This is a Chinese name; the family name is 蘇 (Su). Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Chinese family name is one of the hundreds or thousands of Family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic

Su Shi
Statue of Su Dongpo near the West Lake in Hangzhou
Born	1037
Died	1101
Occupation	Poet, Essayist, Painter, Artist, Calligrapher, Statesman
Influences Li Bai, Du Fu

Su Shi (simplified Chinese: 苏轼; traditional Chinese: 蘇軾; pinyin: Sū Shì, 1037–1101) was a writer, poet, artist, calligrapher, pharmacologist, and statesman of the Song Dynasty, and one of the major poets of the Song era. ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" This article is an abbreviated list of Essayists - individuals notable for writing essays on various topics Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating The art of Calligraphy is widely practiced and revered in the East Asian Civilizations that use or used Chinese characters. A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in Du Fu ( 712–770 was a prominent Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Chronological list Antiquity and Qin Dynasty Gan De (fl 4th century BC Gongsun Long (ca ≈ Poets who wrote or write much of their poetry in the Chinese language. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating The art of Calligraphy is widely practiced and revered in the East Asian Civilizations that use or used Chinese characters. Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms His courtesy name was Zizhan (子瞻) and his pseudonym was Dongpo Jushi (東坡居士 “Resident of Dongpo”), and he is often referred to as Su Dongpo (蘇東坡). A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name ( zì) is a given name to be used later in life Besides his renowned poetry, his other existent writings are of great value in the understanding of 11th century Chinese travel literature as well as details of the 11th century Chinese iron industry. Travel literature is Travel writing considered to have value as Literature. The history of ferrous metallurgy began far back in Prehistory, most likely with the use of Iron from Meteorites The Smelting of iron in

Life

Su Shi was born in Meishan, near Mount Emei in what is now Sichuan province. Meishan Sichuan ( formerly known as Meizhou (眉州 or Qingzhou (青州 is a Prefecture-level city with more than 100000 inhabitants in Sichuan Omei Shan redirects here For the bird see Grey-faced Liocichla Mount Emei ( literally towering Eyebrow Mountain) is a Mountain in ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu. His brother Su Zhe (蘇轍) and his father Su Xun (蘇洵) were both famous literati. Su's early education was conducted under a Taoist priest at a local village school. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Later in his childhood, he studied under his mother, herself a highly educated woman. Su married at age 17. In 1057, when Su was 19, he and his brother passed the (highest-level) civil service examinations to attain the degree of jinshi, a prerequisite for high government office. The Imperial examinations ( in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted to enter the state's Bureaucracy. The Imperial examinations ( in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted to enter the state's Bureaucracy. ^[1] His accomplishments at such a young age attracted the attention of Ouyang Xiu, who became Su's patron thereafter. Early life He was born in Mingyang, Sichuan where his father was a judge though his family comes from present day Jishui (then known as Luling Ouyang had already been known as an admirer of Su Xun, sanctioning his literary style at court and stating that no other pleased him more. ^[2] When the 1057 jinshi examinations were given, Ouyang Xiu required—without prior notice—that candidates were to write in the ancient prose style when answering questions on the Confucian classics. Chinese classic texts or Chinese canonical texts ( refer to the pre- Qin Chinese texts especially the Confucian Four Books and Five Classics ^[2] The Su brothers gained high honors for what was deemed impeccable answers and achieved celebrity status. ^[2]

Beginning in 1060 and throughout the following twenty years, Su held a variety of government positions throughout China; most notably in Hangzhou, where he was responsible for constructing a pedestrian causeway across the West Lake that still bears his name: sudi (蘇堤). China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, He had served as a magistrate in Mizhou, which is located in modern day Zhucheng County of Shandong province. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. Later, when he was governor of Xuzhou, he once wrote a memorial to the throne in 1078 complaining about the troubling economic conditions and potential for armed rebellion in Liguo Industrial Prefecture, where a large part of the Chinese iron industry was located. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Xuzhou administers eleven county-level divisions, including five districts, two county-level A petition is a request to change some thing most commonly made to a government official or public entity The Song Dynasty (960&ndash1279 of China was a period of Chinese history marked by commercial expansion economic prosperity and revolutionary new economic concepts The history of ferrous metallurgy began far back in Prehistory, most likely with the use of Iron from Meteorites The Smelting of iron in ^[3][4]

