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For the band, see Streetlight Manifesto. Streetlight Manifesto is an American ska band from East Brunswick Township New Jersey under the creative leadership of Tomas Kalnoky.
A Sylvania Roadster high pressure sodium vapor street lamp from Australia. The brown circular object under the light is a photocell.
A Sylvania Roadster high pressure sodium vapor street lamp from Australia. Osram Sylvania Inc is the North American operation of lighting manufacturer Osram GmbH which is owned by Siemens AG. A sodium vapor lamp is a Gas discharge lamp which uses Sodium in an excited state to produce Light The brown circular object under the light is a photocell. Photosensors or photodetectors are Sensors of Light or other Electromagnetic energy
High pressure sodium vapor lamp suspended on wire.
High pressure sodium vapor lamp suspended on wire.

A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard or lamp standard, is a raised source of light on the edge of a road, turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk and off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. Photosensors or photodetectors are Sensors of Light or other Electromagnetic energy The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. It is also not uncommon for street lights to be on posts which have wires strung between them, such as on telephone poles or utility poles. A utility pole, telegraph pole, telephone pole, power (electricity pole, or telegraph post is a Pole used to support overhead A utility pole, telegraph pole, telephone pole, power (electricity pole, or telegraph post is a Pole used to support overhead

Contents

History of street lighting

Further information: History of street lighting in the United States
A surviving arc light column on Cheyne Walk, Chelsea Embankment, London. (January 2006)
A surviving arc light column on Cheyne Walk, Chelsea Embankment, London. The use of Street lighting was first recorded in the Arab Empire from the 9th-10th centuries especially in Cordoba, and then in London from Cheyne Walk (pronounced Chain-ee is an historic street in Chelsea. Chelsea Embankment is part of the Thames Embankment, a road and Walkway along the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. (January 2006)
New and old style street lights
New and old style street lights
A lamp post with six lamps in Bucharest
A lamp post with six lamps in Bucharest
A fluorescent street light fixed to a utility pole in a residential area of Sydney, Australia.
A fluorescent street light fixed to a utility pole in a residential area of Sydney, Australia. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4

Before incandescent lamps, gas lighting was employed. Gas lighting refers to a technology used to produce light from gas usually methane but also including hydrogen and ethylene The earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps, but later designs employed ignition devices that would automatically strike the flame when the gas supply was activated. A lamplighter, historically was an employee of a town who lit Street lights generally by means of a wick on a long pole The earliest of such street lamps were built in the Arab Empire,[1] especially in Cordoba. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. [2]

The first electric street lighting employed arc lamps, initially the 'Electric candle', 'Jablochoff candle' or 'Yablochkov candle' developed by the Russian Pavel Yablochkov in 1875. A Yablochkov candle (sometimes electric candle) is a type of electric carbon Arc lamp, invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov. Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov ( Павел Николаевич Яблочков in Russian) (( &ndash) was a Russian Electrical engineer, the Inventor Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This was a carbon arc lamp employing alternating current, which ensured that the electrodes burnt down at the same rate. Yablochkov candles were first used to light the Grands Magasins du Louvre, Paris where 80 were deployed. The Grands Magasins du Louvre was a Parisian Department store that was founded in 1855 three years after their competitor Le Bon Marché, and that closed definitively Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Soon after, experimental arrays of arc lamps were used to light Holborn Viaduct and the Thames Embankment in London - the first electric street lighting in Britain. Holborn Viaduct is a bridge in London and the name of the street which crosses it (which is a section of the A40) The Thames Embankment is a major feat of 19th century Civil engineering in central London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. More than 4,000 were in use by 1881, though by then an improved differential arc lamp had been developed by Friederich von Hefner‑Alteneck of Siemens & Halske. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Siemens & Halske AG (or Siemens-Halske) was a German electrical engineering company that later became part of Siemens AG. The United States was swift in adopting arc lighting, and by 1890 over 130,000 were in operation in the US, commonly installed in exceptionally tall moonlight towers. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Moonlight towers are lighting structures designed to illuminate large areas of a city at night

The first street in the world to be lit by electric light was Mosley Street, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The street was lit by Joseph Swan's incandescent lamp in February, 1879. [3] Wabash, Indiana holds the title of being the second electrically-lit city in the world, which took place on February 2, 1880. Wabash is a city in Noble Township, Wabash County, Indiana, United States. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Four 3,000 candlepower Brush arc lamps suspended over the courthouse rendered the town square "as light as midday. "[4] Kimberley, a city in the centre of South Africa, was the first city in Africa to have electric street lights - first lit on 1 September 1882. Timişoara, in present-day Romania, was the first city in mainland Europe to have electric public lighting on the 12th of November 1884. Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year 731 lamps were used.

Arc lights had two major disadvantages. First, they emit an intense and harsh light which, although useful at industrial sites like dockyards, was discomforting in ordinary city streets. Second, they are maintenance intensive, as carbon electrodes burn away swiftly. With the development of cheap, reliable and bright incandescent light bulbs at the end of the 19th century, they passed out of use for street lighting, but remained in industrial use longer. The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric Light that works by Incandescence, (a general The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Incandescent lamps used for street lighting until the advent of high-intensity discharge lamps, were often operated as high-voltage series circuits. If two or more circuit components are connected end to end like a daisy chain it is said they are connected in series. To avoid having the entire street go dark if a single lamp burned out, each street lamp was equipped with a film cutout, a small disk of insulating film that separated two contacts connected to the two wires leading to the lamp. If the lamp failed (an open circuit), the current through the string became zero, causing the entire voltage of the circuit (thousands of volts) to be imposed across the insulating film, penetrating it (see Ohm's law). Open-circuit voltage or OCV is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of a device when there is no external load connected i Electric current is the flow (movement of Electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the Ampere. Ohm's law applies to Electrical circuits it states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the In this way, the failed lamp was bypassed and illumination restored to the rest of the street. (This is the same principle used in Christmas tree lights. Christmas lights (also sometimes called fairy lights, twinkle lights or holiday lights in the United States are strands of Electric lights used ) The circuit usually contained an automatic device to regulate the voltage in the circuit, preventing the current from increasing as additional lamps burned out , preserving the life of the remaining lamps. When the failed lamp was replaced, a new piece of film was installed, once again separating the contacts in the cutout. This style of street lighting was recognizable by the large porcelain insulator that separated the lamp and reflector from the light's mounting arm. Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures The insulator was necessary because the two contacts in the lamp's base may have operated at several thousands of volts above ground/earth.

Today, street lighting commonly uses high-intensity discharge lamps, often HPS high pressure sodium lamps. A High-intensity discharge (HID lamp is a type of electrical lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between Tungsten Electrodes A sodium vapor lamp is a Gas discharge lamp which uses Sodium in an excited state to produce Light Such lamps provide the greatest amount of Photopic illumination for the least consumption of electricity. However when Scotopic/Photopic light calculations are used, it can been seen how inappropriate HPS lamps are for night lighting. White light sources have been shown to double driver peripheral vision and increase driver brake reaction time at least 25%. When S/P light calculations are used, HPS lamp performance needs to be reduced by a minimum value of 75%. This is now a standard design criteria for Australian roads.

Disadvantages

The internal components of a photoelectric control for a typical American streetlight
The internal components of a photoelectric control for a typical American streetlight

The major criticisms of street lighting are that it can actually cause accidents if misused, and can cause light pollution. A photoresistor or Light Dependent Resistor or CdS Cell is a Resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity Light pollution, also known as photopollution or luminous pollution, is excess or obtrusive Light created mainly by Humans Among other effects

Dangers of street lights

There are two optical phenomena that need to be recognized in street light installations.

There are also physical dangers. Street light stanchions (poles) pose a collision risk to motorists. This can be reduced by designing them to break away when hit (frangible or collapsible supports), protecting them by guardrails, or both. A material is said to be frangible if through deformation it tends to break up into fragments rather than deforming plastically and retaining its cohesion as a single object High winds or accumulated metal fatigue also occasionally topple street lights.

Light pollution

In urban areas light pollution can hide the stars and interfere with astronomy. Light pollution, also known as photopollution or luminous pollution, is excess or obtrusive Light created mainly by Humans Among other effects Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study In settings near astronomical telescopes and observatories, low pressure sodium lamps may be used. A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of Electromagnetic radiation. An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial and/or celestial events Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 These lamps are advantageous over other lamps such as mercury and metal halide lamps because low pressure sodium lamps emit lower intensity, monochromatic light. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Metal halide lamps, a member of the High-intensity discharge (HID family of lamps produce high light output for their size making them a compact powerful and efficient Monochrome comes from the Greek μονόχρωμος ( monochromos) meaning “of one color” which is a combination Observatories can filter the sodium wavelength out of their observations and virtually eliminate the interference from nearby urban lighting. In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency.

The light pollution also disrupts the natural growing cycle of plants.

Safety

A streetlamp at Lyme Regis, UK. The ammonite-design reflects the town's location on the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage site.
A streetlamp at Lyme Regis, UK. The ammonite-design reflects the town's location on the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage site.
A street light in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
A street light in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

A misconception is that installing street lights will automatically make streets safer and reduce crime, so political pressure can be a major factor in installation of street lights. Untrained officials often assume that if some is good, more must be better, and install the brightest lights possible. Misuse of street lights can cause accidents, and crime lighting is an entirely different type of lighting than used for automobile navigation.

Purposes of street lights

There are three distinct main uses of street lights, each requiring different types of lights and placement. Incorrect misuse of the different types of lights can make the situation worse by compromising visibility or safety.

Beacon lights

A modest steady light at the intersection of two roads is an aid to navigation because it helps a driver see the location of a side road as he comes closer to it and he can adjust his braking and know exactly where to turn if he intends to leave the main road or see if someone is at the intersection. A beacon light's function is to say "here I am" and even a dim light provides enough contrast against the dark night to serve the purpose. To prevent the dangers caused by a car driving through a pool of light, a beacon light must never shine onto the main road, and not brightly onto the side road. In residential areas, this is usually the only appropriate lighting, and it has the bonus side effect of providing spill lighting onto any sidewalk there for the benefit of pedestrians. On Interstate highways this purpose is commonly served by simply placing reflectors at the sides of the road to reflect the light coming from people's headlights.

Roadway lights

Street lights are not normally intended to illuminate the driving route (headlights are preferred), but to reveal signs and hazards outside of the headlights' beam. Because of the dangers discussed above, roadway lights are properly used sparingly and only when a particular situation justifies increasing the risk. This usually involves an intersection with several turning movements and much signage, situations where drivers must take in much information quickly that is not in the headlights' beam. In these situations (A freeway junction or exit ramp) the intersection may be lit so that drivers can quickly see all hazards, and a well designed plan will have gradually increasing lighting for approximately a quarter of a minute before the intersection and gradually decreasing lighting after it. The main stretches of highways remain unlighted to preserve the driver's night vision and increase the visibility of oncoming headlights. If there is a sharp curve where headlights will not illuminate the road, a light on the outside of the curve is often justified.

If it is desired to light a roadway (perhaps due to heavy and fast multilane traffic), to avoid the dangers of casual placement of street lights it should not be lit intermittently, as this requires repeated eye reajustment which implies eyestrain and temporary blindness when entering and leaving light pools. Asthenopia (aesthenopia or eye strain is an ophthalmological condition that manifests itself through nonspecific Symptoms such as fatigue red eyes eye strain pain In this case the system is designed to eliminate the need for headlights. This is usually achieved with bright lights placed on high poles at close regular intervals so that there is consistent light along the route. The lighting goes from curb to curb.

Research a few years ago suggested that by comparison to other countries, more pedestrians are hit by motor vehicles at night in Britain. The theory behind this was that Britain almost exclusively, used low pressure sodium street lighting, (LPS); unlike the rest of the world that use mercury vapour gas discharge lighting. This was most noticeable when flying in from Europe at night and seeing a warm orange glow when approaching Britain. LPS lighting, being monochromatic, shows pedestrians as shadowy forms, unlike other forms of street lighting. In recognition of this, pedestrian crossings are now lit by additional "white" lighting, and sodium lighting is being replaced by modern types.

Security lighting

A sodium vapor light. This type is often used as security lighting.
A sodium vapor light. A sodium vapor lamp is a Gas discharge lamp which uses Sodium in an excited state to produce Light This type is often used as security lighting.

Security lighting is similar to high-intensity lighting on a busy major street, with no pools of light and dark, but with the lighted area extending onto people's property, at least to their front door. In the field of Physical security, security lighting is often used as a preventative and corrective measure against intrusions or other criminal activity on a physical piece This requires a different type of fixture and lens. A lens is an optical device with perfect or approximate Axial symmetry which transmits and refracts Light, converging or diverging The increased glare experienced by drivers going through the area might be considered a trade-off for increased security. This is what would normally be used along sidewalks in dense areas of cities. Often unappreciated is that the light from a full moon is brighter than most security lighting. Full moon is a Lunar phase that occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun.


Main manufacturers of street lanterns and/or bulbs

See also: Category:Lighting brands
An Australian lamp which is produced by two companies Pierlite (Roadspan) and Rexel (Optispan)
An Australian lamp which is produced by two companies Pierlite (Roadspan) and Rexel (Optispan)


Australia

America

Europe

United Kingdom

A British lamppost.
A British lamppost. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Asia

See also

References

  1. ^ Fielding H. Garrison, History of Medicine:

    "The Saracens themselves were the originators not only of algebra, chemistry, and geology, but of many of the so-called improvements or refinements of civilization, such as street lamps, window-panes, firework, stringed instruments, cultivated fruits, perfumes, spices, etc. The General Electric Company or GEC was a major UK company involved in consumer and defence electronics communications and engineering Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. () is a major Japanese electronics company and member of the Fortune 500 whose headquarters is located in Moriguchi, Osaka prefecture, Japan NeoPac Lighting Group (Chinese新強光電集團 headquartered in Taipei Taiwan is a group of companies comprising NeoPac Opto (Chinese新強光電and NeoBulb Lighting (Chinese新強光 The use of Street lighting was first recorded in the Arab Empire from the 9th-10th centuries especially in Cordoba, and then in London from Street light interference, or SLI is an alleged anomalous phenomenon where a person seems to turn off (or sometimes on Street lights or outside building security Colonel Fielding Hudson Garrison, MD ( November 5, 1870 &ndash April 18, 1935) was an acclaimed medical historian, Saracen was a term used by Europeans in the Middle Ages for Fatimids at first then later for all who professed the religion of Islam. Algebra is a branch of Mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation, and Quantity. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit GlassWindowjpg|thumb|right|190px|A stained glass panel depicting Biblical scenes at a historic church in Scotland]] A window is an opening A paned window is a Window that is divided into sections known as panes Originally the meaning pertained to sectioned glass Windows in walls A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs Tillage is the agricultural preparation of the Soil by Ploughing ripping or turning it The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive . . "

  2. ^ S. P. Scott (1904), History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, 3 vols, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London.
    F. B. Artz (1980), The Mind of the Middle Ages, Third edition revised, University of Chicago Press, pp 148-50. The University of Chicago Press is the largest University press in the United States
    (cf. References, 1001 Inventions)
  3. ^ http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/jwswan.html
  4. ^ Brush Arc Lighting

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