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Styracosaurus
Fossil range: Late Cretaceous
Artist's impression of Styracosaurus
Artist's impression of Styracosaurus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Superorder: Dinosauria
Order: Ornithischia
Suborder: Cerapoda
Infraorder: Ceratopsia
Family: Ceratopsidae
Subfamily: Centrosaurinae
Genus: Styracosaurus
Lambe, 1913
Species
  • S. Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white Chalk cliffs of southern England Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Ornithischia (ɔrnɪˈθɪskiə) or Predentata is an extinct order of beaked herbivorous Dinosaurs The name ornithischia Cerapoda (siːˈrɒpədə is a Clade or suborder of the order Ornithischia. Ceratopsia or Ceratopia (ˌsɛrəˈtɒpsiə/ /ˌsɛrəˈtoʊpiə Greek: "horned faces" is a group of herbivorous, beaked Dinosaurs Ceratopsidae (sometimes spelled Ceratopidae) is a speciose group of Marginocephalian Dinosaurs including Triceratops and Styracosaurus The Centrosaurinae is a subfamily of Ceratopsid Dinosaurs named by paleontologist Lawrence Lambe, in 1915 with Centrosaurus as Lawrence Morris Lambe (1849&ndash1934 was a geologist and palaeontologist from the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. albertensis Lambe, 1913 (type)
  • S. In biology a type is that which fixes a name to a Taxon. Depending on the nomenclature code which is applied to the organism in question a type may be a specimen ovatus Gilmore, 1930

Styracosaurus (pronounced /stɪˌrækəˈsɔrəs/, meaning "spiked lizard" from Greek styrax/στυραξ 'spike at the butt-end of a spear-shaft' and saurus/σαυρος 'lizard')[1] was a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Cretaceous Period (Campanian stage), about 76. Charles Whitney Gilmore (1874-1945 was an American paleontologist, who named Dinosaurs in North America and Mongolia, including the The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Ceratopsia or Ceratopia (ˌsɛrəˈtɒpsiə/ /ˌsɛrəˈtoʊpiə Greek: "horned faces" is a group of herbivorous, beaked Dinosaurs The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of The Campanian is a stage on the Geologic time scale occurring from 83 5 to 75. 0 million years ago. Annum is one form of the Latin noun meaning Year, not a form normally used for derivatives in modern languages the accusative singular It had four to six long horns extending from its neck frill, a smaller horn on each of its cheeks, and a single horn protruding from its nose, which may have reached dimensions of around 60 centimeters (2 ft) long and 15 centimeters (6 in) wide. Neck frill is the popular term for the relatively extense margin seen on the back of the heads of Reptiles with either a bony support such as those present on A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. The function or functions of the horns and frills have been the subject of debate for many years.

Styracosaurus was a large dinosaur, reaching lengths of 5. 5 meters (18 ft) and weighing nearly 3 tons. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Units of mass There are three similar units of Mass called the ton: Long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United It stood about 1. 8 meters (6 ft) tall. Styracosaurus possessed four short legs and a bulky body. Its tail was rather short. It also had a beak and flat cheek teeth, indicating that its diet was herbivorous. Like other ceratopsians, this dinosaur may have been a herd animal, traveling in large groups, as suggested by bonebeds. A herd is a large group of animals The term is usually applied to mammals particularly Ungulates.

Named by Lawrence Lambe in 1913, Styracosaurus is a member of the Centrosaurinae. Lawrence Morris Lambe (1849&ndash1934 was a geologist and palaeontologist from the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC The Centrosaurinae is a subfamily of Ceratopsid Dinosaurs named by paleontologist Lawrence Lambe, in 1915 with Centrosaurus as Two species, S. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. albertensis and S. ovatus are currently assigned to Styracosaurus. Other species assigned to the genus have since been reassigned elsewhere.

Contents

Description

Styracosaurus compared in size with a human.
Styracosaurus compared in size with a human.