A contemporary Song Dynasty portrait painting of Su Shi

Su Shi was often at odds with a political faction headed by Wang Anshi. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms See Portrait for more about the general topic of portraits Portrait painting is a genre in Painting, where the intent is to The Song Dynasty ( Chinese: 宋朝; Pinyin: Sòng cháo 960 - 1279) of China was a ruling Dynasty that controlled China proper Background Under the Song Dynasty the unprecedented development of large estates whose owners managed to evade paying their share of Taxes resulted in an increasingly Su Shi once wrote a poem criticizing Wang Anshi's reforms, especially the government monopoly imposed on the salt industry. In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants ^[5] The dominance of the reformist faction at court allowed the New Policy Group greater ability to have Su Shi exiled for political crimes. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return The claim was that Su was criticizing the emperor, when in fact Su Shi's poetry was aimed at criticizing Wang's reforms. It should be said that Wang Anshi played no part in this actions against Su, for he had retired from public life in 1076 and established a cordial relationship with Su Shi. ^[5] Su Shi's first remote trip of exile (1080–1086) was to Huangzhou, Hubei. This post carried a nominal title, but no stipend, leaving Su in poverty. During this period, he began Buddhist meditation. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices With help from a friend, Su built a small residence on a parcel of land in 1081. While banished to Hubei province, he grew fond of the area he lived in, and many of his considered best poems were written in this period. ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. ^[1] In 1086, Su and all other banished statesmen were recalled to the capital due to the ascension of a new government. ^[6] However, Su was banished a second time (1094–1100) to Huizhou (now in Guangdong province) and Hainan island. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Huizhou administers 5 county-level divisions, including 2 districts and 3 counties. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Hainan ( POJ: Hai-lam Pinyin:, Jyutping: hoi2 naam4 literal meaning "South of the Sea" is the smallest province of the People's ^[1] In 1098 the Dongpo Academy in Hainan was built on the site of his residence that was established while in exile. The Dongpo Academy or Dongpo Academy of Classical Learning (东坡书院 dōngpō shūyuàn was an academy located in Hainan, China. In Huangzhou, Su Shi lived at a farm called Dongpo ('Eastern Slope'), from which he took his literary pseudonym.

Although political bickering and opposition usually split ministers of court into rivaling groups, there were moments of non-partisanship and cooperation from both sides. For example, although the prominent scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) was one of Wang Anshi's most trusted associates and political allies, Shen nonetheless befriended Su Shi and even collaborated with him in compiling the pharmaceutical treatise of the Liang Fang (良方; Good medicinal formulas). Shen Kuo or Shen Kua ( (1031&ndash1095 style name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengqi Weng, was a Polymathic Chinese ^{[7][8][9][10]} It should be noted, however, that Su Shi was aware that it was Shen Kuo who, as regional inspector of Zhejiang, presented Su Shi's poetry to the court sometime between 1073 to 1075 with concern that it expressed abusive and hateful sentiments against the Song court. ^[11] It was these poetry pieces that Li Ding and Shu Dan later utilized in order to instigate a law case against Su Shi, although until that point Su Shi did not think much of Shen Kuo's actions in bringing the poetry to light. ^[11]

Su Shi had several children, the eldest being Su Mai (苏迈), who would also become a government official by 1084. ^[12] After Su Shi's wife had died, he wrote this poem in her memory, entitled Jiang zhenzi (江城子):

A depiction of Su Shi from 1743

	Ten years living and dead have drawn apart I do nothing to remember But I can not forget Your lonely grave a thousand miles away . . . Nowhere can I talk of my sorrow -- Even if we met, how would you know me My face full of dust My hair like snow? In the dark of night, a dream: suddenly, I am home You by the window Doing your hair I look at you and can not speak Your face is streaked by endless tears Year after year must they break my heart These moonlit nights? That low pine grave?
Su Shi[13][14]

After a long period of political exile, Su received a pardon in 1100 and was posted to Chengdu. However, he died in Changzhou, Jiangsu province after his period of exile and while he was en route to his new assignment in the year 1101. Changzhou ( formerly known as Chang-chou Changchow is a Prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country ^[1] Su Shi was 64 years old. ^[6] After his death he gained even greater popularity, as people sought to collect his calligraphy, paintings depicting him, stone inscriptions marking his visit to numerous places, and built shrines in his honor. ^[1] He was also depicted in artwork made posthumously, such as in Li Song's (1190-1225) painting of Su traveling in a boat, known as Su Dongpo at Red Cliff, after Su Song's poem written about a 3rd century Chinese battle. The Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi, ( was a decisive battle at the End of Han Dynasty, immediately prior to the period of the Three ^[1]

Work

Poetry

Calligraphy by Su Shi: detail of 寒食帖

Around 2,700 of Su Song's poems have survived, along with 800 written letters. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 ^[1] Su Dongpo excelled in the shi, ci and fu forms of poetry, as well as prose, calligraphy and painting. Shi ( is the Chinese word for " Poetry " or "poem" Ci ( interchangeable with 辭 is a kind of lyric Chinese poetry. For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Some of his notable poems include the First and Second Chibifu (赤壁賦 The Red Cliffs, written during his first exile), Nian Nu Jiao: Chibi Huai Gu (念奴嬌. 赤壁懷古 Remembering Chibi, to the tune of Nian Nu Jiao) and Shui diao ge tou (水調歌頭 Remembering Su Che on the Mid-Autumn Festival, 中秋節). Shui diao ge tou ( is the name of a tune which is used to rhyme this famous poem 水調歌頭·丙辰中秋 by the Song dynasty poet Su Shi, commonly known The Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as the Moon Festival, or in Chinese Zhongqiu Jie ( is a popular harvest festival celebrated by Chinese The two former poems were inspired by the 3rd century naval battle of the Three Kingdoms era, the Battle of Chibi in the year 208. The naval history of China dates back thousands of years with archives existing since the late Spring and Autumn Period ( 722 BC - 481 BC) about the The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of The Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi, ( was a decisive battle at the End of Han Dynasty, immediately prior to the period of the Three The bulk of his poems are in the shi style, but his poetic fame rests largely on his 350 ci style poems. Su Shi also founded the haofang school, which cultivated an attitude of heroic abandon. In both his written works and his visual art, he combined spontaneity, objectivity and vivid descriptions of natural phenomena. Su Shi wrote essays as well, many of which are on politics and governance, including his Liuhoulun (留侯論). His popular politically charged poetry was often the reason of Wang Anshi's supporter's wrath towards him, including this poem criticizing Wang Anshi's stiff reforms of the salt monopoly that made salt increasingly hard to find:

	An old man of seventy, sickle at his waist, Feels guilty the spring mountain bamboo and bracken are sweet. It's not that the music of Shao has made him lose his sense of taste. It's just that he's eaten his food for three months without salt.
Su Shi[5]

Travel record literature

The Su Dongpo Memorial of Huizhou. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Huizhou administers 5 county-level divisions, including 2 districts and 3 counties.

Su Shi also wrote of his travel experiences in 'daytrip essays',^[15] which belonged in part to the popular Song era literary category of 'travel record literature' (youji wenxue) that employed the use of narrative, diary, and prose styles of writing. An essay is usually a short piece of writing It is often written from an author's personal point of view. A narrative or story is a construct created in a suitable format (written spoken poetry prose images song Theater, or Dance) that describes a sequence of For other uses of the term 'diary' see Diary (disambiguation. For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style. ^[16] Although other works in Chinese travel literature contained a wealth of cultural, geographical, topographical, and technical information, the central purpose of the daytrip essay was to use a setting and event in order to convey a philosophical or moral argument, which often employed persuasive writing. Travel literature is Travel writing considered to have value as Literature. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets Chinese philosophy is Philosophy written in the Chinese tradition of thought A moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event Persuasive writing is used to convince the reader of the writer’s argument ^[15] For example, Su Shi's daytrip essay known as Record of Stone Bell Mountain, where he judges and then personally discovers whether or not ancient texts on 'stone bells' were factually accurate:

The Waterway Classic says: "At the mouth of a Pengli [Lake] there is a Stone Bell Mountain. Shui Jing Zhu ( literally "Commentary on the Waterways Classic" is a work on the ancient Geography of China it is the annotated text of an older text Lake Poyang ( located in Jiangxi Province is the largest Freshwater Lake in China. " Li Daoyuan (d. Shui Jing Zhu ( literally "Commentary on the Waterways Classic" is a work on the ancient Geography of China it is the annotated text of an older text 527) held that "below it, near a deep pool, faint breezes drum up waves, and water and rocks striking one another toll like huge bells. " Others have often doubted this claim. Today, if one takes a bell or a lithophone and places it into the water, even if there is great wind and waves, you cannot make it ring. A bell is a simple Sound -making device The bell is a Percussion instrument and an Idiophone. A lithophone is a Musical instrument consisting of a plurality of rocks or pieces of rock in which musical notes are sounded by striking one or more of the rocks in combination How much the less, then, for [common] rocks? It was not until the time of Li Bo [9th century, not the famous Li Bo, or Li Bai] of the Tang that someone searched for a surviving trace of this phenomenon. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Upon finding a pair of rocks on the bank of a pool, he knocked them together and listened. Their southern tone was mellow and muted; their northern timber was clear and shrill. Chinese musicology is the academic study of traditional Chinese music. Chinese musicology is the academic study of traditional Chinese music. When the clang ceased, its resonance mounted; the remnant notes then gradually came to rest. Li Bo then held that he had found the 'stone bells'. However, I am especially doubtful of this statement. The clanking sound made by rocks is the same everywhere. And yet, this place alone is named after a bell. Why, indeed, is that?^[17]

On Dingchou day of the sixth lunar month in the seventh year of the Prime Abundance period (July 14, 1084), I was traveling by boat from Qi'an (Huanggang, Hubei) to Linru (Linru, Henan). Huanggang City ( Chinese: 黃冈 Pinyin: Huánggāng is a major municipality (also known as a Prefecture in eastern Hubei Province China. ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country My oldest son [Su] Mai was just about to leave for Dexing in Rao to take up the post of Pacificator. Lake Poyang ( located in Jiangxi Province is the largest Freshwater Lake in China. Since I accompanied him as far as Hukou (modern Hukou, Jiangxi), I was able to observe the so-called stone bells. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsi is a southern province of the People's Republic of China, spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River A monk from a [nearby] monastery dispatched an apprentice carrying an axe to select one or two among the scattered rocks and knock them [with an axe], upon which they made a 'gong-gong'-like sound. Chinese Buddhism ( Pinyin fójiào refers collectively to the various schools of Buddhism that have flourished in China proper since ancient times This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. The axe, or ax, is an implement that has been used for millennia to shape split and cut Wood, Harvest timber, as a Weapon I laughed just as I had done before and still did not believe the legend. ^[12]}} {{cquote|That evening, the moon was bright. Alone with Mai I rode a little boat to the base of a steep precipice. In Geography and Geology, a cliff is a significant vertical or near vertical rock exposure The huge rocks on our flank stood 1000 feet high (304 m). They looked like fierce beasts and weird goblins, lurking in a ghastly manner and getting ready to attack us. A goblin is an evil crabby or Mischievous Creature of Folklore, often described as a grotesquely disfigured or Gnome -like phantom When the roosting falcons on the mountain heard our voices they too flew off in fright, cawing and crying in the cloudy empyrean. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. A falcon (fɔlkən or fælkən is any Species of raptor in the Genus Falco. Empyrean, from the Medieval Latin empyreus, an adaptation of the Ancient Greek, "in or on the Fire ( pyr)" properly Further, there was something [that sounded] like an old man coughing and laughing in a mountain ravine. Someone said: "That is a white stork. Storks are large long-legged long-necked wading Birds with long stout bills, belonging to the family Ciconiidae. " I was shaking with fear and about to turn back, when a loud noise rang out from the surface of the water that gonged and bonged like bells and drums unceasing in their clamor. The boatmen became greatly alarmed. I carefully investigated it, only to discover that everywhere below the mountain there are rocky caves and fissures, who knows how deep. A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter In Anatomy, fissure ( Latin fissura, Plural fissurae) is a groove natural division deep furrow cleft or tear in various parts of Gentle waves were pouring into them, and their shaking and seething, and chopping and knocking were making this gonging and bonging. When our boat on its return reached a point between the two mountains and we were about to enter the mouth of the inlet, [I saw that] there was a huge rock in the middle of the channel which could seat a hundred people. It was hollow in the center with numerous apertures, which, as they swallowed and spat with the wind and water, made a bumping and thumping and clashing and bashing that echoed with the earlier gonging and bonging. In Audio signal processing and Acoustics, an echo (plural echoes) is a reflection of sound arriving at the listener some time after the direct It seemed as if music was being played here. Thereupon, I laughed and said to Mai: "Do you recognize it? The gonging and bonging is the Wuyi bell of King Jing of Zhou; the bumping and thumping and clashing and bashing are the song-bells of Wei Zhuangzi [a. A bell is a simple Sound -making device The bell is a Percussion instrument and an Idiophone. King Jing of Zhou, ch: 周景王 Pinyin: zhōu jĭng wáng Wg: King Ching of Chou was the twenty-fourth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty k. a. Wei Jiang; 6th century BC military advisor]. The ancients [i. e. Li Daoyuan and Li Bo] have not cheated us!^[18]

Is it acceptable for someone who has not personally seen or heard something to have decided views on whether it exists or not? Li Daoyuan probably saw and heard the same things as I did, yet he decided not to describe them in detail. Gentlemen-officials have always been unwilling to take a small boat and moor it beneath the steep precipice at night. Thus, none were able to find out [about the bells]. And, although the fishermen and boatmen knew about them, they were unable to describe them [in writing]. This is why it has not been transmitted through the generations. As it turns out, imbeciles sought the answer by taking axes and beating and striking rocks. Then they held that they had found out the truth of the matter. Because of this I have made a record of these events, for the most part to sigh over Li Daoyuan's superficiality, and to laugh at Li Bo's stupidity!^[19]

A memorial concerning the iron industry

Main article: Economy of the Song Dynasty

An illustration of a blast furnace smelting cast iron, with bellows operated by a waterwheel and mechanical device, from the Nong Shu, by Wang Zhen, 1313 AD

While acting as Governor of Xuzhou, Su Shi once wrote a memorial to the imperial court in 1078 AD about problems faced in the Liguo Industrial Prefecture, which was under his watch and administration. The Song Dynasty (960&ndash1279 of China was a period of Chinese history marked by commercial expansion economic prosperity and revolutionary new economic concepts A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical Furnace used for Smelting to produce metals generally Iron. Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. A bellows is a device for delivering pressurized Air in a controlled quantity to a controlled location A water wheel is a means of extracting power from the flow (or fall of water otherwise known as Hydropower. This article is about Wang Zhen agronomist and inventor For other historical figures with this name see Wang Zhen (disambiguation. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Xuzhou administers eleven county-level divisions, including five districts, two county-level A petition is a request to change some thing most commonly made to a government official or public entity In an interesting and revealing passage about the Chinese iron industry during the latter half of the 11th century, Su Shi wrote about the enormous size of the workforce employed in the iron industry, competing provinces that had rival iron manufacturers seeking favor from the central government, as well as the danger or rising local strongmen who had the capability of raiding the industry and threatening the government with effectively armed rebellion. The history of ferrous metallurgy began far back in Prehistory, most likely with the use of Iron from Meteorites The Smelting of iron in It also becomes clear in reading the text that prefectural government officials in Su's time often had to negotiate with the central government in order to meet the demands of local conditions:

After being transferred to the governorship of Xuzhou I have inspected the topography of [the region's] mountains and rivers, investigated what is esteemed by its customs, and studied it in written records. Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets After all this I have realized that Xuzhou is a strategic point between North and South, on which the security of the circuits East of the capital depends. . . [The region is protected on three sides by rugged mountains. Four historical examples show the strategic importance of the prefecture, especially its administrative seat, the walled city of Pengcheng. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Xuzhou administers eleven county-level divisions, including five districts, two county-level ] About 70 li northeast of the prefecture city is Liguo Industrial Prefecture. This article is about two traditional Chinese units of length From ancient times it has been the gathering place of Iron Offices [tieguan] and merchants, and its people are prosperous. There are 36 smelters, each run by a wealthy and influential family with great myriads of cash in its coffers. A coffer (or coffering) in Architecture, is a sunken panel in the shape of a square rectangle or Octagon in a Ceiling, Soffit or They are a constant target for bandits, but the military guard is weak, and it is child's play [to rob them]. This is about the television program Bandit as a general term refers to Outlaw. ^[3]

I have pondered this far into the night, filled with anxiety. I have had more than ten of the most powerful bandits put to death, [but still] when they enter the market in broad daylight the guards abandon their posts and flee. This region produces fine iron, and the people are all excellent smiths. If some of the smelting households' money is distributed to call up [the local] hoodlums, then a mob could quickly be gathered, and weapons for several thousand men could be supplied in no time. If such a mob were to follow the river and come south, it would arrive [in Pengcheng] in a matter of hours, and Xuzhou would be defenseless. Should the misfortune arise that the bandits had exceptional ability, . . . and they fulfilled their ambition by taking Xuzhou, then the fate of the region East of the Capital would be in doubt. ^[3]

Recently the Fiscal Commission of Hebei proposed that iron from Liguo Industrial Prefecture should not be permitted to enter Hebei, and the Court approved. ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. . . The Empire is one family, and the two smelting [regions] of the northeast both benefit the State; is it not narrow to take from the one to give to the other? Since the time that iron stopped going north the smelting households have been in danger of bankruptcy, and many have come to me to complain. Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against I propose therefore to call on the smelting households to be the defense of Liguo Industrial Prefecture. There are 36 smelters, and each has several hundred persons who gather ore and chop [wood for] charcoal. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation They are for the most part poverty-stricken runaways, strong and fierce. I propose to require the smelting households to select and appoint ten men of ability and discipline from each smelter and register their names with the officials. These will be trained in the use of knives and spears. Each month the two offices will assemble them at the administrative headquarters of Liguo Industrial Prefecture for inspection and drill. A military parade is a formation of soldiers whose movement is restricted They will be excused from corvée duty, but any offenses will be treated under the law pertaining to 'malfeasance in official service'. Corvée is labour often but not always unpaid that persons in power have authority to compel their subjects to perform unless commuted in some way such as by a cash payment sometimes this was ^[20]

The smelting households have long been threatened by bandits. All the people know this, and they will be delighted to have each smelter send ten men for self-defense. If the officials also remove the recent prohibition, and again allow the iron to go north, then the smelting households will be satisfied and obedient. Treacherous elements will be terrified and will not dare to make plots. ^[21]

Technical issues of hydraulic engineering

Main article: Technology of the Song Dynasty

Painting of Su Shi. The Song Dynasty (宋朝 960–1279 CE provided some of the most significant technological advances in Chinese history, many of which came from talented statesmen

During the ancient Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD) of China, the sluice gate and canal lock of the flash lock had been known. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Events By place Carthage Accused of treason by the Carthaginians after being defeated by the Romans at the Battle of the Events By Place Roman Empire The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkans. A sluice is a water channel that is controlled at its head by a gate A lock is a device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal Waterways. Early locks were designed with a single gate known as a flash lock. ^[22] By the 10th century the latter design was improved upon in China with the invention of the canal pound lock, allowing different adjusted levels of water along separated and gated segments of a canal. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A pound lock is type of lock that is used almost exclusively nowadays on Canals and Rivers A pound lock has a chamber (the pound) with ^[23] This innovation allowed for larger transport barges to pass safely without danger of wrecking upon the embankments, and was an innovation praised by those such as Shen Kuo (1031-1095). BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August Shen Kuo or Shen Kua ( (1031&ndash1095 style name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengqi Weng, was a Polymathic Chinese ^[24] Shen also wrote in his Dream Pool Essays of the year 1088 that if properly used, sluice gates positioned along irrigation canals were most effective in depositing silt for fertilization. The Dream Pool Essays ( Pinyin: Meng Xi Bi Tan; Wade-Giles: Meng Ch'i Pi T'an Chinese: 夢溪筆談／梦溪笔谈 Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil. ^[25] Writing earlier in his Dongpo Zhilin of 1060, Su Shi came to a different conclusion, writing that the Chinese of a few centuries past had perfected this method and noted that it was ineffective in use by his own time. He wrote:

Several years ago the government built sluice gates for the silt fertilization method, though many people disagreed with the plan. In spite of all opposition it was carried through, yet it had little success. When the torrents on Fan Shan were abundant, the gates were kept closed, and this caused damage (by flooding) of fields, tombs, and houses. When the torrents subsided in the late autumn the sluices were opened, and thus the fields were irrigated with silt-bearing water, but the deposit was not as thick as what the peasants call 'steamed cake silt' (so they were not satisfied). Finally the government got tired of it and stopped. In this connection I remember reading the Jiayipan of Bai Juyi (the poet) in which he says that he once had a position as Traffic Commissioner. Life Bai Juyi was born in Xinzheng to a poor but scholarly family As the Bian River was getting so shallow that it hindered the passage of boats he suggested that the sluice gates along the river and canal should be closed, but the Military Governor pointed out that the river was bordered on both sides by fields which supplied army grain, and if these were denied irrigation (water and silt) because of the closing of the sluice gates, it would lead to shortages in army grain supplies. From this I learnt that in the Tang period there were government fields and sluice gates on both sides of the river, and that irrigation was carried on (continuously) even when the water was high. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by If this could be done (successfully) in old times, why can it not be done now? I should like to enquire further about the matter from experts. ^[26]

Although Su Shi made no note of it in his writing, the root of this problem was merely the needs of agriculture and transportation conflicting with one another. ^[26]

Dongpo's Pork

Dongpo Pork.

It is said that once during his free time, Su Dongpo decided to make stewed pork out of boredom. A stew is a combination of Solid Food Ingredients that have been Cooked in Water or other water-based liquid typically by Simmering Pork' is the Culinary name for Meat from the domestic Pig ( Sus scrofa) often specifically the fresh meat but can be used as an all-inclusive Then an old friend visited him in the middle of the cooking and challenged him to a game of Chinese chess. Su had totally forgotten of the stew during the game until a very fragrant smell came out from his kitchen and he was reminded of it. Thus Dongpo's Pork (東坡肉), a famous dish in Chinese cuisine, was created by accident. Dongpo's pork is a famous Hangzhou dish which is made by pan-frying and then Red cooking Pork belly.

See also

• Su Shi's destiny quote
• Chinese literature
• Chinese poetry
• Culture of the Song Dynasty
• History of the Song Dynasty
• Technology of the Song Dynasty
• Shen Kuo

Notes

References

External links

• Poems by Su Shi

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese (