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Streptozotocin
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 1-methyl-1-nitroso-3-[2,4,5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) oxan-3-yl]-urea | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | L01 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C8H15N3O7 |
| Mol. mass | 265. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 221 g/mol |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | 5-15 minutes |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
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| Legal status | |
| Routes | ? |
Streptozotocin (Streptozocin, STZ, Zanosar) is a naturally occurring chemical that is particularly toxic to the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas in mammals. In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Beta cells ( beta-cells, β-cells) are a type of cell in the Pancreas in areas called the Islets of Langerhans. The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. It is used in medicine for treating certain cancers of the Islets of Langerhans and used in medical research to produce an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Neuroendocrine tumors, or more properly gastro-entero-pancreatic or gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine Tumors ( GEP-NETs) are cancers of An animal model is a non-human Animal that has a Disease or injury that is similar to a human condition Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes Type I diabetes T1D T1DM IDDM juvenile diabetes is a form of Diabetes mellitus.
Contents |
Usage
Streptozotocin is approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating metastatic cancer of the pancreatic islet cells. Metastasis ( Greek: displacement μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural metastases) sometimes abbreviated mets, Islets of Langerhans is the area in which the Endocrine (ie hormone-producing cells of the Pancreas are grouped Since it caries a substantial risk of toxicity and rarely cures the cancer, its use is generally limited to patients whose cancer cannot be removed by surgery. In these patients, streptozotocin can reduce the tumor size and reduce symptoms (especially hypoglycemia due to excessive insulin secretion by insulinomas). Hypoglycemia or hypoglycaemia is the medical term for a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of Glucose ( sugar) in the blood Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance An insulinoma is a Tumour of the Pancreas derived from the Beta cells which while retaining the ability to synthesize and secrete Insulin is autonomous [1]
A typical dose is 500 mg/m2/day by intravenous injection, for 5 days, repeated every 4-6 weeks.
Mechanism of action
Streptozotocin is a glucosamine-nitrosourea compound. Glucosamine (C6H13NO5 is an Amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the Biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins Nitrosourea is both the name of a molecule and a class of compounds that include a Nitroso (R-NO group and a Urea. As with other alkylating agents in the nitrosourea class, it is toxic to cells by causing damage to the DNA, though other mechanisms may also contribute. An alkylating antineoplastic agent is an Alkylating agent that attaches an alkyl group to DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Streptozotocin is similar enough to glucose to be transported into the cell by the glucose transport protein GLUT2, but is not recognized by the other glucose transporters. GLUT 2 is a transmembrane carrier Protein and gene which is involved in passive glucose transport, especially the Renal glucose reabsorption. This explains its relative toxicity to beta cells, since these cells have relatively high levels of GLUT2. [2][3]
History
Streptozotocin was originally identified in the late 1950s as an antibiotic. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa [4] The drug was discovered in a strain of the soil microbe Streptomyces achromogenes by scientists at the drug company Upjohn (now part of Pfizer) in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Streptomyces achromogenes is a species of Gram-positive Bacterium that belongs in the Genus Streptomyces. Pfizer Incorporated ( is a major Pharmaceutical company, which ranks number one in the world in sales The soil sample in which the microbe turned up had been taken from Blue Rapids, Kansas, which can therefore be considered the birthplace of streptozotocin. Blue Rapids is a city in Marshall County, Kansas in the United States. Upjohn filed for patent protection for the drug in August 1958 and U.S. Patent 3,027,300 was granted in March 1962.
In the mid-1960s streptozotocin was found to be selectively toxic to the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, the cells that normally regulate blood glucose levels by producing the hormone insulin. Beta cells ( beta-cells, β-cells) are a type of cell in the Pancreas in areas called the Islets of Langerhans. Islets of Langerhans is the area in which the Endocrine (ie hormone-producing cells of the Pancreas are grouped Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance This suggested the drug's use as an animal model of type I diabetes,[5] and as a medical treatment for cancers of the beta cells. [6] In the 1960s and 1970s the National Cancer Institute investigated streptozotocin's use in cancer chemotherapy. The National Cancer Institute (NCI is part of the United States Federal government's National Institutes of Health. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Upjohn filed for FDA approval of streptozotocin as a treatment for pancreatic islet cell cancer in November 1976, and approval was granted in July 1982. The Upjohn Company was a pharmaceutical manufacturing firm founded in 1886 in Kalamazoo Michigan by Dr The drug was subsequently marketed as Zanosar. Streptozotocin is now marketed by the generic drug company Sicor (Teva). Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd (טבע תעשיות פרמצבטיות בע"מ is an international Pharmaceutical company headquartered in Petah Tikva
References
- ^ Brentjens R, Saltz L (2001). "Islet cell tumors of the pancreas: the medical oncologist's perspective". Surg Clin North Am 81 (3): 527–42. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 11459269.
- ^ Wang Z, Gleichmann H (1998). "GLUT2 in pancreatic islets: crucial target molecule in diabetes induced with multiple low doses of streptozotocin in mice". Diabetes 47 (1): 50–6. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 9421374.
- ^ Schnedl WJ, Ferber S, Johnson JH, Newgard CB (1994). "STZ transport and cytotoxicity. Specific enhancement in GLUT2-expressing cells". Diabetes 43 (11): 1326–33. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 7926307.
- ^ Vavra JJ, Deboer C, Dietz A, Hanka LJ, Sokolski WT (1959). "Streptozotocin, a new antibacterial antibiotic". Antibiot Annu 7: 230–5. PMID 13841501.
- ^ Mansford KR, Opie L (1968). "Comparison of metabolic abnormalities in diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin or by alloxan". Lancet 1 (7544): 670–1. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 4170654.
- ^ Murray-Lyon IM, Eddleston AL, Williams R, Brown M, Hogbin BM, Bennett A, Edwards JC, Taylor KW (1968). "Treatment of multiple-hormone-producing malignant islet-cell tumour with streptozotocin". Lancet 2 (7574): 895–8. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 4176152.
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