Individuals of the Styracosaurus genus were approximately 5. 5 m (18 ft) long as adults and weighed around 2. 7 tons. [2] The skull was massive, with a large nostril, a tall straight nose horn, and a parietosquasomal frill (a neck frill) crowned with at least four large spikes. Neck frill is the popular term for the relatively extense margin seen on the back of the heads of Reptiles with either a bony support such as those present on Each of the four longest frill spines was comparable in length to the nose horn, at 50 to 55 centimeters long (19. 7 to 21. 7 in). [3] The nasal horn is estimated at 57 centimeters long (19. 7 in) in the type specimen,[4] but the horn is only partially complete. A holotype is one of several possible Biological types A type is what fixes a name to a Taxon. Based on other nasal horn cores from Styracosaurus and Centrosaurus, this horn may have come to a rounded point at around half of that length. Centrosaurus (ˌsɛtroʊˈsɔrəs SEN-tro-SAW-rus, meaning "pointed lizard" (from Greek kentron/κεντρον = "point or [5]

Aside from the large nasal horn and four long frill spikes, the cranial ornamentation was variable. Some individuals had small hook-like projections and knobs at the posterior margin of the frill, similar to but smaller than those in Centrosaurus. In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species Others had less prominent tabs. Some, like the type individual, had a third pair of long frill spikes. Others had much smaller projections. Second species S. ovatus had only four large spikes, but the inner pair curved toward each other, the opposite of what is seen in the much better known S. albertensis. Other small points are found on the side margins of some but not all specimens. Modest pyramid-shaped brow horns were present in subadults, but were replaced by pits in adults. [5] Like most ceratopsids, Styracosaurus had large fenestrae (skull openings) in its frill. The front of the mouth had a toothless beak.

The bulky body of Styracosaurus resembled that of a rhinoceros. Rhinoceros (raɪˈnɒsərəs often colloquially abbreviated rhino, is a name used to group five extant species of Odd-toed ungulates in the family It had powerful shoulders which may have been useful in intraspecies combat. Styracosaurus had a relatively short tail. Each toe bore a hooflike ungual which was sheathed in horn. An ungual is a highly modified distal toe bone which ends in a Hoof, Claw, or nail [2]

Various limb positions have been proposed for Styracosaurus and ceratopsids in general, including forelegs which were held underneath the body, or, alternately, held in a sprawling position. The most recent work has put forward an intermediate crouched position as most likely. [6] Paleontologists Gregory Paul and Per Christiansen of the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark proposed that large ceratopsians such as Styracosaurus were able to run at speeds exceeding that of an elephant, based on possible ceratopsian trackways which did not exhibit signs of sprawling forelimbs. Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Gregory S Paul (born 1954) is a Freelance Paleontologist, Author and Illustrator. The University of Copenhagen (Københavns Universitet is the oldest and largest University and research institution in Denmark. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea. A fossil trackway is a type of Fossil impression a Trackway made by a once living organism usually by its feet [7]

Classification

Restoration of Styracosaurus albertensis.
Restoration of Styracosaurus albertensis.

Styracosaurus is a member of the Centrosaurinae, a subfamily of large North American horned dinosaurs characterized by their "prominent nasal horns, subordinate brow horns, short squamosals in a short frill, a tall, deep face relative to the ceratopines, and a projection into the rear of the nasal fenestra. The Centrosaurinae is a subfamily of Ceratopsid Dinosaurs named by paleontologist Lawrence Lambe, in 1915 with Centrosaurus as Ceratopsia or Ceratopia (ˌsɛrəˈtɒpsiə/ /ˌsɛrəˈtoʊpiə Greek: "horned faces" is a group of herbivorous, beaked Dinosaurs The squamosal is a bone of the head of higher Vertebrates It is the principal component of the cheek region in the skull lying below the temporal series and "[8] Other members of the clade include Centrosaurus (from which the group takes its name),[9][10] Pachyrhinosaurus,[9][11] Avaceratops,[9] Einiosaurus,[11][12] Albertaceratops,[12] Achelousaurus,[11] Brachyceratops,[13] and Monoclonius,[9] although these last two are dubious. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Centrosaurus (ˌsɛtroʊˈsɔrəs SEN-tro-SAW-rus, meaning "pointed lizard" (from Greek kentron/κεντρον = "point or Pachyrhinosaurus (meaning "thick-nosed reptile" is a Genus of Ceratopsid Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period Avaceratops is a Genus of small Ceratopsian Dinosaur which lived during the late Campanian during the Late Cretaceous Einiosaurus is a medium-sized centrosaurine (“short-frilled” Ceratopsian from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian Two Medicine Formation Albertaceratops (meaning " Alberta horned face" was a Genus of centrosaurine horned Dinosaur from the middle Achelousaurus (typically əˌkiːloʊˈsɔrəs though /ˌækɨˌloʊəˈsɔrəs/ might be a better reflection of the butchered etymology " Achelous 's lizard" Brachyceratops (the name meaning 'short horn-face' is derived from Greek brachy-/βραχυ- meaning 'short' cerat-/κερατ- Monoclonius (meaning "single stem" referring to the teeth which have a single root Cope 1876 was a Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the In zoological nomenclature, a nomen dubium ( Latin for "doubtful name" plural nomina dubia) is a scientific name that is Because of the variation between species and even individual specimens of centrosaurines, there has been much debate over which genera and species are valid, particularly whether Centrosaurus and/or Monoclonius are valid genera, undiagnosable, or possibly members of the opposite sex. In 1996, Peter Dodson found enough variation between Centrosaurus, Styracosaurus, and Monoclonius to warrant separate genera, and that Styracosaurus resembled Centrosaurus more closely than either resembled Monoclonius. Peter Dodson is an American paleontologist who has published many papers and written and collaborated on books about Dinosaurs Dodson described Avaceratops Dodson also believed one species of Monoclonius, M. nasicornis, may actually have been a female Styracosaurus. [14] His assessments have been partially followed, with other researchers not accepting Monoclonius nasicornis as a female Styracosaurus, or Monoclonius as a valid genus. [15][5] While sexual dimorphism has been proposed for an earlier ceratopsian Protoceratops,[16] there is no firm evidence for sexual dimorphism in any ceratopsids. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species. Protoceratops (meaning 'First Horned Face' derived from Greek proto-/πρωτο- 'first' cerat-/κερατ- 'horn' [17][18][19]

Origins

The evolutionary origins of Styracosaurus were not understood for many years because fossil evidence for early ceratopsians was sparse. The discovery of Protoceratops, in 1922, shed light on early ceratopsid relationships,[20] but several decades passed before additional finds filled in more of the blanks. Protoceratops (meaning 'First Horned Face' derived from Greek proto-/πρωτο- 'first' cerat-/κερατ- 'horn' Fresh discoveries in the late 1990s and 2000s, including Zuniceratops, the earliest known ceratopsian with brow horns, and Yinlong, the first known Jurassic ceratopsian, indicate what dinosaurs related to the ancestors of Styracosaurus may have looked like. Zuniceratops (' Zuni -horned face' was a Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the mid Turonian of the Late Cretaceous Period Yinlong (meaning "hidden dragon" is a Genus of basal Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Period The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to  Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning These new discoveries have been important in illustrating the origins of horned dinosaurs in general, and suggest that the group originated during the Jurassic in Asia, and the appearance of truly horned ceratopsians by the beginning of the late Cretaceous in North America. [13]

Discoveries and species

The first fossil remains of Styracosaurus were collected in Alberta, Canada by C.M. Sternberg (from an area now known as the Dinosaur Provincial Park, in a formation now called the Dinosaur Park Formation) and named by Lawrence Lambe in 1913. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Charles Mortram Sternberg ( 1885 &ndash 1981) was an American-Canadian Fossil collector and paleontologist, son of Charles Hazelius Sternberg Dinosaur Provincial Park is a World Heritage Site located about a two hours drive east of Calgary, Alberta, Canada or northeast of The Dinosaur Park Formation is the uppermost member of the Judith River Group, a major geologic unit in southern Alberta. Lawrence Morris Lambe (1849&ndash1934 was a geologist and palaeontologist from the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC This quarry was revisited in 1935 by a Royal Ontario Museum crew who found the missing lower jaws and most of the skeleton. The Royal Ontario Museum, commonly known as the ROM, is a major Museum for world culture and Natural history in the city of Toronto These fossils indicate that S. albertensis was around 5. 5 to 5. 8 meters in length and stood about 1. 65 meters high at the hips. [3] An unusual feature of this first skull is that the smallest frill spike on the left side is partially overlapped at its base by the next spike. It appears that the frill suffered a break at this point in life and was shortened by about 6 centimeters (2 in). The correct shape of this area is unknown because the corresponding area of the right side of the frill was not recovered. [5]

Barnum Brown and Erich Maren Schlaikjer, working for the American Museum of Natural History in New York, collected a nearly complete articulated skeleton with a partial skull in 1915. Barnum Brown ( February 12, 1873 - 1963) born February 12 1873 in Carbondale Kansas. Erich Maren Schlaikjer ( November 22, 1905 in Newtown Ohio – November 5, 1972) was an American Geologist and Dinosaur The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most These fossils were also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation, near Steveville, Alberta. Steveville is a Ghost town in southern Alberta, Canada. The town located near Brooks, had a General store in 1910 Brown and Schlaikjer compared the finds, and, though they allowed that both specimens were from the same general locality and geological formation, they considered the specimen sufficiently distinct from the holotype to warrant erecting a new species, and described the fossils as Styracosaurus parksi, named in honor of William Parks. A holotype is one of several possible Biological types A type is what fixes a name to a Taxon. William Arthur Parks ( 11 December 1868 &ndash 3 October 1936) was a Canadian geologist and paleontologist following in the tradition [21] Among the differences between the specimens cited by Brown and Schlaikjer were a cheekbone quite different from that of S. The jugal is a Skull bone found in most Reptiles Amphibians and Birds In Mammals the jugal is often called the malar or albertensis, and smaller tail vertebrae. The tail is the section at the rear end of an Animal 's Body; in general the term refers to a distinct flexible Appendage to the Torso. A vertebra (plural vertebrae) is an individual Irregular bone in the spinal or Vertebral column ( aka ischis a flexuous and flexible column S. parksi also had a more robust jaw, a shorter dentary, and the frill differed in shape from that of the type species. The mandible (from Latin mandibula, "jawbone" or inferior maxillary bone forms the lower Jaw and holds the lower teeth in place [21] However, much of the skull consisted of plaster reconstruction, and the original 1937 paper did not illustrate the actual skull bones. [3] It is now accepted as a specimen of S. albertensis. [13][5]

In the summer of 2006, Darren Tanke of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller, Alberta relocated the long lost S. The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology (commonly known as the Royal Tyrrell Museum) is a popular Canadian tourist attraction and a leading center of palaeontological Drumheller is a town (formerly a city on the Red Deer River in the Badlands of east-central Alberta, parksi site. [5] Pieces of the skull, evidently abandoned by the 1915 crew, were found in the quarry. These were collected and it is hoped more pieces will be found, perhaps enough to warrant a redescription of the skull and test whether S. albertensis and S. parksi are the same. The Tyrrell Museum has also collected several partial Styracosaurus skulls. [22] At least one confirmed bonebed (bonebed 42) in Dinosaur Provincial Park has also been explored (other proposed Styracosaurus bonebeds instead have fossils from a mix of animals, and nondiagnostic ceratopsian remains). Bonebed 42 is known to contain numerous pieces of skulls such as horncores, jaws and frill pieces. [5]

A third species, S. ovatus, from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana, was described by Gilmore in 1930. The Two Medicine Formation is a Geologic formation, or rock body that was deposited between 83 Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Charles Whitney Gilmore (1874-1945 was an American paleontologist, who named Dinosaurs in North America and Mongolia, including the The fossil material is limited, with the best being a portion of the parietal bone of the frill, but one unusual feature is that the pair of spikes closest to the midline converge towards the midline, rather than away from it as in S. albertensis. There also may only have been two sets of spikes on each side of the frill, instead of three. The spikes are much shorter than in S. albertensis, with the longest only 295 millimeters (11. 6 in) long. [23] Recent review of styracosaur skull remains by Ryan, Holmes, and Russell finds it to be a distinct species. [5]

Several other species which were assigned to Styracosaurus have since been assigned to other genera. S. sphenocerus, described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1890 as a species of Monoclonius and based on a nasal bone with a broken Styracosaurus-like straight nose horn, was attributed to Styracosaurus in 1915. Edward Drinker Cope (July 28 1840&ndashApril 12 1897 was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist Monoclonius (meaning "single stem" referring to the teeth which have a single root Cope 1876 was a Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the The nasal bones are two small oblong Bones varying in size and form in different individuals they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the Face [24] "S. makeli", mentioned informally by amateur paleontologists Stephen and Sylvia Czerkas in 1990 in a caption to an illustration, is an early name for Einiosaurus. Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Einiosaurus is a medium-sized centrosaurine (“short-frilled” Ceratopsian from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian Two Medicine Formation [25] "S. borealis" is an early informal name for S. parksi. [26]

Paleobiology

Styracosaurus and other horned dinosaurs are often depicted in popular culture as herding animals. A herd is a large group of animals The term is usually applied to mammals particularly Ungulates. A bonebed composed of Styracosaurus remains is known from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, about halfway up the formation. The Dinosaur Park Formation is the uppermost member of the Judith River Group, a major geologic unit in southern Alberta. This bonebed is associated with different types of river deposits. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there [22][27] The mass deaths may have been a result of otherwise non-herding animals congregating around a waterhole in a period of drought, with evidence suggesting the environment may have been seasonal and semiarid. [28]

Styracosaurus is known from higher in the formation than the closely-related Centrosaurus, suggesting that Styracosaurus displaced Centrosaurus as the environment changed over time. [15]

Dentition and diet

Styracosaurus were herbivorous dinosaurs; they probably fed mostly on low growth because of the head's position. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell They may, however, have been able to knock down taller plants with their horns, beak, and bulk. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Anatomy Stegosaurus --> Beaks can vary significantly in size and shape from species to species [29][13] The jaws were tipped with a deep, narrow beak, believed to have been better at grasping and plucking than biting. The jaw is either of the two opposable structures forming or near the entrance to the Mouth. [30]

Ceratopsid teeth, including those of Styracosaurus, were arranged in groups called batteries. Older teeth on top were continually replaced by the teeth underneath them; this occurred throughout the life of the animal. Unlike hadrosaurids, which also had dental batteries, ceratopsid teeth sliced but did not grind. Hadrosaurids or duck-billed Dinosaurs are members of the family Hadrosauridae, and include Ornithopods such as Edmontosaurus [13] Some scientists have suggested ceratopsids like Styracosaurus ate palms and cycads,[31] while others have suggested ferns. Arecaceae or Palmae (also known by the name Palmaceae, which is taxonomically invalid or commonly palm tree) the palm family is a family of Flowering Cycads are a group of Seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. A fern is any one of a group of about 20000 Species of Plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta [32] Dodson has proposed that Late Cretaceous ceratopsians may have knocked down angiosperm trees and then sheared off leaves and twigs. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group [33]

Horns and frill

Styracosaurus albertensis skull in profile, American Museum of Natural History.
Styracosaurus albertensis skull in profile, American Museum of Natural History. The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most
Front view.
Front view.

The large nasal horns and frills of Styracosaurus are among the most distinctive facial adornments of all dinosaurs. Their function has been the subject of debate ever since the first horned dinosaurs were discovered.

Early in the 20th century, paleontologist R. S. Lull put forth the hypothesis that the frills of ceratopsian dinosaurs acted as anchor points for their jaw muscles. Richard Swann Lull (November 6 1867 - 1957 was an American Paleontologist from the early 20th century active at Yale University, who is largely remembered A hypothesis (from Greek) consists either of a suggested explanation for a phenomenon (an event that is observable or of a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible [34] He later noted that for Styracosaurus, the spikes would have given it a formidable appearance. [35] In 1996, Dodson supported the idea of muscle attachments in part and created detailed diagrams of possible muscle attachments in the frills of Styracosaurus and Chasmosaurus, but did not subscribe to the idea that they completely filled in the fenestrae. [36] C. A. Forster, however, found no evidence of large muscle attachments on the frill bones. [17]

It was long believed ceratopsians like Styracosaurus used their frills and horns in defence against the large predatory dinosaurs of the time. Although pitting, holes, lesions, and other damage on ceratopsid skulls are often attributed to horn damage in combat, a 2006 study found no evidence for horn thrust injuries causing these forms of damage (for example, there is no evidence of infection or healing). Instead, non-pathological bone resorption, or unknown bone diseases, are suggested as causes. [37]

The large frill on Styracosaurus and related genera also may have helped to increase body area to regulate body temperature,[38] like the ears of the modern elephant. Thermoregulation is the ability of an Organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries even when temperature surrounding is very different Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea. A similar theory has been proposed regarding the plates of Stegosaurus,[39] although this use alone would not account for the bizarre and extravagant variation seen in different members of the Ceratopsidae. Stegosaurus (ˌstɛgəˈsɔrəs is a Genus of stegosaurid armoured Dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period ( Ceratopsidae (sometimes spelled Ceratopidae) is a speciose group of Marginocephalian Dinosaurs including Triceratops and Styracosaurus [13] This observation is highly suggestive of what is now believed to be the primary function, display.

The theory of frill use in sexual display was first proposed in 1961 by Davitashvili. This theory has gained increasing acceptance. [40][17] Evidence that visual display was important, either in courtship or in other social behavior, can be seen in the fact that horned dinosaurs differ markedly in their adornments, making each species highly distinctive. Also, modern living creatures with such displays of horns and adornments use them in similar behavior. [41]

In popular culture

Model Styracosaurus, Bałtów Jurassic Park, Poland.
Model Styracosaurus, Bałtów Jurassic Park, Poland.

Because of the distinctive frill and horns of Styracosaurus, depictions of these animals are easily recognizable. The spines, hooks, and horns attached to the head of this dinosaur sparked the imagination of filmmakers during the earliest days of motion pictures, and this has led to its appearance in films ever since. Notable among them are: The Son of Kong (1933), where a Styracosaurus battles the movie's heroes;[42] The Valley of Gwangi (1969), where Styracosaurus is pitted against a carnivorous dinosaur;[43] and Disney's CGI film Dinosaur (2000), where an anthropomorphic Styracosaurus named Eema has a pet Ankylosaurus. Son of Kong is a 1933 adventure movie and a Sequel to the successful film King Kong. The Valley of Gwangi is a 1969 Fantasy film directed by Jim O'Connolly and written by William Bast. Computer animation Computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of Computer graphics or more specifically 3D computer graphics Dinosaur is a Feature film produced by Walt Disney Pictures, and released to Movie theatres in 2000. Anthropomorphism is the attribution of uniquely Human characteristics to non-human creatures and beings natural and supernatural phenomena material states and objects Ankylosaurus (ˌæŋkɪloʊˈsɔrəs which means ' rigid lizard' is a Genus of Ankylosaurid Dinosaur, containing one Species [44] The genus also appeared in the novel of Jurassic Park, in the list of dinosaurs present in the park, but was not seen in the film adaptation. Jurassic Park is a Science fiction Novel that was written by Michael Crichton and published in 1990.

On the small screen, Styracosaurus has appeared in many cartoons and anime, including Power Rangers: Dino Thunder (Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger), Dinozaurs, Dino-Riders, Dinosaucers,[45] and Zoids. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Power Rangers Dino Thunder (often abbreviated as PRDT and often simply called Dino Thunder) is an American Children's television was Toei Company Limited's twenty-seventh production of the Super Sentai television series DinoZaurs The Series, also known as Prehistoric Warriors and in Japan, is the name of a show which is a combination of Japanese Dino-Riders is a cartoon television series that aired in the late 1980s primarily as a promotion to launch a new Tyco toy line Dinosaucers was an Animated television series created by DIC Entertainment in association with Ellipse Programmé that originally aired Zoids (ゾイド short for Zoic Androids is a franchise based around a series of plastic toy models designed and produced by Japanese [46] Styracosaurus has also been featured in various video games, including the popular Jurassic Park, Turok, and Zoo Tycoon game franchises. Soon after the announcement of the 1993 Jurassic Park Feature film, based on the critically acclaimed novel by Michael Crichton, developers Turok is a fictional American comic book character initially in comics from Western Publishing published through licensee Dell Comics. Zoo Tycoon 2 Extinct Animals is a Video game Expansion pack for Zoo Tycoon 2 released October 17 2007 It was also a huntable dinosaur in the dinosaur hunting game Primal Prey. Primal Prey is a First person shooter developed by Sunstorm Interactive for Windows.

Styracosaurus has appeared in some dinosaur scale model lines, such as the Carnegie Collection. A scale model is a representation or copy of an object that is larger or smaller than the actual size of the object. The Carnegie Collection is a series of authentic Replicas based on Dinosaurs and other extinct Prehistoric creatures using Fossils featured at

References

  1. ^ Liddell & Scott (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.  
  2. ^ a b Lambert, D. (1993). The Ultimate Dinosaur Book. Dorling Kindersley: New York, 152–167. ISBN 1-56458-304-X.
  3. ^ a b c Dodson, P. (1996). Peter Dodson is an American paleontologist who has published many papers and written and collaborated on books about Dinosaurs Dodson described Avaceratops The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 165–169. ISBN 0-691-05900-4.  
  4. ^ Lambe, L. M. (1913). "A new genus and species from the Belly River Formation of Alberta". Ottawa Naturalist 27: 109–116.  
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Ryan, Michael J. ; Holmes, Robert; and Russell, A. P. (2007). "A revision of the late Campanian centrosaurine ceratopsid genus Styracosaurus from the Western Interior of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (4): 94–962. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[944:AROTLC]2.0.CO;2. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  6. ^ Thompson, Stefan; and Holmes, Robert (April 2007). Forelimb stance and step cycle in Chasmosaurus irvinensis (Dinosauria:Neoceratopsia (HTML). Palaeontologia Electronica. Retrieved on 2007-05-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
  7. ^ Paul, Gregory; Per Christiansen (September 2000). "Forelimb posture in neoceratopsian dinosaurs: implications for gait and locomotion" (subscription required). Paleobiology 26 (3): 450–465. BioOne. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0450:FPINDI>2.0.CO;2. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0450:FPINDI>2.0.CO;2. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  8. ^ Tweet, J. (2007). Centrosaurinae. Thescelosaurus. Qwest. net. Retrieved on 2007-04-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
  9. ^ a b c d Dodson, P. (1990). "On the status of the ceratopsids Monoclonius and Centrosaurus", in Carpenter, K. ; and Currie, P. J. (eds. ): Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 231–243. ISBN 0-521-36672-0.  
  10. ^ Ryan, M. J. ; A. P. Russell (2003). "New centrosaurine ceratopsids from the late Campanian of Alberta and Montana and a review of contemporaneous and regional patterns of centrosaurine evolution". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (3).  
  11. ^ a b c Ryan, M. J. ; A. P. Russell (2005). "A new centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation of Alberta and its implications for centrosaurine taxonomy and systematics". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 1369–1387. doi:10.1139/e05-029. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  12. ^ a b Ryan, M. J. (2007). "A new basal centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation, southeastern Alberta". Journal of Paleontology 81 (2): 376–396. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[376:ANBCCF]2.0.CO;2. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  13. ^ a b c d e f Dodson, P. , Forster, C. A, and Sampson, S. D. (2004) Ceratopsidae. In: Weishampel, D. B. , Dodson, P. , and Osmólska, H. (eds. ), The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press:Berkeley, pp. 494–513. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  14. ^ Dodson, P. (1996). The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, p. 197–199. ISBN 0-691-02882-6.
  15. ^ a b Ryan, Michael J. ; and Evans, David C. (2005). "Ornithischian Dinosaurs", Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 312–348. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.  
  16. ^ Dodson, P. . "Quantitative aspects of relative growth and sexual dimorphism in Protoceratops". Journal of Paleontology 50: 929–940.  
  17. ^ a b c Forster, C. A. (1990). The cranial morphology and systematics of Triceratops, with a preliminary analysis of ceratopsian phylogeny. Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 227 pp.
  18. ^ Lehman, T. M. (1998). "A gigantic skull and skeleton of the horned dinosaur Pentaceratops sternbergi from New Mexico". Journal of Paleontology 72 (5): 894–906.  
  19. ^ Sampson, S. D. ; Ryan, M. J. ; and Tanke, D. H. (1997). "Craniofacial ontogeny in centrosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae): taphonomic and behavioral phylogenetic implications". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 121: 293–337.  
  20. ^ Dodson, P. (1996). The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, p. 244. ISBN 0-691-02882-6.
  21. ^ a b Brown, Barnum; Erich Maren Schlaikjer (1937). "The skeleton of Styracosaurus with the description of a new species". American Museum novitates no. 955: 12. New York City : The American Museum of Natural History.  
