Stratovision is an airborne television transmission relay system from aircraft flying at high altitudes. An interneuron (also called association neuron, local circuit neuron or relay neuron) is a neuron which connects Afferent neurons and Efferent In 1945 the Glenn L. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Martin Co. and Westinghouse Electric Corporation advocated television coverage of small towns and rural areas as well as the large metropolitan centers by fourteen aircraft that would provide coverage for approximately 78% of the people in the U.S.A. This system has been used for domestic broadcasting in the U. Founded in 1886 as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by George Westinghouse. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the S. A, used by the U. S. military in Vietnam and other countries, and unsuccessfully attempted by pirate radio operators. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The term pirate radio usually refers to illegal or unregulated radio transmissions
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Technology
Because the broadcasting antenna for Stratovision is usually hung beneath the aircraft in flight, it naturally has a great command of a line of sight. Although transmission distances are dependent upon atmospheric conditions, a transmitting antenna 30,000 feet (9 km) above the earth's surface has a line of sight distance of approximately 211 statute miles (340 km).
A Stratovision 25 kW transmitter operating from 30,000 feet (9 km) at 600 megahertz will achieve a field intensity of 2 millivolts per meter for a 30-foot (9 m) high receiving antenna up to 238 miles (383 km) away from the aircraft. In Physics, the field strength of a field is the magnitude of its vector value
Early tests
Stratovision tests were undertaken between June 1948 to February 1949. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first phase was undertaken by the Glenn L. Martin Co. and Westinghouse Electric Corporation using a twin-engine PV-2 aircraft flying at 25,000 feet (7. Founded in 1886 as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by George Westinghouse. 6 km) that transmitted with 250 watts on 107. 5 MHz and 5 kW on 514 MHz at Baltimore, Maryland so that recordings could be made at various locations ranging from Norfolk, Virginia to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Boston, Massachusetts. Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
The second phase of testing was undertaken by these companies using a stripped-down B-29 Superfortress flying at 30,000 feet (9. 1 km). The plane was equipped to receive a relay transmission from WMAR-TV, the Westinghouse television studios in Baltimore, which was then relayed over a 5 kW video transmitter and a 1 kW audio transmitter for reception on 82-88 MHz with a television set tuned to Channel 6.
The aircraft received its originating signals from circular dipoles attached to a streamlined eight-foot (2. 5 m) mast on top of the aircraft's vertical tail fin. The retractable 28 feet (8. 5 m) long broadcasting antenna hung vertically beneath the aircraft. It was composed of a two-element turnstile array for video and a single-element circular dipole for sound transmissions.
The receivers, transmitters and necessary air-conditioning were all powered by the plane's engines using three 15 kVA, 500 Hz alternators. Without air conditioning the transmitters in the interior of the aircraft would have generated a temperature of 134 degrees Fahrenheit (57 degrees Celsius) with an outside air temperature of 25 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 4 degrees Celsius).
The tests were watched by many television viewers who sent in reception reports. From these reports it was calculated that Stratovision would require only eight relay planes to provide a transcontinental network and six additional planes to provide coverage to 78 percent of the United States. Mr. C. E. Nobles who was the head of Stratovision for Westinghouse said in his report:
- "The major technical problems of the system have been solved, and the commercial development awaits only the crystallization of public demand for the expanded services offered by airborne broadcasting, application of the system by the radio industry to meet this demand, and the clarification of channel facilities available to make possible this application. "
Education by Stratovision
In 1961 a nonprofit organization, Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction, commenced a Stratovision service from the airfield of Purdue University. Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction Inc - (MPATI From 1961 through 1968 there were two DC-6AB aircraft based at the Purdue University Airport in West Lafayette Indiana The effort began as a three-year experiment funded by the Ford Foundation. The Ford Foundation is a Private foundation incorporated in Michigan and based in New York City created to fund programs that were chartered in 1936 by The program organized, produced and transmitted educational television programs four days a week from a DC-6AB aircraft flying at 23,000 feet (7,010 m) over the community of Montpelier in north central Indiana.
MPATI delivered its programs to television channels 72 (call sign KS2XGA) and 76 (KS2XGD) in the UHF band, by transmitting videotaped lectures from the aircraft to an estimated potential 5,000,000 students in 13,000 schools and colleges. The aircraft were equipped with two 2-inch (51 mm) videotape machines and two UHF transmitters.
When MPATI signed on it used an "Indian head" test pattern card which was shown for five minutes before and between programs. The service ended in 1968 when it became embroiled in legal action over their application of Stratovision in a controversy with the Westinghouse company.
Propaganda by Stratovision
Vietnam War
During the war in Vietnam, the United States Navy also used Stratovision television technology when it flew Operation Blue Eagle from 1966 to 1972 over the Saigon area of South Vietnam. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia The television programs were aimed at two audiences on two channels. One was aimed at the general public and the other was intended for the information and entertainment of US troops who were stationed in South Vietnam.
On January 3, 1966, Broadcasting magazine reported:
Vietnam to get airborne TV Television broadcasting in South Vietnam . . . begins January 21 and it's going to be done from the air. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Two airplanes, circling 10,000 to 20,000 feet [3 to 6 km] above the ground, will broadcast on two TV channels—one transmitting Saigon government programs; the other U. S. programs. The project is being handled by the U.S. Navy. Also involved are the U.S. Information Agency and the Agency for International Development. The United States Information Agency ( USIA) which existed from 1953 to 1999 was a United States agency devoted to Public diplomacy. The United States Agency for International Development (or USAID) is the United States federal government organization responsible for most non- military Work on modifying two Lockheed Super Constellations has been underway by Navy electronics experts at Andrews Air Force Base . The Lockheed Corporation (originally Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company was an American aerospace company founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Andrews Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. . . The project is an outgrowth of a broadcasting plane used by the Navy during the Cuban and Dominican Republic crises when both radio and television were beamed to home in those countries. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with
Two-channel service - one for Vietnamese, other for U. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. S. servicemen - starts this month
The same article went on to report that during the Baseball World Series of October 1965 Stratovision had also been used to bring the games to the troops. For other events named "World Series" see World Series (disambiguation. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The aircraft had picked up Voice of America radio broadcasts from California and relayed the signal to a ground broadcasting station. Voice of America ( VOA) is the official external radio and Television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Agency for International Development (AID) had purchased through the military Post Exchange Service, 1,000 monochrome, 23-inch television sets modified to operate on a variety of domestic power sources, and which had been airlifted to South Vietnam on December 28, 1965. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. They were to be put into community facilities around Saigon. AID was also spending $2. 4 million to supply a total of 2,500 TV sets to South Vietnam.
The entire project was under the control of Captain George C. Dixon, USN. He claimed to be installing AM, FM, shortwave and TV transmitters on the aircraft which would get their power from an onboard 100 kW diesel-fueled generator. The planes would not only relay programs from film chain kinescopes and video recorders, but they would also have live cameras to create their own live programs.
Ground transmissions would be received from the aircraft on TV sets tuned to channel 11 for Armed Forces Television, and channel 9 for programs in Vietnamese. On radio the broadcasts would be tuned to 1000 kHz for AM and 99. 9 MHz for FM.
On February 7, 1966, Broadcasting magazine reported that after working out a number of technical problems that the first show on channel 9 would begin at 7:30 p. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince m. and feature South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky and U. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ (born 8 September 1930) is a Vietnamese politician who served as Prime Minister of South S. Ambassador Cabot Lodge in a videotaped production, followed by channel 11 at 8 p. This article is about Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924 a US politician in the early twentieth century m. with General Westmoreland introducing a two-hour program which incorporated one hour of the Grand Ole Opry filmed in Nashville, Tennessee. William C Westmoreland ( March 26, 1914 &ndash July 18, 2005) was an American General who commanded American military The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly Country music radio program and concert broadcast live on WSM radio in Nashville, Tennessee Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. After that the Vietnamese channel would be seen for one and half hours a day and the American channel for three hours daily.
On February 8, The New York Times reported:
South Vietnamese Watch First TV Show
The story reported that the Vietnamese had to strain their ears because the speakers on the TV sets would need to be amplified if they were going to be heard by a room full of people watching THVN-TV channel 9. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The American programming on NWB-TV channel 11 featured a line-up of future shows to include Bonanza; Perry Mason; The Ed Sullivan Show and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Bonanza is an American television series that ran on NBC from September 12 1959 to January 16 1973 Perry Mason is an Emmy -winning American TV series that ran from 1957 to 1966. The Ed Sullivan Show was an American television Variety show that ran from June 20, 1948 to June 6, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was a late-night talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under the ''Tonight Show'' franchise from 1962 The main feature was Bob Hope in a two-hour special called Hollywood Salute to Vietnam, followed by half-an-hour of the Grand Ole Opry and another half-hour of the quiz show I've Got a Secret. Bob Hope, KBE KCSG ( May 29, 1903 &ndash July 27, 2003) was an American comedian and actor who appeared in For IGAS qua graphology organization see International Graphoanalysis Society I've Got a Secret is a weekly panel Game show produced
War in Iraq
More recently, the EC-130 Commando Solo has been used to broadcast information and propaganda for the United States over a variety of television and radio frequencies. The Lockheed EC-130 Commando Solo is a modified C-130 Hercules used to conduct psychological operations (PSYOP and civil affairs broadcast missions It has been used in several areas of operation, including Bosnia and Iraq. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.
Pirate television by Stratovision
In 1969 news stories began to appear in the United Kingdom that Ronan O'Rahilly, the founder of the pirate radio ship based service called Radio Caroline, which at that time was not on the air, was about to launch Caroline Television instead. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ronan O'Rahilly is an Irish businessman best known as the founder of Pirate radio stations Radio Caroline South which broadcast from a ship anchored in The term pirate radio usually refers to illegal or unregulated radio transmissions Radio Caroline is a European Radio station that started transmissions on Easter Sunday 1964 from a ship anchored in International waters off the coast of Radio Caroline is a European Radio station that started transmissions on Easter Sunday 1964 from a ship anchored in International waters off the coast of His plans called for two aircraft, one in service and one as a relief, which would transmit commercial television programs to Britain by Stratovision. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Although these stories continued for some time nothing became of the project. To date no pirate radio or television service has ever operated by means of Stratovision.
Stratovision: a temporary service
Today the Stratovision concept is used as a stop-gap measure where land based transmitters are not possible and where large areas of territory need to be served with a television program. Due to the advent of fibre optic cable television systems and direct broadcast satellite services, Stratovision has become unnecessary as a permanent means of television delivery. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length Direct broadcast satellite (DBS is a term used to refer to Satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception also referred to more broadly as direct-to-home
Trivia
The 1987 film Riders of the Storm (also known as "The American Way") used a similar concept, with a group of Vietnam Veterans running a pirate TV station (S&M TV) from a B-29 that was constantly in flight.
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