Citizendia
Your Ad Here

The seal of SA
The seal of SA

The Sturmabteilung (help·info), abbreviated SA, (German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section", usually translated as "stormtroop(er)s"), functioned as a paramilitary organization of the NSDAP — the German Nazi party. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Stormtroopers (in German Stoßtruppen, shock troops) were specialist military troops which were formed in the last years of World War I as the German A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status An organization (or organisation &mdash see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals which controls its own performance and The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German It played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression.

SA men were often called "brownshirts", for the colour of their uniforms, and to distinguish them from the Schutzstaffel (SS), who wore black and brown uniforms (compare the Italian blackshirts). A uniform is a set of standard Clothing worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the For other uses and meanings see Blackshirts (disambiguation. The Blackshirts ( Italian: camicie nere, Brown-coloured shirts were chosen as the SA uniform because a large batch of them was cheaply available after World War I, having originally been ordered for German troops serving in Africa. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

The SA was also the first Nazi paramilitary group to develop pseudo-military titles for bestowal upon its members. The SA ranks would be adopted by several other Nazi Party groups, chief among them the SS. The ranks and insignia of the Sturmabteilung ( SA) were the first paramilitary rank system to be developed by the Nazi Party in 1920 They were very important to Hitler's rise to power until they were superseded by the SS after the Night of the Long Knives. The Night of the Long Knives (German) or " Operation Hummingbird " was a Purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July

Contents

History

Nazism
Flag of the NSDAP 1920-1945 and of Nazi Germany 1933-1945
Nazi organizations
Nazism in history
Nazi ideology
Nazism and race
Outside Germany
Related subjects
Lists

Politics Portal   v • d • e 
Hitler addressing SA members in the late 1920s
Hitler addressing SA members in the late 1920s

The term Sturmabteilung predates the founding of the Nazi party in 1919. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the For the SS division with the nickname Hitlerjugend see 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend The Hitler Youth ( German:, The early timeline of Nazism begins with its origins in 1896 and continues until Hitler's rise to power. Hitler's rise to power began with Hitler's NSDAP as a fringe political party within the government of the Weimar Republic. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers This article gives an overview about Religion in Nazi Germany and the Nazis ' complex and sometimes contradictory relationship with religion The Night of the Long Knives (German) or " Operation Hummingbird " was a Purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July The Nuremberg Rally (officially Reichsparteitag, meaning national party convention was the annual rally of the NSDAP (Nazi Party in the years 1923 to 1938 in Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, Nazism developed several theories concerning races They claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among "human race " at the top was the " Nordic race Gleichschaltung, meaning "coordination" "making the same" "bringing into line" is a Nazi term for the process by which the Historians and biographers note some difficulty in attributing the political beliefs of Adolf Hitler. The National Socialist Program, also referred to as the 25-point program or 25-point plan was developed to formulate the party policies of first the Austrian German Historians political scientists and even philosophers have studied Nazism with a specific focus on its Religious or semi-religious aspects Nazi propaganda is the term that describes the psychologically powerful Propaganda within Nazi Germany, much of which was centered around Jews consistently Nazi architecture was an architectural plan and integral part of the Nazi party 's plans to create a Cultural and Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. Nazism developed several theories concerning races They claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among "human race " at the top was the " Nordic race The racial policy of Nazi Germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the so-called " Aryan race " and Nazi eugenics were Nazi Germany 's race-based social policies that placed the improvement of the race through Eugenics at the center of their The Doctors' Trial (officially United States of America v Karl Brandt et al Nazi human experimentation was a series of controversial medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners by the German Nazi regime in its Concentration The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after The Parti national social chrétien was a Canadian Political party formed by Adrien Arcand in February 1934. The German American Bund or German American Federation (German Amerikadeutscher Bund) was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s The Hungarian National Socialist Party was a political epithet adopted by a number of minor Nazi parties in Hungary before the Second World War. Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian for "National Gathering" or "National Unification" hereafter abbreviated as NS was a fascist party in Norway The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland NSB was a Dutch Fascist and later national socialist National Socialist Bloc (in Swedish: Nationalsocialistiska Blocket) was a Swedish national socialist Political party formed in the Disambiguation you may be looking for the National Socialist Party (UK, a left-wing organisation The National Socialist League was a short lived political movement Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Arbejderparti (National Socialist Workers’ Party of Denmark or DNSAP, was the largest Danish Nazi party before and during The Ossewabrandwag ("Oxwagon Sentinel" (OB was a nationalist Afrikaner organisation in South Africa, founded in Bloemfontein on February The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement" was a Far-right For the militiamen of the Military Frontier, see Uskoci The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement ( Croatian: This is a list of words terms concepts and Slogans that were specifically used in Nazi Germany. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, This article describes semi-religious developments of Nazism after 1945 The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the populist movement with a romantic focus on Folklore and the "organic" A list of Nazi Party (NSDAP leaders and officials. A Gunter d'Alquen - Chief Editor of the SS official Between 1925 and 1945 the German SS grew from a mere eight members to over a quarter of a million Waffen-SS and well over a million Allgemeine-SS members In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It originally comes from the specialized assault troops used by Germany in World War I utilising Hutier infiltration tactics. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Oskar von Hutier ( August 27, 1857 &ndash December 5, 1934) was one of Germany 's most successful and innovative generals of World In Warfare infiltration tactics involve small lightly-equipped Infantry forces attacking enemy rear areas while bypassing enemy front-line strongpoints and isolating Instead of a large mass assault, the Sturmabteilung was organized into small squads of a few soldiers each. In military terminology a squad is a small Military unit led by a Non-commissioned officer (NCO that is subordinate to an Infantry The first official German stormtroop unit was authorized on 2 March 1915; German high command ordered the VIII Corps to form a detachment for the testing of experimental weapons and the development of appropriate tactics that could break the deadlock on the Western front. On 2 October 1916 General Ludendorff ordered all German armies in the west to form a battalion of stormtroops. [1] First applied during the German Eighth Army's siege of Riga, then again at the Battle of Caporetto, their wider use in March 1918 allowed the Germans to push back British and French lines tens of kilometers. The Battle of Caporetto (or Battle of Karfreit as it was known by the Central Powers; Bitka za Kobarid took place from 24 October

In Munich in late 1920, Hitler created the Ordnertruppen, a body of ex-soldiers and beer hall brawlers in order to protect gatherings of the Nazi party from disruptions from Social Democrats and Communists. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based On November 4, 1921 the Nazi party held a large public meeting in the Munich Hofbräuhaus. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Hofbräuhaus am Platzl is a Beer hall in the city center of Munich, Germany. After Hitler had spoken for some time the meeting erupted into a melee in which a small company of Ordnertruppen distinguished itself by thrashing the opposition. The Nazis called this event der Saalschlacht (meeting hall battle). After this the organization came to be called the SA. Under their popular leader Ernst Röhm, the SA grew in importance within the Nazi power structure, initially growing in size to thousands of members. For other uses of the term "Stabschef" please refer to Chief of Staff Stabschef ( Chief of Staff) was a Paramilitary rank in Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people In 1922, the Nazi Party created a youth section, the Jugendbund, for young men between the ages of 14 and 18 years. The Jugendbund was a group similar to the Hitler Youth, and its predecessor Its successor, the Hitler Youth, remained under SA command until May 1932. For the SS division with the nickname Hitlerjugend see 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend The Hitler Youth ( German:,

From April 1924 until late February 1925 the SA was known as the Frontbann to avoid the temporary ban on the Nazi party. The term Frontbann refers to a reorganized and renamed version of the Sturmabteilung or SA. The SA carried out numerous acts of violence against socialist groups throughout the 1920s, typically in minor street-fights called Zusammenstöße ('collisions'). Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada As the Nazis went from an extremist political party in the turbulent times of 1920's Germany to the unquestioned government of the nation, the SA was no longer needed for its original purpose. An organization that could inflict more subtle terror and obedience was needed and the thuggish SA who had been born out of street violence was simply not capable of doing so. The younger SS was more suited to this task and began to take over the previously held roles of the SA

A rare, complete set of Nazi SA tin soldiers, from the 1940s.
A rare, complete set of Nazi SA tin soldiers, from the 1940s.

Conflicts with other organizations

After Hitler took power in 1933, the SA became increasingly eager for power and saw themselves as the replacement for the German army. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This angered the regular army (Reichswehr) who already resented the Nazi party. The Reichswehr ( German for "National Defence" formed the military organisation of Germany from 1919 until 1935 when it was It also led to tension with other leaders within the party who saw Röhm's increasingly powerful SA as a threat to their own personal ambitions. Originally an adjunct to the SA, the Schutzstaffel (SS) was placed under the direct control of Heinrich Himmler in part to restrict the power of the brownshirts and their leaders. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS.

Although some of these conflicts were based on personal rivalries, there were also key socioeconomic conflicts between the SS and SA. SS members generally came from the middle class, while the SA had its base among the unemployed and working class. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types The SA were more radical than the SS, with its leaders arguing the Nazi revolution had not ended when Hitler achieved power, but rather needed to implement socialism in Germany. Despite its sympathy for its own brand of socialism, the SA would often pick street fights with Communists and Social Democrats. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left

Perhaps the greatest single factor leading to the downfall of the SA however, was Röhm's decision to directly challenge the army, or Reichswehr. The Reichswehr ( German for "National Defence" formed the military organisation of Germany from 1919 until 1935 when it was After Hitler's seizure of power in 1933, Röhm lobbied Hitler to appoint him Minister of Defense, a position held by the conservative General Werner von Blomberg. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Werner Eduard Fritz von Blomberg (2 September 1878 - 14 March 1946 was a leading member of the German Army until January 1938 While Blomberg and others in the traditional military saw the SA as a source of recruits for an enlarged army, Rōhm wanted the SA to become the new German military itself. Röhm naturally wanted himself to lead this new German army. Limited by the Treaty of Versailles to one hundred thousand soldiers, army leaders were concerned that they could be swallowed up by the much larger SA. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. [2] In January 1934, Röhm presented Blomberg with a memorandum demanding that SA should replace the army as the nation's ground forces, and that the Reichswehr become a training adjunct to the SA. [3] President Paul von Hindenburg would not stand for this, and threatened to impose martial law if Hitler did not act against Röhm. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg ( known universally as Paul von Hindenburg ( ( October 2, 1847 &ndash August 2 Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice [4]

After this ultimatum, Hitler ordered the arrest and subsequent execution of the leadership of the SA, which took place on June 30-July 2, 1934, on what is known as the Night of the Long Knives. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Night of the Long Knives (German) or " Operation Hummingbird " was a Purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July At Hitler's behest, senior Nazis including Himmler faked a dossier that purported to show that Röhm had received payment from the French to carry out a coup against Hitler. Hitler personally led the SS raid on the Hanselbauer Hotel in Bad Wiessee, where Röhm and SA-Senior Group Leader Edmund Heines were garrisoned. Bad Wiessee is a Spa town on Lake Tegernsee, Bavaria, Germany. Edmund Heines ( July 21 1897 in Munich &ndash June 30 1934 in Munich was Ernst Röhm 's deputy in the SA and possibly Victor Lutze became the new leader of the SA, and the organization was soon marginalized in the Nazi power structure in favor of the SS. Viktor Lutze ( December 28, 1890 &ndash May 2, 1943) was an SA officer ( Obergruppenführer) in Nazi Germany Membership in the organization dropped from 2. 9 million in August 1934 to 1. 2 million in April 1938. [5] It became little more than an old comrades association, appearing at the Nuremberg Rallies and called out for lining the streets for parades. Another factor contributing to the decline of the SA was the reintroduction of conscription in 1935 and the buildup of the German Army. Members of the Hitler Youth enrolled in the Wehrmacht rather than "graduating" to the SA. The SA remained active until the end of the war, but its only significant action after 1934 was Kristallnacht, when all SS and SA units were activated to riot against Jews, destroying Jewish businesses and synagogues. Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 After that period until the end of the war, virtually all of its functions were taken over by the SS. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the

Leaders

The leader of the SA was known as the Oberster SA-Führer, translated as Supreme SA Leader. Leadership ranks of the Sturmabteilung were the titles and positions held by the commanders of the Sturmabteilung (SA of the Nazi Party between Leadership ranks of the Sturmabteilung were the titles and positions held by the commanders of the Sturmabteilung (SA of the Nazi Party between The following men held this position throughout the existence of the SA:

In 1930, to ensure the loyalty of the SA to himself, Adolf Hitler assumed command of the entire organization and remained Oberster SA-Führer for the remainder of the group's existence to 1945. Emil Maurice ( January 19, 1897, Westermoor &ndash February 6, 1972, Munich) was an early member of the Nazi Party Hans Ulrich Klintzsch was an ex-naval lieutenant from the Erhardt Brigade who served as leader of the Oberste SA-Führer from 1921 until May 11, 1923 Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Franz Pfeffer von Salomon ( February 19, 1888 in Düsseldorf - April 12, 1968 in Munich) was the first commander of the Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The day to day running of the SA was conducted by the Stabschef SA (SA Chief of Staff). For other uses of the term "Stabschef" please refer to Chief of Staff Stabschef ( Chief of Staff) was a Paramilitary rank in After 1931, it was the Stabschef who was generally accepted as the Commander of the SA, acting in Hitler's name.

The following personnel held the position of Chief of Staff of the SA:

Organization

Organizational chart of the SA.
Organizational chart of the SA. Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder Viktor Lutze ( December 28, 1890 &ndash May 2, 1943) was an SA officer ( Obergruppenführer) in Nazi Germany Wilhelm Schepmann (June 17 1894-July 26 1970 was a SA officer ( Obergruppenführer) in Nazi Germany.

The SA was organized throughout Germany into several large formations known as Gruppen. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Within each Gruppe, there existed subordinate Brigaden and in turn existed regiment sized Standarten. A regiment is a Military unit, composed of a variable number of Battalions – commanded by a Colonel. SA-Standarten operated out of every major German city and were split into even smaller units, known as Sturmbanne and Stürme.

The command nexus for the entire SA operated out of Stuttgart and was known as the Oberste SA-Führung. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The SA supreme command had many sub-offices to handle supply, finance, and recruiting. Unlike the SS, however, the SA did not have a medical corps nor did it establish itself outside of Germany, in occupied territories, once World War II began. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

The SA also had several military training units, the largest of which was the SA-Marine which served as an auxiliary to the Kriegsmarine and performed search and rescue operations as well as harbor defense. The Kriegsmarine (English "War navy" was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945 during the Nazi regime superseding the For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series.

Similar to the Waffen-SS wing of the SS, the SA also had an armed military wing, known as Feldherrnhalle. The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron" The Panzerkorps Feldherrnhalle was a German Panzer Corps formed mostly of SA recruits These formations expanded from regimental size in 1940 to a fully-fledged armored corps Panzerkorps Feldherrnhalle in 1945. The Panzerkorps Feldherrnhalle was a German Panzer Corps formed mostly of SA recruits

Maxims

Film and media

The SA were prominent in Nazi propaganda newsreels of the late 1920s and early 1930s. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression.

The SA make an appearance in several films depicting the end of the Weimar Republic:

In the Season 18 episode of The Simpsons, Rome-old and Juli-eh, Bart and Lisa get into a battle with a group of delivery people in brown uniforms. The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 Cabaret is a 1972 American Musical film directed by Bob Fosse and starring Liza Minnelli, Michael York A bouncer or doorman is an informal term for Security guards employed at venues such as bars, Nightclubs or Concerts to provide " Rome-old and Juli-eh " is the 15th episode of The Simpsons ' eighteenth season, which was originally broadcast on March 11 When they attack the children's castle, Bart says, "Who knew guys in brown shirts could cause so much trouble?"

P. G. Wodehouse satirises the Brown Shirts in his Jeeves and Wooster books with Roderick Spode, 8th Earl of Sidcup and his The Black Shorts.

See also

References

  1. ^ Drury, Ian (2003). The British Union of Fascists (BUF was a Political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1932 by a Labour government minister and former MP Black Brigades (Brigate Nere were one of the Fascist Paramilitary groups operating in the Italian Social Republic (in northern Italy) The designation of Freikorps ( German for "Free Corps " was originally applied to voluntary armies formed in German lands from the middle of 18th century The National Socialist Motor Corps (Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrkorps NSKK) also known as the National Socialist Drivers Corps The Panzerkorps Feldherrnhalle was a German Panzer Corps formed mostly of SA recruits The Stormtroopers (in German Stoßtruppen, shock troops) were specialist military troops which were formed in the last years of World War I as the German Paramilitary groups were formed throughout the Weimar Republic in the wake of Germany 's defeat in World War I and the ensuing German Revolution German Stormtrooper 1914-1918. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history  
  2. ^ Evans, Richard (2005). The Third Reich in Power. Penguin Group, 22. Penguin Group is the second largest trade book Publisher in the world behind Random House. ISBN 0143037900.  
  3. ^ Wheeler-Bennett, John (2005). The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918-1945, 2nd edition, 726.  
  4. ^ Evans, Richard (2005). The Third Reich in Power. Penguin Group, 30. Penguin Group is the second largest trade book Publisher in the world behind Random House. ISBN 0143037900.  
  5. ^ Evans, Richard (2005). The Third Reich in Power. Penguin Group, 40. Penguin Group is the second largest trade book Publisher in the world behind Random House. ISBN 0143037900.  
  6. ^ a b Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?. Praeger, 139. ISBN 0275954854.  

Further reading

External links

Dictionary

Sturmabteilung

-noun

  1. A paramilitary division under the German Nazi Party, operating from 1921 until being disbanded in 1934. Abbreviated to SA.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic