Stingrays
Bluespotted stingray, Taeniura lymma
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Subclass: Elasmobranchii Order: Rajiformes Family: Dasyatidae
Genera
Dasyatis Himantura Pastinachus Pteroplatytrygon Taeniura Urogymnus See text for species. Bluespotted stingray, ( Dasyatis kuhlii) also known as Kuhl's Stingray is a Stingray. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes are jawed Fish with paired fins paired nostrils scales two-chambered hearts and skeletons made of Cartilage rather Elasmobranchii is the subclass of Cartilaginous fish that includes Skates rays (batoidea, and sharks (selachii. Rajiformes is the order of true rays and Skates flat-bodied cartilaginous fishes related to Sharks Classification There are several Dasyatis is the Genus of the currently accepted scientific name derived from the Greek word "dasys" meaning Rough or dense and Himantura is a genus of ray in the family Dasyatidae. Species Pale-spot whip ray, Himantura UserPolbot. --> Urogymnus is a genus of Fish in the Dasyatidae family

Dasyatidae is a family of rays, cartilaginous marine fishes, related to skates and sharks. Batoidea is a Superorder of cartilaginous fish containing more than 500 described species in thirteen families Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Skates are cartilaginous fish belonging to the family Rajidae in the superorder Batoidea of rays Sharks ( Superorder Selachimorpha) are a type of Fish with a full cartilaginous Skeleton and a highly streamlined body

Dasyatids are common in tropical coastal waters throughout the world, and there are fresh water species in Asia (Himantura sp. Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved Himantura is a genus of ray in the family Dasyatidae. Species Pale-spot whip ray, Himantura ), Africa, and Florida (Dasyatis sabina). Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina, is a Stingray of the family Dasyatidae found in the western Atlantic from Chesapeake The "typical" freshwaters rays in South America, while superficially similar to stingrays, are members of another family, Potamotrygonidae. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a River stingrays are Neotropical freshwater fishes of the Potamotrygonidae family (order Rajiformes)

While most dasyatids are relatively widespread and unlikely to be threatened, there are several species (for example Taeniura meyeni, Dasyatis colarensis, D. garouaensis and D. laosensis) where the conservation status is more problematic, leading to them being listed as vulnerable or endangered by IUCN. Threatened species are any species (including Animals Plants fungi, etc The blotched fantail ray ( Taeniura meyeni) is a member of Dasyatidae, the stingray family. UserPolbot. -->The colares stingray ( Dasyatis colarensis) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae UserPolbot. -->The Niger stingray or smooth freshwater stingray ( Dasyatis garouaensis) is a species UserPolbot. -->The mekong freshwater stingray ( Dasyatis laosensis) is a species of Fish in the A vulnerable species is a Species which is likely to become endangered unless the circumstances threatening its survival and reproduction improve An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation The status of several other species are poorly known, leading to them being listed as data deficient. Data Deficient ( DD) is a category applied by the IUCN to a species when the available information is not sufficient for a proper assessment of Conservation status

Dasyatids are propelled by motion of their large pectoral fins (commonly mistaken as "wings"). The Anatomy of Fish is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of Water, which is much denser than air holds a relatively small amount of dissolved Their stinger is a razor-sharp, barbed, or serrated cartilaginous spine which grows from the ray's whip-like tail (like a fingernail), and can grow as long as 37 cm (about 14. A stinger (a Colloquialism for the term "sting" is a common term for a sharp organ or body part found in various Animals (typically Arthropods 6 inches). On the underside of the spine are two grooves containing venom-secreting glandular tissue. This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. The entire spine is covered with a thin layer of skin called the integumentary sheath, in which venom is concentrated. ^[1] The venom contains the enzymes 5-nucleotidase and phosphodiesterase which breakdown and kill cells; and the neurotransmitter serotonin which provokes smooth-muscle contractions. A nucleotidase is a hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the Hydrolysis of a Nucleotide into a Nucleoside and a Phosphate. A phosphodiesterase is any Enzyme that breaks a Phosphodiester bond. Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons ^[2] This gives them their common name of stingrays (a compound of "sting" and "ray")^[3], but the name can also be used to refer to any poisonous ray. In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. Divers often refer to them as "Sea Devils".

Some adult rays may be no larger than a human palm,some can be bigger while other species, like the short-tail stingray, may have a body of six feet in diameter, and an overall length, including their tail, of fourteen feet. The short-tail stingray, Dasyatis brevicaudata

Stingrays may also be called the whip-tailed rays though this usage is much less common.

A group or collection of stingrays is commonly referred to as a "fever" of stingrays.

Feeding habits

Underside of freshwater ray showing mouth

The flattened bodies of stingrays allow them effective concealment in sand by ruffling up the sand and hiding beneath it. As their eyes are on top of their body and their mouths on the underside, stingrays cannot see their prey, instead they use smell and electro-receptors similar to those of sharks. Sharks ( Superorder Selachimorpha) are a type of Fish with a full cartilaginous Skeleton and a highly streamlined body Stingrays feed primarily on mollusks, crustaceans, and occasionally on small fish. Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting Some sting rays' mouths contain two powerful, shell-crushing plates,while some species only have sucking mouthparts. Rays settle on the bottom while feeding, sometimes leaving only their eyes and tail visible. Coral reefs are favored feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide. Stingrays can vary from gray to bright red in color and be plain or patterned.

Stinging mechanism

A mangrove whipray in the Maldives. Himantura is a genus of ray in the family Dasyatidae. Species Pale-spot whip ray, Himantura The Maldives ( or, or Maldive Islands) officially the Republic of Maldives, is an Island nation consisting of a group of atolls stretching

A stingray's stinger

Stingrays form a large part of the underwater display at the Melbourne Aquarium. Melbourne Aquarium is a Southern Ocean and Antarctic aquarium in central Melbourne, Australia.

Dasyatids generally do not attack aggressively or even actively defend themselves. When threatened, their primary reaction is to swim away. However, when attacked by predators or stepped on, the barbed stinger in their tail is whipped up. The tail is the section at the rear end of an Animal 's Body; in general the term refers to a distinct flexible Appendage to the Torso. This attack is normally ineffective against their main predator, sharks. Sharks ( Superorder Selachimorpha) are a type of Fish with a full cartilaginous Skeleton and a highly streamlined body ^[4]

Depending on the size of the stingray, humans are usually stung in the foot region. The foot is an Anatomical structure found in many Animals It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows Locomotion. It is less likely, to be stung by brushing against the stinger. Surfers or those who enter waters with large populations of stingrays have learned to slide their feet through the sand rather than stepping, as the rays detect this and swim away. Stamping hard on the bottom as one treads through murky water will also cause them to swim away. Humans who harass stingrays have been known to be stung elsewhere, sometimes leading to fatalities. The stinger usually breaks off in the wound. This is non-fatal to the stingray as it will be regrown. Contact with the stinger causes local trauma (from the cut itself), pain and swelling from the venom, and possible later infection from bacteria. Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. Immediate injuries to humans include, but are not limited to: poisoning, punctures, severed arteries and possibly death. This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. Fatal stings are very rare.

On September 4, 2006, Steve Irwin was pierced in the chest by a stingray barb while snorkeling in Australia and died shortly after. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Stephen Robert Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006 known simply as Steve Irwin and Nicknamed " The Crocodile Hunter " was an iconic

Treatment for stings includes application of near-scalding water, which helps ease pain by denaturing the complex venom protein, and antibiotics. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Immediate injection of local anesthetic in and around the wound is very helpful, as is the use of opiates such as intramuscular pethidine. A local anesthetic is a drug that causes reversible Local anesthesia and a loss of Nociception. Local anesthetic brings almost instant relief for several hours. Any warm to hot fluid, including urine, may provide some relief. Vinegar and papain are ineffective. Pain normally lasts up to 48 hours, but is most severe in the first 30–60 minutes and may be accompanied by nausea, fatigue, headaches, fever and chills. Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris All stingray injuries should be medically assessed; the wound needs to be thoroughly cleaned, and surgical exploration is often required to remove any barb fragments remaining in the wound. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Following cleaning, an ultrasound is helpful to confirm removal of all the fragments. Not to be confused with Supersonic. Ultrasound is cyclic Sound pressure with a Frequency greater than the upper ^[5] Not all remnants are radio-opaque; but X-ray radiography imaging may be helpful where ultrasound is not available. For medical radiography see Radiology Radiography is the use of X-rays to view unseen or hard-to-image objects

Reproduction

Mating season occurs in the winter. When a male is courting a female, he will follow her closely, biting at her pectoral disc. During mating, the male will go on top of the female (his belly on her back) and put one of his two claspers into her vent. ^[6]

Most rays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in "litters" of five to ten. Ovoviviparous Animals develop within eggs that remain within the mother's body up until they hatch or are about to hatch The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted the mother provides uterine milk. ^[7]

As food

Barbecued stingray is commonly served in Singapore and Malaysia.

Some rays are considered threatened, and listed as vulnerable or endangered by IUCN. Threatened species are any species (including Animals Plants fungi, etc This is mostly due to pollution and development of their natural habitat, warm coastal waters. Rays are edible, and may also be caught as food by fishing lines or spears. Stingray recipes abound throughout the world, with dried forms of the wings being most common. For example, in Singapore and Malaysia, stingray is commonly barbecued over charcoal, then served with spicy sambal sauce. Singapore For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and barbeque block party Kansas cityjpg|thumb|right|275px|A barbecue on a trailer at a Block party in Kansas City. For the Indian dish see Sambar (dish. For the ethnic group see Sambal people. In Iceland, eating pickled stingray ("kæst skata") on December 23 is an old tradition. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( ^[8] Generally, the most prized parts of the stingray are the wings, the "cheek" (the area surrounding the eyes) and the liver. The rest of the ray is considered too rubbery to have any culinary uses. While not independently valuable as a food source, the stingray's capacity to damage shell fishing grounds can lead to bounties being placed on their removal.

Viewing

Stingray City in Grand Cayman allows swimmers, snorkelers, and divers to swim with and feed the stingrays.

Stingrays can be seen burrowing into the sand just yards away from tourists at Stingray City. Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles

A stingray's underside showing its mouth and gills. A gill is an anatomical structure found in many aquatic organisms

Stingrays are usually very docile, their usual reaction being to flee any disturbance. Nevertheless, certain larger species may be more aggressive and should only be approached with caution by humans, as the stingray's defensive reflex may result in serious injury or even death.

Dasyatids are not normally visible to swimmers, but divers and snorkelers may find them in shallow sandy waters, moreso when the water is warm.

In the Cayman Islands, there are several dive sites called Stingray City, Grand Cayman, where divers and snorkelers can swim with large southern stingrays (Dasyatis Americana) and feed them by hand. The Cayman Islands are a British overseas territory located in the western Caribbean Sea, comprising the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac Stingray City is a series of shallow Sand bars found in the North Sound of Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. The southern stingray, Dasyatis americana, is a Stingray of the family Dasyatidae found in tropical and subtropical waters of the southern

There is also a "Stingray City" in the sea surrounding the Caribbean island of Antigua. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Antigua (ænˈtiːgə an-TEE-gah) is an Island in the West Indies, in the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region the main It consists of a large, shallow reserve where the rays live, and snorkeling is possible.

In Belize off the island of Ambergris Caye there is a popular marine sanctuary called Hol Chan. Belize (bəˈliːz formerly British Honduras, is a country in Central America. Ambergris Caye, pronounced "am-BER-gris" is the largest Island of Belize located northeast of the country in the Caribbean Sea. Hol Chan Marine Reserve is a Marine reserve close to Ambergris Caye and Caye Caulker, off the coast of Belize. Here divers and snorkelers often gather to watch stingrays and nurse sharks that are drawn to the area by tour operators who feed the animals. Nurse sharks are cosmopolitan Carpet sharks belonging to the family Ginglymostomatidae.

Many Tahitian island resorts regularly offer guests the chance to "feed the stingrays and sharks". This consists of taking a boat to the outer lagoon reefs then standing in waist-high water while habituated stingrays swarm around, pressing right up against you seeking food from your hand or that being tossed into the water. The boat owners also "call in" sharks which, when they arrive from the ocean, swoop through the shallow water above the reef and snatch food offered to them.

Other uses

The skin of the ray (same) is used as an underlayer for the cord or leather wrap (ito) on Japanese swords (katanas) due to its hard, rough texture that keeps the braided wrap from sliding on the handle during use. A is a type of Japanese sword ( nihontō) and often is called a "samurai sword

A stingray buried in the sand in Saba. SABA was a German manufacturer for electronic equipment from the Black Forest up to the 1980s Stingrays can be hard to see when they cover themselves with substrate.

