A steward (from Old English stíweard, stiȝweard, from stiȝ "hall, household" + weard "warden, keeper"; corresponding to Dutch: stadhouder, German Statthalter "place holder", a Germanic parallel to French lieutenant), means an official who is appointed by the legal ruling monarch to represent him or her in a country, and may have a mandate to govern it in his or her name; in the latter case, it roughly corresponds with the position of governor or deputy (the Roman rector, praefectus or vicarius). Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief administrator of Roman law throughout one or more of the many provinces constituting the Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i Vicarius is a Latin word meaning substitute or deputy. It is the root and origin of the English word " Vicar " and Cognate to the Persian
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Etymology
The Old English term stiȝweard is attested from the 11th century. Its first element is most probably stiȝ- "house, hall" (attested only in composition; its cognate stiȝu is the ancestor of Modern English sty). A sty or pigsty is a small-scale outdoor enclosure for raising Pigs It is sometimes referred to as a pigpen, pig parlor, or pig-cote Old Frensh estuard and Old Norse stívarðr are adopted from the Old English.
The German and Dutch term (MHG stat-halter) is a parallel but independent formation (a calque of lieutenant) corresponding to obsolete English stead holder (stede haldare 1456; also stedys beryng (1460), sted-haldande (1375) steadward, steadsman). Middle High German (MHG German Mittelhochdeutsch) is the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350 In Linguistics, a calque (kælk or loan translation is a Word or Phrase borrowed from another Language by Literal, word-for-word Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services
In medieval times, the steward was initially a servant who supervised both the lord's estates and his household. However over the course of the next century, other household posts expanded and involved more responsibilities. This meant that in the 13th century, there were commonly two stewards in each house- one who managed the estates and the other to manage domestic routine. Stewards commonly earned up to 3 to 4 pounds per year.
Britain
The Lord High Steward of England held a position of power in the 12th to 14th centuries, and the Lord Steward is the first dignitary of the court. The Lord Steward or Lord Steward of the Household, in England, is an important official of the Royal Household. The position of Lord High Steward of England is the first of the Great Officers of State. The Lord Steward or Lord Steward of the Household, in England, is an important official of the Royal Household. The Stewart family traces its appellation to the office of the High Steward of Scotland. The title of High Steward or Great Steward was given in the 12th century to Walter Fitzalan, whose descendants became the Stewart family Lord High Steward of Ireland is a hereditary office held since the 15th century. The Lord High Steward of Ireland is a hereditary Great Officer of State in Ireland, sometimes known as the Hereditary Great Seneschal.
Low Countries
In the Netherlands, it developed into a rare type of de facto hereditary head of state of the thus crowned Dutch Republic. A Stadtholder ( Dutch: stadhouder, " steward " or literally "place-keeper" or "stead-holder" in older Dutch in the Low Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Stadtholders were appointed by feudal lords to govern parts of their territory. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Stadtholders could be appointed for the whole or parts of their territory by the local rulers of the independent provinces in the Low Countries, e. The Seventeen Provinces were a Personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century roughly covering the current Netherlands The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt g. the Duke of Gelre appointed a stadtholder to represent him in Groningen. Groningen is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. In the Low Countries (which included present-day Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) from the Middle Ages to the 18th century, this was originally an essentially honorary title awarded by the Spanish Habsburg kings to major noblemen in each province. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system But its nature changed drastically.
Northern Europe
Danish Statholder
- In Denmark, a ministerial high office of royal governor in the capital, at Copenhagen castle
- During the personal union of Denmark (the dominant partner) and Norway, the Danish King appointed a Governor-general in Norway styled Statholder: 1536- 4 November 1814
Swedish Stattholder
During the personal union of Sweden (the dominant partner) and Norway, the Swedish king appointed a Governor-general in Norway styled Stattholder (or in full Rigsstatholder in Norwegian or Riksståthållare in Swedish, i. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe From around the time of the Roman Empire until about 800 AD many stone inscriptions can be found written in Runes Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. From around the time of the Roman Empire until about 800 AD many stone inscriptions can be found written in Runes e. Lieutenant of the Realm): 4 November 1814 - 21 July 1873; several were noblemen, five even Swedish Crown Princes, who were then styled Visekonge, i. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Viceroy of Norway ( Visekonge in Norwegian) was the appointed head of the Norwegian Government in the absence of the King e. Viceroy.
Eastern Europe
The Russian equivalent of "stadtholder" is posadnik; the term sometimes occurs as "stadtholder" in English-language literature. Posadnik ( Посадник) was the mayor in some East Slavic cities or towns Posadnik ( Посадник) was the mayor in some East Slavic cities or towns Although there were such legendary posadniks as Gostomysl (9th century), the term first appeared in the Primary Chronicle under the year of 997 to denote the most senior official of an Eastern Slavic town. Gostomysl (Гостомысл is a legendary 9th-century Posadnik of Novgorod who was introduced into the historiography by Vasily Tatishchev, an 18th-century The Primary Chronicle (ѣѣтъ Пóвесть временны́х лет Povest' vremennykh let; Пóвість врéм'яних літ Povist' vremjanykh Events By Place Europe First documented reference to the City of Gdańsk. The earliest posadniks of the city of Novgorod (Holmgard) include a dynasty composed of Dobrynya, his son Konstantin Dobrynich and Ostromir. Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod Dobrynya was Vladimir the Great 's maternal uncle and tutor who was later transformed in Russian folklore into the invincible Bogatyr Dobrynya Nikitich Konstantin Dobrynich (? - 1022 was an 11th-century Posadnik of Novgorod. Ostromir ( Остромир in Russian; Christian name - Joseph (died c
See also
External links
A seneschal was an officer in the houses of important nobles in the Middle Ages. A majordomo is the highest ( major) person of a household ( domo) staff one who acts on behalf of the (often absent owner of a typically large residence A castellan was the Governor or caretaker of a Castle or Keep. A chamberlain is an officer in charge of managing a household. A butler is a senior servant in a large Household. In the Great houses of the past the household was sometimes divided into departments with the butler Bailli (English bailiff was the rank and title of the head of each of the Bailiwicks of the Knights Hospitaller and also of the head at Rhodes and Mayor of the Palace was an early medieval Title and Office, also called Majordomo, from the Latin title Maior domus ("superiorDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic