A Staffordshire stoneware plate from the 1850s with transferred copper print - (From the home of JL Runeberg)

Stoneware is a category of clay and a type of ceramic distinguished primarily by its firing and maturation temperature (from about 1200°C to 1315 °C). The Potteries Urban Area is a Conurbation in North Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England. Events and Trends Industry Production of Steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman Johan Ludvig Runeberg (5 February 1804 Jakobstad &ndash 6 May 1877 Porvoo) was a Finnish poet and is the National poet of Finland The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. In essence, it is man-made stone. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere One widely recognized definition is from the Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities which states, "Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs from porcelain because it is more opaque, and normally only partially vitrified. Council Regulation (EEC No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987, creates the goods nomenclature called the Combined Nomenclature, or in abbreviated form 'CN' established It may be vitreous or semi-vitreous. It is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed".

In contrast, earthenware is fired at lower temperatures and is not impervious to liquids. Earthenware is a common Ceramic material which is used extensively for Pottery tableware and decorative objects Porcelain, which some consider to be a type of stoneware, is distinguished as being whiter than stoneware and always vitreous. Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures Kaolin, or China Clay, has a lower content of impurities than many other clays. Kaolinite is a Clay mineral with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5( OH)4 It is also fired to a vitreous state, transforming the constituent silica into glass. Vitreous refers to a material in an Amorphous, Glassy state (in contrast to a Crystalline state Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Some porcelain bodies are translucent after firing. In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing Firing a piece of pottery to too high a temperature will result in warping or melting. Vitreous clay bodies can be made at different temperatures ranges, but they are typically fired in the stoneware/porcelain range. Fired stoneware absorbs up to 5% water, porcelain 0%, and earthenware up to 10%. Earthenware, when moist, is typically not freeze resistant.

A Chinese stoneware vase from the Song Dynasty, 11th century. The vase (ˈveɪs /ˈveɪz/ or/ˈvɑːz/ is an open container often used to hold cut Flowers It can be made from a number of materials including Ceramics and The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Clay refers to group of minerals that generally exhibit plasticity when mixed with water, and which chemically primarily consist of alumina and silica. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific WikipediaNaming Potters refer to combinations of clays mixed with other materials as clay bodies. Different kinds of clay bodies are created by mixing additives, such as feldspar, grog, quartz, flint, many other minerals are used and these can include spodumene, wollastonite to modify clays. Feldspar is the name of a group of rock-forming Minerals which make up as much as 60% of the Earth 's crust. Grog (also called firesand or chamotte) is a Ceramic raw material Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in Flint (or flintstone) is a hard sedimentary Cryptocrystalline form of the Mineral Quartz, categorized as a variety of Chert "Kunzite" redirects here For the Sailor Moon character see Shitennou. Clay bodies can thereby be formulated to fire at a range of temperatures. Darker clays often contain iron and other metal oxide impurities. The clay used for porcelain and white stoneware clay bodies contain very little of these impurities.

Glaze may be applied to stoneware pottery before a second firing at a different temperature, or a glaze may be applied before a single, raw firing. Glaze is a layer or coating of a Vitreous substance which has been fired to fuse to a ceramic object to color decorate strengthen or waterproof it Salt-glazed stoneware became the dominant houseware of nineteenth century America. Pottery referred to as salt glazed or salted is created by adding common salt, Sodium chloride, into the chamber of a hot Kiln

See also

• Coade stone

References

Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities - EC Commission in Luxembourg, 1987

External links

• Beardman jugs from the Avondster site -- Provides photographs and history of early Rhenish stoneware vessels, produced circa 1500s-1700s. Coade stone was a Ceramic material that has been described as an Artificial stone.
• Japanese stoneware in the collection of the Asia Society.