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A BMW M20B25 engine with the cylinder head removed, showing the pistons in the six cylinders of the engine.
A BMW M20B25 engine with the cylinder head removed, showing the pistons in the six cylinders of the engine. ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 The M20 is an Straight-6 Piston engine of BMW. The 12-valve belt driven SOHC design was introduced in the 1977 BMW 520/6 and 320/6 In an Internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits atop the cylinders and consists of a platform containing part of the Combustion chamber and the A piston is a component of Reciprocating engines Pumps and Gas compressors It is located in a cylinder and is made gas-tight by Piston

The straight-6 or inline-6 engine (often abbreviated I6 or L6) is a six cylinder internal combustion engine with all six cylinders mounted in a straight line along the crankcase. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a A cylinder is the central working part of a Reciprocating engine, the space in which a Piston travels For the GI Joe character see List of GI Joe ARAH characters. For the Transformers characters see Crankcase (Transformers. The single bank of cylinders may be oriented in either a vertical or an inclined plane with all the pistons driving a common crankshaft. A piston is a component of Reciprocating engines Pumps and Gas compressors It is located in a cylinder and is made gas-tight by Piston The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an Engine which translates reciprocating Linear Where it is inclined, it is sometimes called a slant-6. The Slant-6, known within Chrysler as the G-engine, is one of Chrysler 's two best known Automobile Engines along with the Hemi The straight-6 layout is the simplest engine layout which is in both primary and secondary mechanical engine balance, resulting in relatively low manufacturing cost combined with much less vibration than engines with fewer cylinders. Engine balance is the design construction and tuning of an Engine to run smoothly [1]

Contents

Displacement range

Usually a straight-6 is used for engine displacements between about 2. Engine displacement is defined as the total Volume of air/fuel mixture an Engine can draw in during one complete engine cycle it is normally stated in Cubic 0 and 5. 0 litres. It is also sometimes used for smaller engines but these, although very smooth running, tended to be rather expensive to manufacture and they are inevitably physically longer than alternative layouts. The smallest production straight-6 was found in the Benelli 750 Sei motorcycle, displacing 747. The Benelli 750 Sei is a Motorcycle that was produced by Italian manufacturer Benelli from 1972&ndash1978 7 cubic centimetres (45. 63 cu in) (0. 75 L). However, because it is a fully balanced configuration, the straight-6 can be scaled up to very large sizes for industrial and marine use, such as the 11 litre Scania diesel engine used in heavy vehicles. Scania AB is a European Manufacturer of heavy Trucks ( British English: lorries) Buses and Diesel engines [2] The largest are used to power ships. They use diesel fuel and have displacements as high as 1820 litres per cylinder. [3]

Modern trends

Historically, straight-6 engines were introduced much earlier than V6s, and while the first straight-6 was manufactured in 1904, it was 1950 before a production V6 was introduced. A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders mounted on the Crankcase in two banks of three cylinders V6s (unlike crossplane V8s) had intrinsic vibration problems that were difficult to eliminate without modern computer aided design techniques. The crossplane or cross-plane is a Crankshaft design for V8 engines with a 90° angle between the cylinder banks A V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders mounted on the Crankcase in two banks of four cylinders in most cases set at a right angle to each other The length of the straight-6 was not a major concern in the older front-engine/rear-wheel drive vehicles, but the modern move to the more space-efficient front-engine/front-wheel drive and transverse engine ("east-west") configurations in smaller cars caused the much shorter length of the V6 to become a major advantage. In Automotive design, a FF, or Front-engine, Front-wheel drive layout places both the engine and driven wheels at the front of A transverse engine is an Engine in which the Crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the length of the vehicle As a result, in recent decades automobile manufacturers have replaced most of their straight-6 engines (and many of their V8s) with V6 engines. [4]

Exceptions to the shift to V6 engines include BMW, which specializes in high-performance straight-6s, Volvo, which designed a compact straight-6 engine/transmission package to fit transversely in its larger cars, and the Australian Ford Falcon, which still uses a straight-6 configuration. ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 This article is about Volvo Group - AB Volvo Volvo Cars is the passenger vehicle maker owned by Ford Motor Company, using the Volvo Trademark The Ford Falcon is a Full-size car which has been manufactured by Ford Australia since 1960 Straight-6s also continue to be commonly used in medium to large trucks, and sport utility vehicles, where engine length is less of a concern. A sport utility vehicle ( SUV) is a generic marketing description for a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a Station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis In 2002 General Motors introduced the Vortec 4200 as part of the modular straight-4, straight-5 and straight-6 GM Atlas engine line. General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. I4 2200 The Vortec 2200 (RPO codes L43 and LN2) is a OHV Straight-4 Truck engine Atlas is a name for a family of modern inline Piston engines for Trucks from General Motors.

Balance and smoothness

Straight-6 four-stroke cycle engines are in perfect primary and secondary balance and require no balance shafts. Today Internal combustion engines in cars, Trucks motorcycles aircraft construction machinery and many others most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. Engine balance is the design construction and tuning of an Engine to run smoothly In Piston engine engineering a balance They are in primary balance because the two ends of the engines are mirror images of each other and the cylinders move up and down in pairs, one on the compression stroke and the other on the exhaust stroke. Piston #1 balances #6, #2 balances #5, and #3 balances #4, canceling the end-to-end rocking motion that would otherwise result. (This does not apply to two-stroke cycle engines. The two-stroke Internal combustion engine differs from the more common Four-stroke engine by completing the same four processes (intake compression combustion exhaust ) Secondary imbalance occurs in straight-4 engines because the two pistons on the upper 180 degrees of the crankshaft rotation move faster than the two pistons on the lower 180 degrees, creating an unequal motion. The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders Straight-6 engines have cranks at 120 degrees to each other, so the differences in speed on different parts of the crankshaft rotation are offset by the changing number of pistons on each portion.

Straight-4 or V6 engines without balance shafts suffer from intrinsic secondary dynamic imbalances which can cause engine vibration and noise. As a general rule, the forces arising from any dynamic imbalance increase as the square of the engine speed - that is, if the speed doubles, the vibrations will become four times worse - and as a result, they will produce much more noise and vibration at extremely high rpm. By contrast, straight-6 engines have no primary or secondary imbalances, and with carefully designed crankshaft vibration dampers to absorb their torsional vibrations, they will seem to rev quietly and effortlessly to their rpm limits. Historically, this has made them popular in European sports-luxury cars where smooth high-speed performance combined with good fuel economy is desirable. In addition, engine imbalance forces increase as the cube of piston mass - meaning that if the size of the engine doubles, the vibrations will become eight times worse - which has made the fully balanced straight-6 a preferred configuration for large truck engines as well. [5]

The straight-6 is smoother than engines with a fewer number of cylinders because the power strokes of pistons partially overlap. Since each power stroke lasts 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation, while a new piston starts its power stroke every 120 degrees, there are 60 degrees of overlap on each stroke in which one piston is finishing while the next is starting. This results in a smooth delivery of power, unlike a four cylinder engine in which each piston must come to a complete stop before the next piston commences its power stroke. This makes the straight-6 engine's delivery of power much smoother than a four-cylinder engine. The fact that they are basically two straight sixes on the same crankshaft is the reason why 60°, 120°, and 180° V12 engines are considered optimal for smooth power delivery; they allow for triple overlap of the power stroke between three cylinders at all times due to the overlap from their two component straight-6 banks. V12 redirects here For the V12 Training program see V-12 Navy College Training Program. Eight cylinder engines have even more power stroke overlap than six cylinder ones, but the improvement in smoothness is not as pronounced as that of sixes over fours. Eights have been preferred over sixes for sports/luxury cars in the United States due to the lower fuel costs there.

Crankshaft design

Crankshafts on 6 cylinder engines generally have either 4 main bearings or 7 main bearings. Larger engines and diesels tend to use the latter because of high loadings and to avoid crankshaft flex. Because of the 6 cylinder engine's smooth characteristic, there is a tendency for a driver to load the engine at low rpm. This can produce crankshaft flex in 4 main bearing designs where the crank spans the distance of 2 cylinders between main bearings. This distance is longer than the distance between two adjacent main bearings on a V6 with 4 mains because the V6 has cylinder bores on opposite banks which overlap significantly. In addition, modern high-compression engines subject the crankshaft to greater bending loads from higher peak gas pressures, requiring the crankthrows to have greater support from adjacent bearings, so it is now customary to design straight-6s with 7 main bearings. [6]

However many of the more sporty high performance engines use the 4 bearing design because of better torsional stiffness (eg BMW small straight 6's, Ford's Zephyr 6). In a 7 main bearing design the crank has two throws between each cylinder. The accumulated length of main bearing journals and 12 crank throws, gives a relatively torsionally flexible crankshaft. The 4 main bearing design has only 6 crank throws and 4 main journals so is much stiffer in the torsional domain. At high rpm the lack of torsional stiffness can make the 7 main bearing design susceptible to torsional flex and potential breakage. Note that a V12 engine can be made with the same number of crank throws as the 7 main bearing straight 6. Another factor affecting large straight 6 engines is the front mounted timing chain which connects the camshaft(s) to the crank. The camshafts are also quite long and subject to torsional flex as they in turn operate valves alternately near the front of the engine and near the rear. At high rpm the camshaft(s) can flex torsionally while the crank is doing likewise. This results in valve timing for the rear most cylinders becoming inaccurate and erratic, losing power and in extreme cases resulting in mechanical interference between valve and piston with catastrophic results. Some designers have experimented with installing the timing chain/gears in the middle of the engine (between cylinders 3 and 4) or adding a second timing chain at the rear of the engine. Either method can solve the problem.

Another factor affecting the ability of the large 6 cylinder engines to achieve high rpm is the simple geometric reality of a relatively long stroke (undersquare) design. A straight 6 is a long engine and the designer is usually encouraged to make it as short as possible while height is not usually a problem. Hence the tendency to use a longer stroke and smaller bore than in a V engine to achieve a given capacity. By contrast, a long-stroke V engine tends to become too wide, which encourages increasing the bore rather than the stroke to increase displacement. [7] The typically longer stroke of the straight-6 increases crank throw and piston speed and so tends to reduce the rpm rating of the engine.

History of the Straight 6

The first inline six was produced by Napier & Son in 1904, at the urging of S.F. Edge. D Napier & Son Limited was a British engine and Brass era Automobile manufacturer and one of the most important Aircraft engine manufacturers Selwyn Francis Edge was an Australian businessman and racing car driver. By 1909, there were some eighty manufacturers using it, 62 in Britain alone, including Darracq, Delaunay-Bellville, Vertex, MMC, White, Poppe, Mutel, and Ford. Automobiles Darracq SA was a French motor vehicle manufacturing company founded in 1896 by Alexandre Darracq. Automobiles Delaunay-Belleville was a French luxury Automobile manufacturer from St White is a Color, the perception which is evoked by Light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive Cone cells in the Human eye Poppe is a surname and may refer to Erik Poppe Edward Poppe, beatified Belgian priest Ludo Poppe, producer of Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following [8]

Straight-6 engines in Europe

BMW introduced its first straight 6-cylinder engine in 1933. ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 It developed its I6 engines of the post-World War II era by adding two cylinders to its four cylinder design. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The BMW M10/M12 was an I4 Piston engine produced from 1961 to 1987. In 1968 it introduced a straight-6 design that had the same 30 degree slant, overhead camshaft layout, and 100 mm bore spacing as the four. The BMW M06,also known as the M30, engine was a 25 L-28 L Straight-6 engine It originally intended to follow up with a V8 engine line in the early 1970s, but when the 1973 oil crisis hit, BMW canceled its V8 plans and concentrated on refining and enlarging its straight-6 lineup. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of [9] These included a smaller straight-6 in 2. 0 L and 2. 3 L displacements (the "small six"), versions of the larger "big six" (as it became known) up to 3. The M20 is an Straight-6 Piston engine of BMW. The 12-valve belt driven SOHC design was introduced in the 1977 BMW 520/6 and 320/6 The BMW M30 is an Inline-6 cylinder engine built by BMW and was used in many different models since 1968 5 L, and beginning in 1983 a series of straight-6 diesels. The BMW M21 was a 24 L Diesel Straight-6 engine It was introduced in 1983 with the BMW M20 design as its basis In 1986 BMW introduced a V12 which was essentially two 2. The BMW M70 is a V12 Piston engine and featured heavily in the 7-Series and 8-Series BMW's of the late 80's and early 5 L straight-6s on the same crankshaft. Nowadays, a straight-six is used in the BMW 1 Series, BMW 3 Series, and among the engines offered in the BMW 5 Series. The BMW 1 Series (code name E87) is a Small-luxury car / Small family car produced by the German automaker BMW since 2004 The BMW 3 Series is a Entry-level luxury car / Compact executive car manufactured by the German automaker BMW since May 1975 The BMW 5 Series is a Mid-size Luxury car / Executive car manufactured by BMW since 1972

Mercedes-Benz has used straight-6 engines in its cars for around 100 years, starting in the 1900s with a monstrous 10 L engine producing 75 hp (56 kW). Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the Before and after the merger of Daimler and Benz in 1926, the combined company produced a variety of powerful straight-6 engines, culminating in a 7 L supercharged unit producing up to 300 hp (224 kW). Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft ( Daimler Motor Company, DMG was a German Engine and later Automobile manufacturer in operation from 1890 Karl Friedrich Benz, sometimes spelled Carl, ( November 25, 1844, Karlsruhe, Germany – April 4, 1929, Ladenburg Mercedes-Benz began the post-war era by producing straight-4s, but resumed making straight-6s in 1951 with 2.2 L and 3.0 L engines, which were the beginning of the modern era of MB straight-6s. The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders The Mercedes Benz M130 Engine was the last and largest of the ‘mid-sized’ Single Over Head Camshaft ( SOHC) Straight-6 cylinder (inline engines produced by Mercedes Following that introduction, the company produced two lines of gasoline (petrol) straight-6s at any one time, a small six and a larger six, in addition to its straight-4s, straight-5s, and later V8s. The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders The straight-5 or inline-5 is an Internal combustion engine with five cylinders aligned in one row sharing a single Engine block and Crankcase A V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders mounted on the Crankcase in two banks of four cylinders in most cases set at a right angle to each other Although the company has used diesel engines in its cars since 1934, it introduced its first straight-6 3.0 L diesel in 1985. A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr The OM60x engine family was a Straight-456 Diesel automobile engine from Mercedes-Benz used from 1984 through 1999 The 603 saw limited use in the In 1996 the company replaced its gasoline straight-6s with a series of 90 degree V6 engines, although it continued to produce diesel straight-6s. The Mercedes-Benz M112 engine is a V6 Automobile Piston engine family used in the 2000s.

Volvo produced straight-6 engines like the Volvo B30 engine for the Volvo 164 (1969-1975) and the B6304 engine for the 960/S90 (RWD). This article is about Volvo Group - AB Volvo Volvo Cars is the passenger vehicle maker owned by Ford Motor Company, using the Volvo Trademark This B30 was a Straight-6 Automobile engine produced by Volvo Cars starting in 1969, and used in the company's 164 sedan from 1969 The Volvo 164 was manufactured by Volvo Cars beginning in late 1968 for the 1969 Model year. All vehicles in the Volvo lineup are front-wheel (or all wheel) driven thereafter, and yet, Volvo made it possible to mount their inline-6 engine transversely by using a very short transaxle package and relocated engine-driven accessories. A transaxle, in the Automotive field is a component that combines the functionality of the '''trans'''mission, the differential and the drive In 2006, Volvo announced a new 3. 2 L straight-6 for the Volvo S80 that was only slightly longer than its straight-5, achieved by moving the camshaft drive to the back of the engine and sharing the same gear train with ancillaries mounted in otherwise unused space over top of the transmission. The Volvo S80 is a high-end Executive car produced by the Swedish automaker Volvo and was introduced in 1998 as a replacement for the Rear-wheel This was not only short for a straight-6, but also very narrow. Volvo says a transversely mounted inline engine leaves more crush space to protect against frontal impacts than a (shorter) transverse V6 or a longitudinally mounted inline-6. [10] In 2007 Volvo introduced a new a new six-cylinder T6 petrol engine which is based on the compact 3. 2-liter in-line aluminum engine. The turbo version has a displacement of 3. 0 liters, producing 285 bhp and 295 lb/ft of torque available from 1,500 rpm. AWD system is fitted as standard to all the models it powers such as Volvo S80, Volvo V70 and the all new Volvo XC60. The Volvo S80 is a high-end Executive car produced by the Swedish automaker Volvo and was introduced in 1998 as a replacement for the Rear-wheel The Volvo V70 is a mid-size five-door station wagon / estate manufactured by Volvo Cars since 1996 &mdash and closely related to the S70, S60 The Volvo XC60 is an SUV revealed by Volvo at the 2007 North American International Auto Show in Detroit Michigan.

Opel has also used a straight-6 engine since 1930s until the early 1990s, ranging between 2. Adam Opel GmbH (commonly known as Opel) is a German automaker part of General Motors. 5 and 4. 0 L (153–242 cu in). They powered Opel's top of the line models, including the Admiral, Kapitän, Monza,the Senator, the Omega and the Commodore. The Opel Admiral was a luxury car made by the German car manufacturer Opel from 1937 to 1939 and again from 1964 to 1977 The Opel Kapitän was a car made in several different generations by the German car manufacturer Opel from 1938 to 1970 The Opel Senator was a large motor car, two generations of which were sold in Europe by the German General Motors subsidiary Opel The Opel Senator was a large motor car, two generations of which were sold in Europe by the German General Motors subsidiary Opel There was also an Oldsmobile Omega, an unrelated vehicle that was produced during the 1970s and 1980s The Opel Omega was an Executive car The Opel Commodore was an Executive car produced by General Motors German Subsidiary Opel.

In 1959, Saab had an experimental car with two transverse straight-3 engines bolted together — the Saab Monster. Saab Automobile AB, better known as Saab, is a Swedish car manufacturer and currently a wholly-owned Subsidiary of General Motors. A straight-3 or inline-3 is an Internal combustion engine with three cylinders arranged in a straight line side by side The Saab Monster was an Experimental car made by Saab in 1959

Alfa Romeo used straight-6 engine in G1 and G2 models (1921-1923), RL model (1922–1927) and between 1925–1954 in Alfa Romeo 6C series road and racing cars, the 1500 version had one of the smallest straight-6 engines (1487 cc). Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 Alfa Romeo G1 was the first all-new design Alfa Romeo after A The Alfa Romeo RL was produced between 1922-1927 It was Alfa's first sport model after World War I. The Alfa Romeo 6C name was used on road race and sports cars made between 1925–1954 by Alfa Romeo The last Alfa Romeo model using straight-6 was Alfa Romeo 2600 (1961–1969). The Alfa Romeo 2600 (series 106 was Alfa Romeo ´s six-cylinder flagship produced from 1961 to 1968

Straight-6 engines in Britain

The straight-6 was the archetypal British engine for sports and luxury cars for many years. Rolls-Royce used straight-6 engines until changes in their design made the shorter V8 layout more suitable. A Rolls-Royce car may refer to vehicles produced by Rolls-Royce Limited (1906-1973 Rolls-Royce Motors (1973-2003 which was owned A V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders mounted on the Crankcase in two banks of four cylinders in most cases set at a right angle to each other Jaguar and other manufacturers built straight-6 engines from 1935 until the 1990s. Jaguar Cars Limited is a luxury car manufacturer based in Coventry, England, now operated as part of the Jaguar Land Rover business

The most prominent of these was the Jaguar XK6 engine, which reportedly was developed during long nights during World War II when Jaguar founder William Lyons and his staff were on fire watch duty in the Jaguar factory in Coventry and had nothing better to do than design a new engine. The famed Jaguar XK engine was introduced in 1949 and produced until 1994 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Not to be confused with William Lyons (composer or William Lyons (rapper Sir William Lyons, better known as "Mr Coventry ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in the County of West Midlands in England. [11] The result was displayed in the Jaguar XK120 at the London Motor Show in 1948. The Jaguar XK120 was a Sports car manufactured by Jaguar between 1948 and 1954 The British International Motor Show is an Automobile show held biennially in the United Kingdom. The 3. 4 L twin overhead camshaft XK6 engine engine was highly advanced compared to previous British engines, most of which were side-valve units. The Jaguar XK120 and the XK-powered Jaguar C-Type and Jaguar D-type, went on to score victories in races and rallies in the UK, Europe and North America. The Jaguar C-Type (also called the Jaguar XK120-C) is a Racing car built by Jaguar and sold from 1951 to 1953 The Jaguar D-Type, like its predecessor the C-Type, was a factory-built Race car. They dominated the 24 Hours of Le Mans during the 1950s, where Jaguar C-Types won in 1951 and 1953, and the D-Types had three more wins in 1955, 1956 and 1957. The 24 Hours of Le Mans ( 24 Heures du Mans) is a sports car endurance race held annually since near the town of Le Mans, Sarthe, The engine design, enlarged to 3. 8 L, reached its apogee in the Jaguar E-type introduced in 1961, which was capable of 150 miles per hour (240 km/h). The Jaguar E-Type' (UK or XK-E (US is a British Automobile, manufactured by Jaguar between 1961 and 1974 In 1964, the XK engine was again enlarged to 4. 2 L, which was considered the most powerful and refined of the series. The last XK-engined Jaguar went out of production in 1986, but some XK engined cars such as the Daimler DS420 limousine were still available into 1990s. Origins The Daimler DS420, popularly known as the Daimler Limousine, began production in 1968 replacing the DR450 which had been based on the The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 [11] The XK6 engine was followed by the AJ6 and AJ16 engines. The AJ6 ( Advanced Jaguar 6-cylinder) and the similar AJ16, was an Inline-6 Piston engine used by Jaguar in the 1980s and 1990s After Jaguar was acquired by Ford, these engines were replaced these engines with the Ford Duratec-derived Jaguar AJ-V6 engine. The Duratec is a range of four, six and twelve -cylinder Gasoline engines used in Ford cars The Jaguar AJ-V6 engine is a specialized version of Ford 's Duratec 25/30 V6.

Aston Martin used a straight-6 for many years, as did Austin-Healey in their Austin-Healey 3000. Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a British manufacturer of luxury performance cars, whose headquarters are at Gaydon, England. Austin-Healey is a defunct British sports car maker The marque was established through a joint venture arrangement set up in 1952 between Leonard Lord The Austin-Healey 3000 was a Sports car built from 1959 to 1967 by Jensen Motors for the Austin-Healey marque and is the best known of the 'big' MG also used a straight-6 in their MGC. MG is a British Sports car brand founded in 1924 MG is best known for two-seat open sports cars but MG also produced saloons and Coupés The MGB was Britain 's best-selling Sports car model. Launched in May 1962 to replace the MGA, the MGB was manufactured until 22 October

Bristol produced a straight-6 until 1961, based on a BMW design, that was also used by many small automakers. Bristol Cars is a manufacturer of hand-built Luxury cars ref name=Bild/> based at Filton, near Bristol, England.

The compact Triumph straight-6 powered their high-end saloon and sports cars from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s. The Triumph Motor Company had its origins in 1885 when Siegfried Bettmann (1863-1951 and Moritz (Maurice Schulte from Germany founded Bettmann & It was available in 1. 6, 2. 0, and 2. 5 L capacities. Triumph claimed that their TR5 model was the first car in the UK to come with fuel injection as standard; the TR5 has a 2. The Triumph TR5 was built for a 13 month period between August 1967 and September 1968 by the Triumph Motor Company in Coventry, United Kingdom. 5 L Triumph straight-6. Other Triumph vehicles that use the Triumph straight-6 are:

The Rover SD1 saloon used a Triumph designed straight-6 of 2. The GT6 was a 6-cylinder sports coupé built by Standard-Triumph and based on their popular Triumph Spitfire convertible The Triumph Vitesse was a compact 6-cylinder car built by Standard-Triumph from 1962&ndash71 Triumph 2000 Mark I "Barb" The "Mark I" was built between 1963 and 1969 a substantial facelift styled by Michelotti came in 1969 updating the car for The Triumph TR6 (1969&ndash76 was a British six-cylinder Sports car and the best-seller of the TR range built by Triumph when production ended 3 and 2. 6 L capacities.

British sports car company TVR designed its own straight-6, known as the Speed Six, which powers its current range of cars. TVR is an independent British manufacturer of Sports cars based in the English town of Blackpool, Lancashire. The TVR Speed Six was the name of a Normally aspirated Straight-6 engine manufactured by TVR,

Land Rover used a 2. Land Rover is an all-terrain vehicle and Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV manufacturer based in Solihull, England, now operated as part of the Jaguar 6 L, straight-6 from 1967 in certain series Land Rover models.

Ford UK produced a straight 6 engine for the Zephyr and Zodiac range of passenger cars from the Mk 1 of 1951 (2262 cc) through the Mk 2 (2553 cc) and Mk 3 until 1966. The straight-6 was a 4 main bearing 12 overhead valve design with a short stroke. Rated output grew from just 65 hp (48 kW) in the Mk 1 to 110 hp (82 kW) in the Mk 3 Zodaic.

Straight-6 engines in the United States

Engines of this type were popular before World War II in mid-range cars. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Most manufacturers started building straight-6 engines when cars grew too large for the straight-4. The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders

After World War II, larger cars required larger engines, and buyers of larger cars tended to prefer V8s; performance sixes such as the Hudson Hornet 308 CID (5 L) engine were exceptions to the rule, and were not often top sellers although it became one of the hottest cars on the road and dominated stock car racing (NASCAR) in the early Fifties. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Hudson Hornet is an automobile that was produced by the Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit Michigan between 1951 and 1954 The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of Stock cars in the United States. [12].

After Chevrolet introduced its V8 in 1955, the straight-6 became almost exclusively a base engine model pitched to economy-minded customers. Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM Trucks (both light and heavy duty) also incorporated the straight-6 until the mid-1950s, and they are still used in light trucks available today. The new wave of compact cars that started in the late 1950s provided a suitable home for straight-6 designs. A compact (North America small family (European or c-segment car is a classification of cars which are larger than a supermini

The Chrysler Corporation had noteworthy slant-6 engines, used in the Plymouth Valiant and Dodge Dart A-body models of the 1960s and 1970s. Chrysler LLC is an American Automobile manufacturer that has been producing Automobiles since 1925 The Slant-6, known within Chrysler as the G-engine, is one of Chrysler 's two best known Automobile Engines along with the Hemi The Plymouth Valiant is an Automobile manufactured by the Plymouth division of Chrysler Corporation in the United States from 1960 to 1976 The Dodge Dart was an automobile built by the Dodge division of the Chrysler Corporation from 1960 to 1976 Chrysler 's A platform was the basis for smaller Rear wheel drive cars in the 1960s This engine was reliable and achieved some success in racing after engineers discovered that the 30-degree slant of the engine allowed them to use very long intake runners to boost horsepower by tuning the intake system. Part of the reason for its reliability was that it was originally designed to be built of aluminum, but after Chrysler had problems with manufacturing the engines in aluminum, the rest were built in cast iron without changing the design to compensate for the stronger metal. Although it only had four crankshaft main bearings instead of the seven used by its competitors, they were the same size as those on the 426 CID (7 L) Hemi V8. A Chrysler Hemi engine, known by the trademark Hemi, is an Internal combustion engine built by Chrysler that utilizes a hemispherical In production for 30 years, it was discontinued in favor of V6 engines because it was too long to mount transversely in front wheel drive cars.

Another noteworthy straight-6 engine family was introduced by American Motors (AMC) in 1964. American Motors Corporation (AMC was an American automobile company formed on January 14 1954 by the merger of the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation These engines were used in a variety of AMC passenger and Jeep utility vehicles. The American Motors Corporation (AMC Straight-6 family of engines was used by a number of AMC and Jeep vehicles from 1964 through 2006 AMC also sold their straight-6's to International Harvester to be used in International's "Light Line" vehicles: Scouts, pickups, and Travelalls. These engines were also assembled and marketed internationally. Some markets (such as Mexico - by VAM) built their own specialized versions. Vehiculos Automotores Mexicanos SA (VAM was an Automaker in Mexico. This engine is considered to be one of the best ever made and it received modifications and upgrades as engine control technology improved. [13] It is noteworthy that this "modern era" I-6 was produced continuously for 42 years (even after Chrysler's buyout of AMC in 1987) all the way through 2006. The American Motors Corporation (AMC Straight-6 family of engines was used by a number of AMC and Jeep vehicles from 1964 through 2006 It featured a durable design with a cast iron block and cylinder head, hydraulic lifters (with non-adjustable rockers), and seven main bearings. Since the cars were designed to take the weight of an optional V8, AMC was able to make their straight-sixes much stronger and heavier than they needed to be. As a result, the engine blocks were so sturdy that some were used in race cars in the Indianapolis 500. The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500, and historically known simply as "The 500" is an American In the 1978 race, an AMC 199 CID (3. 3 L) engine produced 875 hp (652 kW) at 8,500 RPM with 80-inches of manifold pressure. [14]

A significant step was taken by Kaiser Jeep with the 1963 Tornado straight-6, the first U. Kaiser Jeep was the result of the merger between the Kaiser-Frazer Corporation, an independent Automaker based in Willow Run, Michigan, and the The Jeep 6-230 Tornado engine was the first US designed mass-produced Overhead cam (OHC automobile engine S. designed mass-produced overhead cam (OHC) automobile engine. Overhead camshaft, commonly abbreviated to OHC, Valvetrain configurations place the engine Camshaft within the Cylinder heads above the However, it was complex (by 1960s standards) for civilian vehicles in the U. S. , but continued to be installed in military Jeeps and was also produced through 1982 by IKA in Argentina. Industrias Kaiser Argentina SA or IKA was an Argentine motor company established in 1956 in Córdoba Province as a Joint venture with

Ford and General Motors straight-6s of the 1960s and 1970s were generally nondescript, except for the overhead cam Pontiac six of the late-1960s. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. Pontiac is a Brand of Automobiles produced by General Motors that has been sold in the United States, Canada and Mexico Although the Pontiac six was one of the few straight-6s of its era to be advertised as exceeding 100 hp (75 kW), it wooed few performance buyers away from V8s in the muscle car era and was eventually discontinued in favor of a less costly design.

American automakers found it more profitable to sell slow-speed straight-6s as "economy" engines and V8s as "performance" engines regardless of their horsepower potential, since big, unsophisticated, overhead valve engines were relatively cheap to manufacture, and fuel economy was not a concern prior to the 1973 oil crisis. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of

The trend after the fuel crises in the 1970s was towards smaller cars with better fuel economy. Despite this, straight-6 engines became rare in American cars although they continued to be used in trucks and vans. The decline of the straight-6 was in response to the more compact size of the V6 layout. The straight-6 required a longer engine compartment that was more appropriate to a larger car. The shorter V6 could be used in a shorter engine compartment and therefore fit better in a more compact car. It was also relatively easy to cut two cylinders off a V8 design to produce a V6 that could be manufactured on the same assembly line as the V8, which was convenient for American manufacturers.

Jeeps were an exception to the trend to V6s, and began offering AMC's 258 CID (4. Jeep is an Automobile Marque (and registered trademark of Chrysler. 2 L), known as "High Torque," straight-6s as a common engine option in 1972. These engines continued to receive upgrades with an advanced for its time, high-performance 4 L (244 cu in) option in 1987. The American Motors Corporation (AMC Straight-6 family of engines was used by a number of AMC and Jeep vehicles from 1964 through 2006 Usage of the AMC 4. 0 declined in Jeep vehicles after the Jeep Cherokee (in North America) was replaced by the Liberty in 2002, which featured Chrysler's 3. The Jeep Liberty (KJ/KK or Jeep Cherokee (KJ/KK outside North America is a Compact SUV produced by the Jeep marque of Chrysler. 7 L V6 instead. It declined further after the 2005 introduction of the third generation Jeep Grand Cherokee, which also used the 3. The Jeep Grand Cherokee is a Mid-size unibody Sport utility vehicle produced by the Jeep division of Chrysler. 7 L V6. The last application of the 4. 0 was in the 2006 Jeep Wrangler; for 2007 the engine has been replaced with a 3. The Wrangler (also known as the YJ, TJ, and JK, as explained below is an Off-road vehicle produced by American automaker 8 L V6.

Ford used a straight-6 in baseline Mustangs and in its other models for many decades. They were also found in F150 pickups (most notably the 300 CID (4. 9 L) inline six) until 1997 when they were replaced with a V6.

In 1989 Chrysler introduced the 5. 9 L Cummins B Series engine as an option on its pickup trucks. The Cummins B Series is a family of Straight-4 and Straight-6 Diesel Truck and industrial Piston engines The B Series Displacing nearly 1 litre per cylinder, this straight-6 turbocharged diesel engine was an attractive alternative to the big gasoline V8s normally used on full-sized pickups because its better fuel economy and nearly twice as much low-speed torque. The usual marketing cachet of competing V8s from GM and Ford was offset by the "real" truck origin of the Cummins engine because earlier diesel V8s derived from gasoline engines had reliability problems. [15] The current 6. 7 L version is the largest straight-6 engine ever produced for a passenger vehicle.

In 2001 General Motors introduced a new family of straight engines, the Atlas, for use in the Chevrolet TrailBlazer/GMC Envoy. General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. Atlas is a name for a family of modern inline Piston engines for Trucks from General Motors. The Chevrolet TrailBlazer is a mid-size SUV produced by the Chevrolet division of American automaker General Motors. The GMC Envoy is an SUV from the GMC Marque of General Motors. The straight-6 was chosen for development because of the desirable operating characteristics of its self-balanced design. [16]

Straight-6 engines in Asia

The Japanese automakers have used the straight-6 since the 1960s in a wide range of vehicles. More recently, Nissan and Toyota have changed to V6s because the straight-6s were too long for the engine compartments in their newer vehicles. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker.

Toyota started with their F-series engine and later the M, FZ, G, and JZ engines, and Nissan started with their H-series and later the L of the early Fairlady Zs as well as the RB series engines (in the R31-R34 Skyline). The Toyota F series gasoline engine was first introduced in 1955 Toyota Motor Corporation 's M family of engines were a longitudinally mounted Straight-6 engine design The Toyota Motor Corporation G-family engine is a family of Straight-6 Piston engines produced from 1979 to present The Toyota JZ engine family is a series of Inline-6 Automobile engines The RB engine is a 20L to 30L Straight-6 four-stroke Gasoline Engine from Nissan. Nissan Skyline GT-RThe Nissan Skyline is a Mid-size car originally produced by the Japanese automaker Prince Motor Company starting in 1957 and later by Nissan Honda built the Honda CBX 1000 motorcycle from 1978 to 1981. The Honda CBX1000 was introduced in 1978 to a lot of technical fanfare In the 1990s Toyota offered straight-6s in all their lines: the G in the Altezza (and others); the M and its replacement, the JZ, in the Toyota Supra (and others); and the F and its replacement, the FZ, in the Land Cruiser. Toyota Motor Corporation 's M family of engines were a longitudinally mounted Straight-6 engine design Mark I (1979-1981 1979 In 1978 Toyota began production of the Mark I Supra in Japan, as the Toyota Celica XX. The Toyota Land Cruiser is a series of Four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese car maker Toyota Motor Corporation. In the 2000s, Toyota still offers the FZ-series, G-series, and the JZ-series engines.

In Korea, GM Daewoo's FWD Magnus (sold abroad as the Chevrolet Evanda, Chevrolet Epica, Holden Epica or Suzuki Verona) comes with a Daewoo-designed straight-6. The Daewoo Magnus is a Mid-size sedan developed and manufactured by Daewoo Motors until its purchase by General Motors, and now built for The Daewoo engine is one of the few straight-6s designed to be installed transversely in front wheel drive cars and it is an extremely short engine in its configuration.

Straight-6 engines in Australia

Historically, all major manufacturers in Australia used straight-6s.

BMC developed a straight six cylinder engine based on the B-series engine in the late 1950s. It appeared in the Austin Freeway and Wolseley 24/80. Although successful in Australia and tried successfully in the prototype MGC the cost of retooling meant that the engine remained indigenous to Australia. In the early 1970s a six-cylinder engine derived from the E-series was used in the Australian market for the P76 and Marina.

Chrysler had built the Slant 6 in Australia and the unique to Australia Hemi straight-6. The Slant-6, known within Chrysler as the G-engine, is one of Chrysler 's two best known Automobile Engines along with the Hemi The Chrysler Hemi-6 engine is a family of inline six cylinder Petrol engines produced by Chrysler Australia in three piston displacements These engines, made in 215, 245, and 265 CID capacity, were used in the Chrysler Valiant and the Valiant Charger producing up to 320 hp (239 kW). A cubic inch (plural cubic inches) is a non- SI unit of Volume, equal to the volume of a Cube with sides of one Inch. The Chrysler Valiant was a passenger car introduced by Chrysler Australia in 1962 with production ceasing in 1981 See also Chrysler Valiant The Chrysler Valiant Charger was an Automobile produced by Chrysler Australia from 1971 to 1978 Chrysler no longer owns any factories in Australia.

Holden up until 1986 built their own straight-6s, adapted from a Chevrolet design. Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM A 2. 2 L unit (known as the 'grey' motor) was used until 1963, replaced by a newer Chevrolet based design (known as the 'red' engine) which was offered in different capacities. Holden engine sizes included the '173' (2. 85 L - 1971-1984), '186' (3. 0 L - 1968-1971) and '202' (3. 3 L - 1971-1986) - the largest and most popular of the series. This motor was firstly replaced by an imported Nissan straight-6, offered in 2. 0L (in New Zealand) and 3. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island 0L forms, until Holden's Buick designed 3. 8L V6 replaced it outright in 1988. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar)

Ford Australia has been producing straight-6s since 1960 and is the only manufacturer in Australia to still build straight sixes, however, production is expected to be discontinued in 2010 due to difficulty in meeting Euro-IV standards with the current configuration. Ford 's first Straight-6 engine was introduced in 1906 in the Model K. Ford has built 144, 170, 188, 200, 221, 240 and 250 cu in engines, with the 240 being called the 3. 9 L or 4. 0 L and the 200 being called the 3. 3 L. They have been used since 1960 in the Falcon, 1972-1981 in the Cortina and from 2004 in the Ford Territory. The Ford Falcon is a Full-size car which has been manufactured by Ford Australia since 1960 The Ford Cortina is a mid sized family car built by Ford of Britain in various guises from 1962 to 1982 The Ford Territory is a Crossover SUV built by Ford Australia and based on the EA169 platform of the Ford BA Falcon. The current straight-6 engines in the Falcon and Territory are called the Barra and have a 4. The Barra engines are a family of straight 6s and V8s assembled by Ford Australia since 2002 0 L displacement.

The high-performance division of Ford Australia, Ford Performance Vehicles, produce vehicles equipped with the 4. Ford Performance Vehicles ( FPV) is the Melbourne -based official performance car division of Ford Australia, founded in 2002 0 L DOHC 24-valve turbocharged straight-6 with variable cam timing, which produces 362 hp (270 kW) at 5250 rpm and 550 N·m (406 ft·lbf) at 2000 - 4250 rpm — the highest level of torque in any Australian production car to date (along with the HSV E Series). Holden Special Vehicles, abbreviated HSV is the officially designated performance vehicle division of Australian motor Automobile manufacturer

Motorcycle use

Honda raced a number of straight-6 motors in the Honda RC series bikes, starting with the 249cc 3RC164 in 1964. Although there is strictly speaking no Honda RC Series, the RC name has had a long and storied connection with both production and racing Honda motorcycles Bore x stroke were 39 mm x 34. 8 mm. This became the RC165 in 1965. For 1966, bore and stroke became 41mm x 31mm in the RC166, continuing with the RC167 in 1967. Also in 1967, Honda raced the straight-6 297 cc RC174 in the 350 class, with bore and stroke of 41 mm x 37. 5 mm. [17]

For road use, Honda introduced the Honda CBX 1000 in 1978. The Honda CBX1000 was introduced in 1978 to a lot of technical fanfare Kawasaki introduced the 1300cc Kz1300 in 1979. The Kawasaki 1300 is a water cooled 6- cylinder 1300cc Kawasaki Motorcycle that was manufactured between 1979 and 1989. Benelli introduced the 750 Sei in 1976, which was later enlarged to 900cc to become the 900 Sei. The Benelli 750 Sei is a Motorcycle that was produced by Italian manufacturer Benelli from 1972&ndash1978

Diesel straight-6 engines

The straight-6 in diesel form with a much larger displacement is commonly used for industrial applications. A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr These include various types of heavy equipment, power generation, as well as transit buses or coaches. Engineering vehicles, known by the other terms construction Equipment, earth movers heavy equipment or just plain equipment are machines specifically designed to execute Electricity generation is the process of converting non-electrical Energy to Electricity. A transit bus (US (also known as a commuter bus, city bus, or public bus) is a Bus used for Public transport purposes In British English and Australian English, the term coach is used to refer to a large motor vehicle for conveying passengers Virtually every medium-duty to large over-the-road truck employs an inline six diesel engine. Its virtues are superior low-end torque, very long service life, smooth operation and dependability. On-highway vehicle operators look for straight-6 diesels, which are smooth-operating and quiet. Off-highway applications such as tractors, marine engines, and electric generators need a motor that is rugged and powerful. In these applications, compactness is not as big a factor as in passenger cars, and reliability and maintainability are much more important concerns.

As with everyday passenger vehicles, the smooth running characteristics of the straight-6 engine are what make it desirable for industrial use. The fact that the straight-6 is the simplest engine that is in both primary and secondary balance means it can be scaled up to very large sizes without causing excessive vibration, and the fact that most of the engine components and accessories can be conveniently located along both sides, rather than on top of or underneath the cylinder banks, means that access and maintenance is easier than on a V-type engine in a truck or industrial configuration. In addition, a straight-6 engine is mechanically simpler than a V6 or V8 since it has only one cylinder head and in the overhead camshaft configuration has only half as many camshafts. In an Internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits atop the cylinders and consists of a platform containing part of the Combustion chamber and the Overhead camshaft, commonly abbreviated to OHC, Valvetrain configurations place the engine Camshaft within the Cylinder heads above the The camshaft is an apparatus often used in Piston engines to operate Poppet valves It consists of a cylindrical rod running the length of the Cylinder bank

Notable versions include the 5. 9 and 6. 7 liter I-6 Cummins found in the Dodge Ram, the 3. Cummins Inc ( is a corporation of complementary business units that design manufacture distribute and service diesel and Natural gas Engines and related This article is about the full-size truck For other uses such as the full-size van see Dodge Ram (disambiguation. 2 liter straight-6 used in the Mercedes-Benz E320 CDI sold in America from 2004 through 2006 and the "DT" series Navistar DT Engine of inline 6-cylinder medium-duty diesel engines by International Truck and Engine Corporation, which are widely held as the gold standard engines for the medium-duty market. The Navistar DT engine family is a line of mid-range Inline-6 Diesel engines With Horsepower ratings ranging from 210 to, the Navistar DT engines

Notes

  1. ^ Nunney, M J (2006). Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology, Fourth Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 12-13. ISBN 0750680377.  
  2. ^ Nunney, op. cit. , p. 4.
  3. ^ The Most Powerful Diesel Engine in the World
  4. ^ Nunney, op. cit. ,p. 14
  5. ^ Nunney, op. cit. , pp. 40-47.
  6. ^ Nunney, M. J. (2007). Light & Heavy Vehicle Technology, 4th ed. , Buterworth-Heinemann, p. 38. ISBN 0-7506-8037-7.  
  7. ^ Daniels, Jeff (2002). Driving Force - The Evolution of the Car Engine. Haynes Publishing, p. 100. ISBN 1-85960-877-9.  
  8. ^ Georgano, G. N. Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985).
  9. ^ Daniels (2002), op. cit. , p. 163.
  10. ^ New six-cylinder engine from Volvo. Fosfor Wheels (2006). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
  11. ^ a b Fifty Years of XK History. AutoWeb (1998-02-25). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Retrieved on 2008-01-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
  12. ^ Roberts, Andrew. "Classic Cars: The Hornet", The Independent, 19 June 2007. Retrieved on January 10, 2008. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  13. ^ Zatz, David. "1987, 1988, and 1989 Jeeps: Wrangler, Cherokee, Wagoneer, and Pickup", reftrieved on January 10, 2008. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  14. ^ Michael Wilson, American Motors and the Indy 500, retrieved on August 5, 2007. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  15. ^ Daniels (2002), op. cit. , p. 183.
  16. ^ 4200 Overview (PDF). General Motors (2000). Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France.
  17. ^ Honda's Race History - 1965. Joep Kortekaas (2002). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-01-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade.

See also

Straight engine

Usually found in 4- and 6- cylinder configurations the straight engine (often designated Inline engines is an Internal-combustion engine with all cylinders
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