A stingray in dark waters. Stingrays are dangerous for humans because it's hard to see them when they're in dark waters.

Species

An Atlantic stingray

A thorntail stingray

There are about seventy species in seven genera:

• Genus Dasyatis
  • Dasyatis acutirostra (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988). Dasyatis is the Genus of the currently accepted scientific name derived from the Greek word "dasys" meaning Rough or dense and Dasyatis acutirostra, is a Species of Fish in the Dasyatidae family
  • Red stingray, Dasyatis akajei (Müller & Henle, 1841). UserPolbot. -->The red stingray ( Dasyatis akajei) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae UserPolbot. -->The red stingray ( Dasyatis akajei) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae Johannes Peter Müller ( July 14, 1801 &ndash April 28, 1858) was a German Physiologist, comparative anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (July 9 1809 - May 13 1885 was a German Physician, Pathologist and Anatomist.
  • Southern stingray, Dasyatis americana (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928). The southern stingray, Dasyatis americana, is a Stingray of the family Dasyatidae found in tropical and subtropical waters of the southern The southern stingray, Dasyatis americana, is a Stingray of the family Dasyatidae found in tropical and subtropical waters of the southern
  • Plain maskray, Dasyatis annotata (Last, 1987). For the Australian species also known as the brown stingray see Plain maskray. For the Australian species also known as the brown stingray see Plain maskray.
  • Bennett's stingray, Dasyatis bennetti (Müller & Henle, 1841). Johannes Peter Müller ( July 14, 1801 &ndash April 28, 1858) was a German Physiologist, comparative anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (July 9 1809 - May 13 1885 was a German Physician, Pathologist and Anatomist.
  • Short-tail stingray or bull ray, Dasyatis brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875). The short-tail stingray, Dasyatis brevicaudata For other species that go under the same name see Bull ray (disambiguation. The short-tail stingray, Dasyatis brevicaudata
  • Whiptail stingray, Dasyatis brevis (Garman, 1880). Samuel Walton Garman (1843-1927 was a naturalist / Zoologist from Pennsylvania
  • Roughtail stingray, Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill, 1815).
  • Blue stingray, Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828). The blue stingray, Dasyatis chrysonota, is a Stingray of the family Dasyatidae, found in estuaries bays and lagoons from the southeast The blue stingray, Dasyatis chrysonota, is a Stingray of the family Dasyatidae, found in estuaries bays and lagoons from the southeast
  • Diamond stingray, Dasyatis dipterura (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880). UserPolbot. -->The diamond stingray ( Dasyatis dipterura) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae UserPolbot. -->The diamond stingray ( Dasyatis dipterura) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae David Starr Jordan PhD LLD ( January 19, 1851 &ndash September 19, 1931) was a leading eugenicist, Ichthyologist
  • Estuary stingray, Dasyatis fluviorum (Ogilby, 1908). For the Australian species also known as the brown stingray see Plain maskray. UserPolbot. -->The brown stingray, estuary stingaree, or estuary stingray ( Dasyatis fluviorum William Ogilby (1808 &ndash 1873 was an Irish Barrister and naturalist.
  • Smooth freshwater stingray, Dasyatis garouaensis (Stauch & Blanc, 1962). UserPolbot. -->The Niger stingray or smooth freshwater stingray ( Dasyatis garouaensis) is a species UserPolbot. -->The Niger stingray or smooth freshwater stingray ( Dasyatis garouaensis) is a species
  • Sharpsnout stingray, Dasyatis geijskesi (Boeseman, 1948). UserPolbot. -->The sharpsnout stingray or wingfin stingray ( Dasyatis geijskesi) is a species of UserPolbot. -->The sharpsnout stingray or wingfin stingray ( Dasyatis geijskesi) is a species of
  • Giant stumptail stingray, Dasyatis gigantea (Lindberg, 1930).
  • Longnose stingray, Dasyatis guttata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). UserPolbot. -->The longnose stingray ( Dasyatis guttata) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae UserPolbot. -->The longnose stingray ( Dasyatis guttata) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723 - 1799 was a German Medical doctor and Naturalist. Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider ( January 18, 1750 &ndash January 12, 1822) was a German Classicist and naturalist
  • Dasyatis hastata (DeKay, 1842).
  • Izu stingray, Dasyatis izuensis (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988). UserPolbot. --> The izu stingray, Dasyatis izuensis, is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae family UserPolbot. --> The izu stingray, Dasyatis izuensis, is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae family
  • Bluespotted stingray, Dasyatis kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841). Bluespotted stingray, ( Dasyatis kuhlii) also known as Kuhl's Stingray is a Stingray. Bluespotted stingray, ( Dasyatis kuhlii) also known as Kuhl's Stingray is a Stingray. Johannes Peter Müller ( July 14, 1801 &ndash April 28, 1858) was a German Physiologist, comparative anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (July 9 1809 - May 13 1885 was a German Physician, Pathologist and Anatomist.
  • Yantai stingray, Dasyatis laevigata (Chu, 1960).
  • Mekong stingray, Dasyatis laosensis (Roberts & Karnasuta, 1987). UserPolbot. -->The mekong freshwater stingray ( Dasyatis laosensis) is a species of Fish in the UserPolbot. -->The mekong freshwater stingray ( Dasyatis laosensis) is a species of Fish in the
  • Brown stingray, Dasyatis latus (Garman, 1880). For the Australian species also known as the brown stingray see Plain maskray. Samuel Walton Garman (1843-1927 was a naturalist / Zoologist from Pennsylvania
  • Painted maskray, Dasyatis leylandi (Last, 1987). UserPolbot. -->The brown-reticulate stingray or painted maskray ( Dasyatis leylandi) is a species of UserPolbot. -->The brown-reticulate stingray or painted maskray ( Dasyatis leylandi) is a species of
  • Longtail stingray, Dasyatis longa (Garman, 1880). For another ray species which also has the common name 'longtail stingray' go to Thorntail stingray. For another ray species which also has the common name 'longtail stingray' go to Thorntail stingray. Samuel Walton Garman (1843-1927 was a naturalist / Zoologist from Pennsylvania
  • Daisy stingray, Dasyatis margarita (Günther, 1870). Albrecht Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther FRS (also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Gunther) October 3, 1830 – February 1
  • Pearl stingray, Dasyatis margaritella (Compagno & Roberts, 1984).
  • Dasyatis marianae (Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000). UserPolbot. -->The Brazilian large-eyed stingray ( Dasyatis marianae) is a species of Fish in the
  • Marbled stingray, Dasyatis marmorata (Steindachner, 1892). Franz Steindachner ( November 11, 1834 - December 10, 1919) was an Austrian Zoologist.
  • Pitted stingray, Dasyatis matsubarai (Miyosi, 1939).
  • Smalleye stingray, Dasyatis microps (Annandale, 1908).
  • Multispine giant stingray, Dasyatis multispinosa (Tokarev, 1959).
  • Blackish stingray, Dasyatis navarrae (Steindachner, 1892). Franz Steindachner ( November 11, 1834 - December 10, 1919) was an Austrian Zoologist.
  • Common stingray, Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758). Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for
  • Smalltooth stingray, Dasyatis rudis (Günther, 1870). Albrecht Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther FRS (also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Gunther) October 3, 1830 – February 1
  • Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina (Lesueur, 1824). The Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina, is a Stingray of the family Dasyatidae found in the western Atlantic from Chesapeake The Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina, is a Stingray of the family Dasyatidae found in the western Atlantic from Chesapeake
  • Bluntnose stingray, Dasyatis say (Lesueur, 1817). UserPolbot. -->The bluntnose stingray ( Dasyatis say) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae UserPolbot. -->The bluntnose stingray ( Dasyatis say) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae
  • Chinese stingray, Dasyatis sinensis (Steindachner, 1892). Franz Steindachner ( November 11, 1834 - December 10, 1919) was an Austrian Zoologist.
  • Thorntail stingray, Dasyatis thetidis (Ogilby, 1899). The thorntail stingray, black stingray or longtail stingray, Dasyatis thetidis, belongs to the Stingray family Dasyatidae The thorntail stingray, black stingray or longtail stingray, Dasyatis thetidis, belongs to the Stingray family Dasyatidae William Ogilby (1808 &ndash 1873 was an Irish Barrister and naturalist.
  • Tortonese's stingray, Dasyatis tortonesei (Capapé, 1975).
  • Cow stingray, Dasyatis ushiei (Jordan & Hubbs, 1925). David Starr Jordan PhD LLD ( January 19, 1851 &ndash September 19, 1931) was a leading eugenicist, Ichthyologist
  • Pale-edged stingray, Dasyatis zugei (Müller & Henle, 1841). UserPolbot. -->The pale-edged stingray or sharpnose stingray ( Dasyatis zugei) is a species of Fish UserPolbot. -->The pale-edged stingray or sharpnose stingray ( Dasyatis zugei) is a species of Fish Johannes Peter Müller ( July 14, 1801 &ndash April 28, 1858) was a German Physiologist, comparative anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (July 9 1809 - May 13 1885 was a German Physician, Pathologist and Anatomist.
    

An Himantura stingray

• Genus Himantura
  • Pale-spot whip ray, Himantura alcockii (Annandale, 1909). Himantura is a genus of ray in the family Dasyatidae. Species Pale-spot whip ray, Himantura
  • Bleeker's whipray, Himantura bleekeri (Blyth, 1860).
  • Freshwater whipray, Himantura chaophraya (Monkolprasit & Roberts, 1990). The freshwater whipray, Himantura chaophraya, is a very large freshwater Stingray of the family Dasyatidae, found in the Mekong The freshwater whipray, Himantura chaophraya, is a very large freshwater Stingray of the family Dasyatidae, found in the Mekong
  • Dragon stingray, Himantura draco (Compagno & Heemstra, 1984).
  • Pink whipray, Himantura fai (Jordan & Seale, 1906). David Starr Jordan PhD LLD ( January 19, 1851 &ndash September 19, 1931) was a leading eugenicist, Ichthyologist
  • Ganges stingray, Himantura fluviatilis (Hamilton, 1822). UserPolbot. -->The Ganges stingray ( Himantura fluviatilis) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae UserPolbot. -->The Ganges stingray ( Himantura fluviatilis) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae
  • Sharpnose stingray, Himantura gerrardi (Gray, 1851). Dasyatis acutirostra, is a Species of Fish in the Dasyatidae family John Edward Gray ( 12 February 1800 &ndash 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist.
  • Mangrove whipray, Himantura granulata (Macleay, 1883).
  • Himantura hortlei Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Kailola, 2006. ^[9]
  • Scaly whipray, Himantura imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). The scaly whipray, Himantura imbricata, is a Skate of the family Dasyatidae, found in the Tropical Indo-West Pacific The scaly whipray, Himantura imbricata, is a Skate of the family Dasyatidae, found in the Tropical Indo-West Pacific Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723 - 1799 was a German Medical doctor and Naturalist. Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider ( January 18, 1750 &ndash January 12, 1822) was a German Classicist and naturalist
  • Pointed-nose stingray, Himantura jenkinsii (Annandale, 1909).
  • Kittipong's stingray, Himantura kittipongi
  • Marbled freshwater whip ray, Himantura krempfi (Chabanaud, 1923). Himantura kittipong is a species of Freshwater Stingray that was initially found by Thai fish expert Kittipong Jaruthanin in Himantura kittipong is a species of Freshwater Stingray that was initially found by Thai fish expert Kittipong Jaruthanin in
  • Himantura lobistoma Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2006. ^[10]
  • Blackedge whipray, Himantura marginatus (Blyth, 1860).
  • Smalleye whip ray, Himantura microphthalma (Chen, 1948).
  • Marbled whipray, Himantura oxyrhyncha (Sauvage, 1878). UserPolbot. --> The marbled freshwater stingray, Himantura oxyrhyncha, is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae UserPolbot. --> The marbled freshwater stingray, Himantura oxyrhyncha, is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae
  • Pacific chupare, Himantura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941).
  • Himantura pareh (Bleeker, 1852). Pieter Bleeker ( July 10 1819, Zaandam - January 24 1878, The Hague) was a Dutch Medical doctor
  • Round whip ray, Himantura pastinacoides (Bleeker, 1852). Pieter Bleeker ( July 10 1819, Zaandam - January 24 1878, The Hague) was a Dutch Medical doctor
  • Chupare stingray, Himantura schmardae (Werner, 1904). UserPolbot. -->The chupare stingray ( Himantura schmardae) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae UserPolbot. -->The chupare stingray ( Himantura schmardae) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae
  • White-edge freshwater whip ray, Himantura signifer (Compagno & Roberts, 1982). UserPolbot. -->The white-edge freshwater whipray ( Himantura signifer) is a species of Fish in the UserPolbot. -->The white-edge freshwater whipray ( Himantura signifer) is a species of Fish in the
  • Black-spotted whipray, Himantura toshi (Whitley, 1939).
  • Whitenose whip ray, Himantura uarnacoides (Bleeker, 1852). Pieter Bleeker ( July 10 1819, Zaandam - January 24 1878, The Hague) was a Dutch Medical doctor
  • Honeycomb stingray, Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775). Peter Forsskål, sometimes spelled Pehr Forsskål, Peter Forskaol, Petrus Forskål or Pehr Forsskåhl, ( 11 January, 1732
  • Leopard whipray, Himantura undulata (Bleeker, 1852). Pieter Bleeker ( July 10 1819, Zaandam - January 24 1878, The Hague) was a Dutch Medical doctor
  • Dwarf whipray, Himantura walga (Müller & Henle, 1841). Johannes Peter Müller ( July 14, 1801 &ndash April 28, 1858) was a German Physiologist, comparative anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (July 9 1809 - May 13 1885 was a German Physician, Pathologist and Anatomist.

• Genus Makararaja
  • Makararaja chindwinensis Roberts, 2007^[11]
    

• Genus Pastinachus
  • Cowtail stingray, Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775). Peter Forsskål, sometimes spelled Pehr Forsskål, Peter Forskaol, Petrus Forskål or Pehr Forsskåhl, ( 11 January, 1732 [1]
  • Pastinachus solocirostris (Last, Manjaji & Yearsley, 2005). ^[12]
    

• Genus Pteroplatytrygon
  • Pelagic stingray, Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832). The Pelagic Stingray ( Dasyatis violacea) is a type of stingray with a wide range Charles Lucien (Carlo Jules Laurent Bonaparte 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano ( May 24, 1803 &ndash July 29, 1857) was a French
    

• Genus Taeniura
  • Round stingray, Taeniura grabata (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817). UserPolbot. -->The round stingray ( Urobatis halleri) is a species of Fish in the Urotrygonidae Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire ( April 15, 1772 - June 19, 1844) was a French naturalist who established the principle
  • Bluespotted ribbontail ray, Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775). The bluespotted ribbontail ray or blue dot ray, Taeniura lymma, is a Stingray of the family Dasyatidae, found around Coral The bluespotted ribbontail ray or blue dot ray, Taeniura lymma, is a Stingray of the family Dasyatidae, found around Coral Peter Forsskål, sometimes spelled Pehr Forsskål, Peter Forskaol, Petrus Forskål or Pehr Forsskåhl, ( 11 January, 1732
  • Blotched fantail ray, Taeniura meyeni (Müller & Henle, 1841). The blotched fantail ray ( Taeniura meyeni) is a member of Dasyatidae, the stingray family. The blotched fantail ray ( Taeniura meyeni) is a member of Dasyatidae, the stingray family. Johannes Peter Müller ( July 14, 1801 &ndash April 28, 1858) was a German Physiologist, comparative anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (July 9 1809 - May 13 1885 was a German Physician, Pathologist and Anatomist.
    

• Genus Urogymnus
  • Porcupine ray, Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). UserPolbot. --> Urogymnus is a genus of Fish in the Dasyatidae family UserPolbot. -->The porcupine ray ( Urogymnus asperrimus) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae UserPolbot. -->The porcupine ray ( Urogymnus asperrimus) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723 - 1799 was a German Medical doctor and Naturalist. Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider ( January 18, 1750 &ndash January 12, 1822) was a German Classicist and naturalist
  • Thorny freshwater stingray, Urogymnus ukpam (Smith, 1863). UserPolbot. -->The pincushion ray ( Urogymnus ukpam) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae UserPolbot. -->The pincushion ray ( Urogymnus ukpam) is a species of Fish in the Dasyatidae

References

Bibliography

• "Dasyatidae". FishBase. FishBase is a comprehensive Database of information about Fish. Ed. Rainer Froese and Daniel Pauly. August 2005 version. N. p. : FishBase, 2005.

External links

• University of Pennsylvania Health System – Information on stingray poison.
• Cownose rays and freshwater rays at John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago