Indische Legion, variously known as the Tiger Legion, the Free India Legion (in English the Azad Hind Legion Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron" Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state, Adolf Hitler, as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose". ^[4] This oath clearly abrogates control of the Indian legion to the German armed forces whilst stating Bose's overall leadership of India. He was also, however, prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the U. S. S. R. by Nazi troops, spearheaded by the Azad Hind Legion; many have questioned his judgment here, as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion, which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in the War. ^[5]

The lack of interest shown by Hitler in the cause of Indian independence eventually caused Bose to become disillusioned with Hitler and he decided to leave Nazi Germany in 1943. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Bose had been living together with his wife Emilie Schenkl in Berlin from 1941 until 1943, when he left for south-east Asia. Frau Emilie Schenkl Bose, ( 26 December 1910 – March 1996 an Austrian born national was the wife and secretary of Subhash Chandra Bose, a leader Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. He travelled by the German submarine U-180 around the Cape of Good Hope to Imperial Japan (via Japanese submarine I-29). The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Type B Submarines This was the most numerous class of Japanese submarines - almost 20 were built of which only one ( ''I-36'') survived Thereafter the Japanese helped him raise his army in Singapore. Singapore This was the only civilian transfer across two submarines of two different navies in World War II.

South-East Asia

Indian National Army

Main article: Indian National Army

See also: Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind, Mohan Singh Deb, and Rash Behari Bose

Bose as the leader of INA

The Indian National Army (INA) was originally founded by Capt Mohan Singh in Singapore in September 1942 with Japan's Indian POWs in the Far East. The Indian National Army ( INA) or Azad Hind Fauj ( Hindi: आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore Mohan Singh (1909–1989 was an Indian Military officer and member of the Indian Independence Movement most famous for his role in organising and leading the Rashbehari Bose (রাসবিহারী বসু Rashbihari Boshu) ( May 25, 1886 &ndash January 21 1945 was a revolutionary The Indian National Army ( INA) or Azad Hind Fauj ( Hindi: आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists Mohan Singh (1909–1989 was an Indian Military officer and member of the Indian Independence Movement most famous for his role in organising and leading the Singapore This was along the concept of—and with support of—what was then known as the Indian Independence League, headed by expatriate nationalist leader Rash Behari Bose. The Indian Independence League (also known as IIL) was a political organisation operated from the 1920s to the 1940s to organize those living outside of India into Rashbehari Bose (রাসবিহারী বসু Rashbihari Boshu) ( May 25, 1886 &ndash January 21 1945 was a revolutionary The first INA was however disbanded in December 1942 after disagreements between the Hikari Kikan and Mohan singh, who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and Propaganda tool. The Hikari Kikan was the Japanese liaison office responsible for Japanese relations with the Azad Hind Government that replaced the I Kikan. Mohan Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the Prisoner-of-War camp. However, the idea of a liberation army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in the Far East in 1943. In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose was able to reorganise the fledging army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south-east Asia, who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army, as well as financially in response to Bose's calls for sacrifice for the national cause. At its height it consisted of some 85,000 regular troops, including a separate women's unit, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment (named after Rani Lakshmi Bai) headed by Capt. The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was the Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army. Lakshmibai The Rani of Jhansi (c 1828 – 17 June 1858) ( Hindi - झाँसी की रानी Marathi Laxmi Vishwananthan, which is seen as a first of its kind in Asia.

Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for the Azad Hind movement. This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in Burma on July 4, 1944, Bose's most famous quote was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!" . Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In this, he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against the British Raj. Spoken in Hindi, Bose's words are highly evocative. The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional government, the Azad Hind Government, which came to produce its own currency, court and civil code, and was recognised by nine Axis states—Germany, Japan, Italy, the Independent State of Croatia, Wang Jingwei's Government in Nanjing, Thailand, a provisional government of Burma, Manchukuo and Japanese-controlled Philippines. This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. The Wang Jingwei Government was a Government under the leadership of Wang Jingwei in the Republic of China, set up by the Empire of Japan The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Recent researches have shown that the USSR too had recognised the "Provisional Government of Free India". This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore Of those countries, five were authorities established under Axis occupation. This government participated as a delegate or observer in the so-called Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ( Kyūjitai: 大東亞共榮圈 Shinjitai: ja 大東亜共栄圏 Dai-tō-a Kyōeiken) was a concept

The INA's first commitment was in the Japanese thrust towards Eastern Indian frontiers of Manipur. INA's special forces, the Bahadur Group, were extensively involved in operations behind enemy lines both during the diversionary attacks in Arakan, as well as the Japanese thrust towards Imphal and Kohima, along with the Burmese National Army led by Ba Maw and Aung San. The Bahadur Group, or the Special Services Group as it was initially formed was a Special Forces unit within the Indian National Army that was tasked with The Bahadur Group, or the Special Services Group as it was initially formed was a Special Forces unit within the Indian National Army that was tasked with Dr Ba Maw ( 8 February 1893 &ndash 29 May 1977) was a Burmese political leader General Aung San (Bogyoke Aung San ( bòʊdʒoʊʔ àʊn sʰán February 13 1915 – July 19 1947) was a Burmese revolutionary A year after the islands were taken by the Japanese, the Provisional Government and the INA were established in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with Lt Col. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands (8293 km² on 139 islands are a group of islands situated in the Bay of Bengal at about 780 miles from Kolkata, 740 miles from The Andaman Islands are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India. The Nicobar Islands are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean, and are part of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India A. D. Loganathan appointed its Governor General. The islands were renamed Shaheed (Martyr) and Swaraj (Self-rule). However, the Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island's administration. During Bose's only visit to the islands in late in 1943, when he was carefully screened from the local population by the Japanese authorities, who at that time were torturing the leader of the Indian Independence League on the Islands, Dr. Diwan Singh (who later died of his injuries, in the Cellular Jail). The Cellular Jail (also known as Kālā Pānī, literally 'Black water' a term for the deep sea and hence exile situated in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands The islanders made several attempts to alert Bose to their plight, but apparently without success. ^[6] Enraged with the lack of administrative control, Lt. Col Loganathan later relinquished his authority to return to the Government's head quarters in Rangoon.

On the Indian mainland, an Indian Tricolour, modelled after that of the Indian National Congress, was raised for the first time in the town in Moirang, in Manipur, in north-eastern India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Moirang is a city and a Municipal council in Bishnupur District in the Indian Manipur (mnipur in Meitei Mayek) is a state in northeastern India, making its capital in the city of The towns of Kohima and Imphal were placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese, Burmese and the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades of I. Kohima ( Hindi: कोहिमा is the hilly capital of India 's north eastern border state of Nagaland which shares its borders with Burma Imphal is the capital of the Indian state of Manipur. In the heart of the town and surrounded by a moat are ruins of the old Palace of Kangla N. A. during the attempted invasion of India, also known as Operation U-GO. However, Commonwealth forces held both positions and then counter-attacked, in the process inflicting serious losses on the besieging forces, which were then forced to retreat back into Burma.

Bose had hoped that large numbers of soldiers would desert from the Indian Army when they would discover that INA soldiers were attacking British India from the outside. ^[7] However, this did not materialise on a sufficient scale. Instead, as the war situation worsened for the Japanese, troops began to desert from the INA. At the same time Japanese funding for the army diminished, and Bose was forced to raise taxes on the Indian populations of Malaysia and Singapore, sometimes extracting money by force. ^[8] When the Japanese were defeated at the battles of Kohima and Imphal, the Provisional Government's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever. The Battle of Kohima (the " Stalingrad of the East" was the turning point of the Japanese U Go offensive into India in 1944 in World War II The Battle of Imphal took place in the region around the city of Imphal, the capital of the state of Manipur in North-East India from March until July The INA was forced to pull back, along with the retreating Japanese army, and fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in its Burma campaign, notable in Meiktilla, Mandalay, Pegu, Nyangyu and Mount Popa. See Indian Army for the post-independence (and post- partition) army of the Republic of India. The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United However, with the fall of Rangoon, Bose's government ceased be an effective political entitiy. A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan when Rangoon fell. Major General AD Loganthan ( 12 April 1888 - 9 March 1949) was an officer of the Indian National Army and a minister in the The remaining troops retreated with Bose towards Malaya or made for Thailand. Japan's surrender at the end of the war also led to the eventual surrender of the Indian National Army, when the troops of the British Indian Army were repatriated to India and some tried for treason. The Indian National Army ( INA) or Azad Hind Fauj ( Hindi: आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists

His other famous quote was, "Chalo Delhi", meaning "On to Delhi!". This was the call he used to give the INA armies to motivate them. "Jai Hind", or, "Glory to India!" was another slogan used by him and later adopted by the Government of India and the Indian Armed Forces. Jai Hind ( Devanagari: जय िंहद is a salutation most commonly used in India in speeches and communications pertaining to or referring to Patriotism Organization and command structure The headquarters of the Indian Armed Forces is in New Delhi, the capital city.

See also: Legion Freies Indien and Battaglione Azad Hindoustan

Disappearance and alleged death of Bose

Main article: Death of Subhash Chandra Bose

Officially, Bose died in a plane crash over Taiwan, while flying to Tokyo on 18 August 1945. The Legion Freies Indien, or the Indische Legion, variously known as the Tiger Legion, the Free India Legion (in English the Azad Hind Legion The Battaglione Azad Hindoustan was a unit of Indian troops formed in Fascist Italy under the Raggruppamento Centri Militari The alleged death of Subhas Chandra Bose, the supreme commander of Azad Hind Fauz and Free India Legion in a plane crash in Taiwan on Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar However, his body was never recovered, and many theories have been put forward concerning his possible survival. One such claim is that Bose actually died in Siberia, while in Soviet captivity. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Several committees have been set up by the Government of India to probe into this matter.

In May 1956, a four-man Indian team (known as the Shah Nawaz Committee) visited Japan to probe the circumstances of Bose's alleged death. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Indian government did not then request assistance from the government of Taiwan in the matter, citing their lack of diplomatic relations with Taiwan. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia.

However, the Inquiry Commission under Justice Mukherjee, which investigated the Bose disappearance mystery in the period 1999-2005, did approach the Taiwanese government and obtained information from the Taiwan Government that no plane carrying Bose had ever crashed in Taipei. The Mukherjee Commission refers to the one-man board of Mr Justice Manoj Mukherjee, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India which was instituted in 1999 to enquire into ^[9] The Mukherjee Commission also received a report originating from the US State Department, supporting the claim of the Taiwan Government that no such air crash took place during that time frame. ^[10]

The Mukherjee Commission submitted its report to the Indian Government on November 8, 2005. The report was tabled in Parliament on May 17, 2006. The probe said in its report that Bose did not die in the plane crash and the ashes at Renkoji temple are not his. However, the Indian Government rejected the findings of the Commission.

Mysterious monk

Main article: Bhagwanji

Several people believed that the Hindu sanyasi named Bhagwanji, who lived in Faizabad, near Ayodhya in 1985, was Subhas Chandra Bose in exile. Bhagwanji, also known as Gumnami Baba was a mysterious Indian monk who in 1985 lived at Ram Bhawan in Faizabad, near Ayodhya in Bhagwanji, also known as Gumnami Baba was a mysterious Indian monk who in 1985 lived at Ram Bhawan in Faizabad, near Ayodhya in WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the Faizabad in Tajikistan see Faizabad Tajikistan. Ayodhya (अयोध्या IAST Ayodhyā) is an ancient city of India, the old capital of Awadh, in the Faizabad district There had been at least four known occasions when Bhagwanji said he was Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. ^[11] The belongings of the sanyasi were taken into custody after his death, following a court order in this regard. These were later subjected to the inspection by the Mukherjee commission. The commission refuted this belief, in the absense of any 'clinching evidence'. ^[12] The independent probe done by the Hindustan Times into this case had provided hints that the monk was Bose himself. Hindustan Times ( HT) is a leading newspaper in India, published since 1924 with roots in the independence movement ^[13] The life and works of Bhagwanji remain a mystery even today.

Political views

Bose's earlier correspondence (prior to 1939) also reflects his deep disapproval of the racist practices of, and annulment of democratic institutions in Nazi Germany. ^[14] He also, however, expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods (though not the racial ideologies) which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s, and thought they could be used in building an independent India. ^[15]

Bose had clearly expressed his belief that democracy was the best option for India. ^[16] The pro-Bose thinkers believe that his authoritarian control of the Azad Hind was based on political pragmatism and a post-colonial recovery doctrine rather than any anti-democratic belief. This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore . However, during the war (and possibly as early as the 1930s) Bose seems to have decided that no democratic system could be adequate to overcome India's poverty and social inequalities, and he wrote that an authoritarian state, similar to that of Soviet Russia (which he had also seen and admired) would be needed for the process of national re-building. ^[17] Accordingly some suggest that Bose's alliance with the Axis during the war was based on more than just pragmatism, and that Bose may have been a Fascist, though not a Nazi; alternatively, others consider he might have been using populist methods of mobilisation common to many post-colonial leaders. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German ^[18]

See also

Notes

Further reading

• Indian Pilgrim: an unfinished autobiography / Subhas Chandra Bose; edited by Sisir Kumar Bose and Sugata Bose, Oxford University Press, Calcutta, 1997
• The Indian Struggle, 1920-1942 / Subhas Chandra Bose; edited by Sisir Kumar Bose and Sugata Bose, Oxford University Press, Calcutta, 1997
• Brothers Against the Raj—A biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose / Leonard A. Gordon, Princeton University Press, 1990
• Lost hero: a biography of Subhas Bose / Mihir Bose, Quartet Books, London; 1982
• Jungle alliance, Japan and the Indian National Army / Joyce C. Mihir Bose (born 12 January 1947) is a British Indian sportswriter and journalist who is currently the BBC's head sports editor Lebra, Singapore, Donald Moore for Asia Pacific Press,1971
• The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945, Peter W. Fay, University of Michigan Press, 1993, ISBN 0-472-08342-2 / ISBN 81-7167-356-2
• Democracy Indian style: Subhas Chandra Bose and the creation of India's political culture / Anton Pelinka; translated by Renée Schell, New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers (Rutgers University Press), 2003
• Subhas Chandra Bose: a biography / Marshall J. Peter Ward Fay (born 1924 died 18 January 2004) was a noted historian and authority on India and China. Getz, Jefferson, N. C.  : McFarland & Co. , USA, 2002
• The Springing Tiger: Subhash Chandra Bose / Hugh Toye : Cassell, London, 1959
• Netaji and India's freedom: proceedings of the International Netaji Seminar, 1973 / edited by Sisir K. Bose. International Netaji Seminar (1973: Calcutta, India), Netaji Research Bureau, Calcutta, India, 1973
• Correspondence and Selected Documents, 1930-1942 / Subhas Chandra Bose; edited by Ravindra Kumar, Inter-India, New Delhi, 1992.
• Letters to Emilie Schenkl, 1934-1942 / Subhash Chandra Bose; edited by Sisir Kumar Bose and Sugata Bose, Permanent Black : New Delhi, 2004
• Japanese-trained armies in Southeast Asia: independence and volunteer forces in World War II / Joyce C. Lebra, New York : Columbia University Press, 1977
• Burma: The Forgotten War / Jon Latimer, London: John Murray, 2004
• Mahanayak: Vishwas Patil

External links

Mahanayak is a Marathi historical novel on the life of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Banglapedia, or the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, is the first Bangladeshi encyclopedia Sify Technologies Limited (formerly Sify Limited and Satyam Infoway Limited ( is an, established in 1998, based in Chennai, India.

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