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  23. ^ Gilmore, Charles W. (1930). Charles Whitney Gilmore (1874-1945 was an American paleontologist, who named Dinosaurs in North America and Mongolia, including the "On dinosaurian reptiles from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 77 (16): 1–39.  
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  25. ^ Glut, Donald F. (1997). "Einiosaurus", Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co, 396–398. ISBN 0-89950-917-7.  
  26. ^ Glut, Donald F. (1997). "Styracosaurus", Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co, 865–868. ISBN 0-89950-917-7.  
  27. ^ Although this article mentioned two bonebeds, including BB 156, the recent review by Ryan et al. only accepted BB 42.
  28. ^ Rogers, R. R. (1990). "Taphonomy of three dinosaur bone beds in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, northwestern Montana: Evidence for drought-related mortality". Palaios 5: 394–41. doi:10.2307/3514834. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  29. ^ Tait J. , and Brown, B. (1928). How the Ceratopsia carried and used their head. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. 22:13–23.
  30. ^ Ostrom, J. H. (1966). "Functional morphology and evolution of the ceratopsian dinosaurs". Evolution 20 (3): 290–308. Evolution, the International Journal of Organic Evolution, is a monthly Scientific journal that publishes significant new results of empirical doi:10.2307/2406631. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  31. ^ Weishampel, D. B. (1984). Evolution of jaw mechanisms in ornithopod dinosaurs. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology 87:1–110.
  32. ^ Coe, M. J. , Dilcher, D. L. , Farlow, J. O. , Jarzen, D. M. , and Russell, D. A. (1987). Dinosaurs and land plants. In: Friis, E. M. , Chaloner, W. G. , and Crane, P. R. (eds. ) The Origins of Angiosperms and their Biological Consequences Cambridge University Press, pp. 225–258. ISBN 0-521-32357-6.
  33. ^ Dodson, P. (1996). The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, p. 266. ISBN 0-691-02882-6.
  34. ^ Lull, R.S. (1908). Richard Swann Lull (November 6 1867 - 1957 was an American Paleontologist from the early 20th century active at Yale University, who is largely remembered "The cranial musculature and the origin of the frill in the ceratopsian dinosaurs". American Journal of Science 4 (25): 387–399.  
  35. ^ Lull, R.S. (1933). Richard Swann Lull (November 6 1867 - 1957 was an American Paleontologist from the early 20th century active at Yale University, who is largely remembered "A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs". Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 3 (3): 1–175.  
  36. ^ Dodson, P. (1996). The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, p. 269. ISBN 0-691-02882-6.
  37. ^ Tanke, D. H, and Farke, A. A. (2006). Bone resorption, bone lesions, and extracranial fenestrae in ceratopsid dinosaurs: a preliminary assessment. in: Carpenter, K. (ed. ). Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs Indiana University Press: Bloomington. pp. 319–347. ISBN 0-253-34817-X.
  38. ^ Wheeler, P. E. (1978). "Elaborate CNS cooling structures in large dinosaurs". Nature 275 (275): 441–443. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 doi:10.1038/275441a0. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  39. ^ Farlow, J. O. , Thompson, C. V. , and Rosner, D. E. (1976). "Plates of the dinosaur Stegosaurus: Forced convection heat loss fins?". Science 192: 1123–1125. Science 80 was a general science magazine published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS doi:10.1126/science.192.4244.1123. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  40. ^ Davitashvili L (1961). The Theory of sexual selection. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 538.  
  41. ^ Farlow, J. O. , and Dodson, P. (1975). "The behavioral significance of frill and horn morphology in ceratopsian dinosaurs". Evolution 29 (2): 353–361. Evolution, the International Journal of Organic Evolution, is a monthly Scientific journal that publishes significant new results of empirical doi:10.2307/2407222. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  42. ^ Erickson, G. (2005). DVD Savant Review: The Son of Kong. DVD Talk. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
  43. ^ Perez, D. (2006). The Styracosaurus 1969. The Seventh Voyage. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
  44. ^ Kobak, S. (2002). Dinosaur. Films on Disc. Retrieved on 2007-04-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
  45. ^ Dinosaucers Cast and Crew. TV. com (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
  46. ^ Red Horn. Zoids Tribute. Mopock. com (2001). Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title

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