A stereotype is a simplified and/or standardized conception or image with specific meaning, often held in common by people about another group. A stereotype can be a conventional and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image, based on the assumption that there are attributes that members of the other group hold in common. Stereotypes are sometimes formed by a previous illusory correlation, a false association between two variables that are loosely if at all correlated. Illusory correlation is the phenomenon of seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists Stereotypes may be positive or negative in tone. They are typically generalizations based on minimal or limited knowledge about a group to which the person doing the stereotyping does not belong. Persons may be grouped based on racial group, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, age or any number of other categories. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Sexual orientation is believed to refer to "an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and/or sexual attractions to men women or both sexes

Description

Stereotyping is a way of representing other people. Stereotypes can revolve around a certain characteristic of the group of persons to which they are assigned. The persons of that group may even be reduced to being known and understood through a lens based on the stereotype that results from this, rather than being viewed as individuals. Stereotypes may refuse to recognize a distinction between an individual and the group to which he or she belongs. Stereotypes may represent people entirely in terms of narrow assumptions about their biology, nationality, sexual orientation, disability, or any other number of categories. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty Sexual orientation is believed to refer to "an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and/or sexual attractions to men women or both sexes Stereotype maybe either positive or negative. Stereotype may appear in media because of the base of writers, directors, reporters, producers and editors.

Causes

Sociologist Charles E. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Hurst of the College of Wooster states that, “One reason for stereotypes is the lack of personal, concrete familiarity that individuals have with persons in other racial or ethnic groups. Lack of familiarity encourages the lumping together of unknown individuals” ^[1]. Different disciplines give different accounts of how stereotypes develop: Psychologists focus on how experience with groups, patterns of communication about the groups, and intergroup conflict. Sociologists focus on the relations among groups and position of different groups in a social structure. Psychoanalytically-oriented humanists have argued (e. g. , Sander Gilman) that stereotypes, by definition, the representations are not accurate, but a projection of one to another.

Stereotypes are not accurate representations of groups, rather they arise as a means of explaining and justifying differences between groups, or system justification. System justification theory refers to a social psychological tendency to defend and bolster the Status quo, that is to see it as good fair legitimate and desirable Social status or group position determines stereotype content, not the actual personal characteristics of group members. ^[2] Groups which enjoy fewer social and economic advantages will be stereotyped in a way which helps explain disparities, such as lower employment rates. Although disadvantaged group members may have greater difficulty finding a job due to in-group favoritism, racism, and related social forces, the disadvantaged group member is unjustifiably characterized as 'unmotivated' (he could find a job if he looked hard enough), 'unintelligent' (he's not smart enough to have that job), and 'lazy' (he would rather take hand-outs than work).

Stereotypes focus upon and thereby exaggerate differences between groups. Competition between groups minimizes similarities and magnifies differences. ^[3] This makes it seem as if groups are very different when in fact they may be more alike than different. For example, among African Americans, identity as an American citizen is a more salient categorization than racial background; that is, African Americans are more American than African. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa ^[4] Yet within American culture, Black and White Americans are often seen as completely different groups.

For as long as there has been a human species, individuals have been different from one another. Persons have gravitated to groups of other persons like themselves. People create and develop categories of qualities by which to classify the groups; some were based on ancestry. Many of these groupings have become the key factors in determining which groups have political, social, and economic power in the world.

Automatic stereotype activation can be totally involuntary, and is described as the activation of categorically associated "nodes", according to Leopold and Brown from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Effects, accuracy, terminology

For individual people there can be both positive and negative effects of a stereotype which is seen to apply to them. The overall effects of stereotyping are seen by many to always be negative.

Some people believe that stereotypes are generally based on actual differences. Others believe that they are always false generalizations (by definition).

For some individual people the effects of this might be positive or negative - a separate issue to whether they are positive or negative for society.

Stereotypes can be self-fulfilling to at least some extent (e. g. group 1 treats group 2 in a more hostile way because they are afraid of the dangerous nature they are supposed to display; people from group 2 accordingly react more aggressively, thus confirming the stereotype) .

Stereotypes can be deeply embedded in a culture. The term 'stereotype' is more often used once those perceived truths are put into arguments.

There are some complicating factors which arise when the accuracy of stereotypes is discussed. One of these is that a factor leading to stereotyping can be the existence of a group of people who do share a characteristic. For instance, there might be a reasonably significant number of men working in sales roles, and showing little integrity and honesty ('significant' in this context does not imply a majority). This can lead to the creation of a stereotype of a 'salesman' figure. In this limited sense it might be seen that the stereotype is based on a real group of people (i. e. salesmen who behave with little integrity).

Possible prejudicial effects of stereotypes are:

• Justification of ill-founded prejudices or ignorance
• Unwillingness to rethink one's attitudes and behavior towards stereotyped group
• Preventing some people of stereotyped groups from succeeding in activities or fields

Often the terms ‘’stereotype’’ and ‘’prejudice’’ are confused. The word prejudice refers to prejudgment making a decision before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case or event Stereotypes are ‘’standardized’’ and ‘’simplified’’ conceptions of groups, based on some prior assumptions. Stereotypes are created based on some idea of abstract familiarity. Prejudices are more specific - they are predispositions to differential behavior patterns.

Role in art and culture

Stereotype is often used as a form of dramatic shorthand for "stock character". A stock character is one which relies heavily on cultural types or names for his or her personality manner of speech and other characteristics Stereotypes change with time. The unwitting use of some stereotypes appears awkward to a present-day audience which refuses to tolerate a representation of individuals based on that stereotype. Many other stereotypes pass unnoticed, sometimes even by those being stereotyped. Examples of active use are found in the work of Brecht and other dramatic styles which allow the actor to demonstrate a character's level of role distance, thus showing the active use. Retrospectively these stock characters have been illuminated by the work of Brecht, Dario Fo and Jacques Lecoq, despite their original reference to local Italian stereotypes in their early genesis. A stock character is one which relies heavily on cultural types or names for his or her personality manner of speech and other characteristics (born; 10 February 1898&ndash14 August 1956 was a German Poet, Playwright, and Theatre director. Dario Fo (born March 24, 1926) is an Italian satirist, Playwright, Theater director, Actor, and Composer Jacques Lecoq born ( December 15, 1921 – January 19, 1999) in Paris was a French Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Importantly in drama the actor does not create a stereotype; rather their characterisation may be simple in that they represent an uncritical reflection of the stereotype, and it is this simplicity which aggravates a present-day audience. UserScottandrewhutchins: http//enwikipediaorg/w/indexphp?title=Characterization&diff=next&oldid=157919139 --> Characterization is a process of conveying A subtle and detailed characterisation, especially of the commedia Dell'arte stock characters, results in a unique and immediate performance that will be enjoyed by an audience due to the clear active use of the characters by the actor.

In literature and art, stereotypes are clichéd or predictable characters or situations. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual A cliché (from French, klɪ'ʃe or cliche is a phrase expression or idea that has been overused to the point of losing its intended force Throughout history, storytellers have drawn from stereotypical characters and situations, in order to connect the audience with new tales immediately. Sometimes such stereotypes can be sophisticated, such as Shakespeare's Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. William Shakespeare ( baptised Shylock is a central character in Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice who famously demanded a pound of flesh from the title character Arguably a stereotype that becomes complex and sophisticated ceases to be a stereotype per se by its unique characterisation. Thus while Shylock remains politically unstable in being a stereotypical Jew, the subject of prejudicial derision in Shakespeare's era, his many other detailed features raise him above a simple stereotype and into a unique character, worthy of modern performance. Shylock is a central character in Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice who famously demanded a pound of flesh from the title character PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The word prejudice refers to prejudgment making a decision before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case or event William Shakespeare ( baptised Simply because a feature of a character can be categorized as being typical does not make the entire character a stereotype.

Despite their proximity in etymological roots, cliché and stereotype are not used synonymously in cultural spheres. For example a cliché is a high criticism in narratology where genre and categorization automatically associates a story within its recognizable group. Narratology is the theory and study of Narrative and Narrative structure and the ways they affect our perception A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Labeling a situation or character in a story as typical suggests it is fitting for its genre or category. A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos Whereas declaring that a storyteller has relied on cliché is to pejoratively observe a simplicity and lack of originality in the tale. To criticize Ian Fleming for a stereotypically unlikely escape for James Bond would be understood by the reader or listener, but it would be more appropriately criticized as a cliché in that it is overused and reproduced. Ian Lancaster Fleming ( May 28, 1908 – August 12, 1964) was a British author, Journalist and Second World War James Bond 007 is a Fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve Novels and two Short story Narrative genre relies heavily on typical features to remain recognizable and generate meaning in the reader/viewer. A narrative or story is a construct created in a suitable format (written spoken poetry prose images song Theater, or Dance) that describes a sequence of A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set

The instantly recognisable nature of stereotypes mean that they are very useful in producing effective advertising and situation comedy. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand Media stereotypes change and evolve over time - for instance, we now instantly recognize only a few of the stereotyped characters shown to us in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress. John Bunyan (28 November 1628 &ndash 31 August 1688 a Christian writer and Preacher, was born at Harrowden (one mile south-east of Bedford The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come by John Bunyan (published February 1678) is a Christian Allegory The teen sitcom, Saved By The Bell features a typical group of high school stereotypes such as a class clown (Zack Morris), a jock (A.C. Slater), a nerd (Samuel "Screech" Powers), a cheerleader (Kelly Kapowski), a feminist (Jessie Spano), and a superficial fashion plate (Lisa Turtle). Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom that originally aired between 1989 and 1993 Zachary "Zack" Morris is a fictional character from the sitcoms Good Morning Miss Bliss, Saved by the Bell, and Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom that originally aired between 1989 and 1993 Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom that originally aired between 1989 and 1993 Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom that originally aired between 1989 and 1993 Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom that originally aired between 1989 and 1993 Some observed the sitcom, like many teen sitcoms of that time, in addition to stereotyping people, stereotyping an institution itself, that of high school. TV stereotypes of high schools have often promoted a "typical American school" as football games, fashion styles, skirt chasing, and not much devotion to academics or studying. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic

In movies and TV the halo effect is often used. This is when, for example, attractive men and women are assumed to be happier, stronger, nicer people, explained by Greenwald and Banaji from Psychological Review.

Racial and ethnic stereotyping

Black stereotypes

See also: Stereotypes of blacks

Early stereotypes

Early minstrel shows lampooned the supposed stupidity of Blacks. Racial stereotypes of African Americans have persisted in American culture since the early blackface Minstrel shows of the 19th century which portrayed The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits variety acts dancing, and Music, Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843

The movie Birth of a Nation questioned whether or not Black people were fit to run for governmental offices or vote. The Birth of a Nation (also known as The Clansman) a Silent film directed by D Secretary of State John C. Calhoun arguing for the extension of slavery in 1844 said "Here (scientific confirmation) is proof of the necessity of slavery. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18 1782 &ndash March 31 1850 was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during The African is incapable of self-care and sinks into lunacy under the burden of freedom. It is a mercy to give him the guardianship and protection from mental death. "

Even after slavery ended the intellectual capacity of Black people was still frequently questioned. Lewis Terman wrote in The measurement of intelligence in 1916

"(Black and other ethnic minority children) are uneducable beyond the nearest rudiments of training. No amount of school instruction will ever make them intelligent voters or capable citizens in the sense of the world…their dullness seems to be racial, or at least inherent in the family stock from which they come…Children of this group should be segregated in special classes and be given instruction which is concrete and practical. They cannot master abstractions, but they can be made efficient workers…There is no possibility at present of convincing society that they should not be allowed to reproduce, although from a eugenic point of view they constitute a grave problem because of their unusual prolific breeding. "

Modern stereotypes

See also: Acting white

Some regard Jar Jar as a thinly veiled version of the type of portrayals used in minstrelsy to lampoon the supposed stupidity of Black people. Acting white, from an Epithet applied to Black people, and also within ethnic groups such as Asians and Native Americans and sometimes culturally Jar Jar Binks is a Fictional character from the Star Wars films The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, Revenge of The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits variety acts dancing, and Music,

Patricia J. Williams, writer for The Nation, said this of Jar Jar Binks, a character from the 2002 Star Wars film: ". This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. Jar Jar Binks is a Fictional character from the Star Wars films The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, Revenge of Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded . . intentionally or not, Jar Jar's pratfalls and high jinks borrow heavily from the genre of minstrelsy. Despite the amphibian get-up, his manchild-like idiocy is imported directly from the days of Amos 'N' Andy. Amos 'n' Andy was a situation comedy based on Stereotypes of African-Americans and popular in the United States from the 1920s through the 1950s " Many aspects of Jar Jar's character are believed to be highly reminiscent of the archetypes portrayed in blackface minstrelsy. Blackface in the narrow sense is a style of theatrical Makeup that originated in the United The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits variety acts dancing, and Music, ^[5]

According to Robert M. Entman and Andrew Rojecki, authors of the The Black Image in the White Mind, in television and film Black characters are less likely to be "the intellectual drivers of its problem solving. " In one example, a study of the portrayal of race, ethnicity and nationality in televised sporting events by journalist Derrick Jackson in 1989 showed that blacks were more likely than Whites to be described in demeaning intellectual terms. ^[6] Political activist and one-time presidential candidate Rev. Jesse Jackson said in 1985 that the news media portray blacks as less intelligent than we are. Jesse Louis Jackson Sr (born October 8 1941 is an American Civil rights activist and Baptist minister. ^[7] Film director Spike Lee explains that these images have negative impacts. Shelton Jackson "Spike" Lee (born March 20 1957 is an Emmy Award -winning and Academy Award -nominated American Film director, "In my neighborhood, we looked up to athletes, guys who got the ladies, and intelligent people," said Lee.

Even so-called positive images of Black people can lead to stereotypes about intelligence. In Darwin's Athletes: how sport has damaged Black America and preserved the myth of race, John Hoberman writes that the prominence of African-American athletes encourages a de-emphasis on academic achievement in black communities. Dr John Hoberman is a Professor of Germanic languages and the current chair of the Department of Germanic Studies at the University of Texas at Austin. ^[8] In a 1997 study on racial stereotypes in sports, participants were shown a photograph of a white or a black basketball player. They then listened to a recorded radio broadcast of a basketball game. White photographs were rated as exhibiting significantly more intelligence in the way they played the game, even though the radio broadcast and target player represented by the photograph were the same throughout the trial. ^[9] Several other authors have said that sports coverage that highlights 'natural black athleticism' has the effect of suggesting white superiority in other areas, such as intelligence. ^[10]

History of ethnic stereotypes in the United States

The stratification and separation of groups, especially racial minorities, in the United States began in the nation’s earliest years of colonization. With the colonists’ first contact with the Native Americans, the stereotype of “the savage” was born. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The idea of a “savage” was the framework the colonists used to judge and interpret the Native Americans ^[1]. As colonization continued in the US, groups were separated into categories like “Christians” and “heathens” and “civilized” and “savage” ^[1]. It took merely decades for these attitudes and ideas to firmly plant themselves with the minds of Americans; today’s stereotypes of Native Americans are rooted in the colonists’ initial thoughts. The media perpetuates these stereotypes by portraying Native Americans in a negative light, such as savage and hostile ^[1]. Many Whites view Native Americans as devoid of self control and unable to handle responsibility. Malcolm D. Holmes and Judith A. Antell hypothesize that such ideas about Native Americans form the ideology that is used today to justify the disparity between Whites and Native Americans ^[11].

The early Anglo-Saxon colonists had a very different relationship with the first African Americans in the United States than they did with the Native Americans. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Their initial thoughts were shaped by popular “English views of Blacks as evil, animalistic, uncivilized, and un-Christian” ^[1]. White colonists commonly believed that the Blacks were inferior to Whites; these thoughts helped justify slavery and the institution of many laws that continually condoned inhumane treatment and perpetuated the keeping of Blacks in a lower socioeconomic position ^[1]. The first American settlers’ thoughts on African Americans were shaped by those of the English; and many of their same initial thoughts still permeate the thoughts and stereotypes of African Americans today. Like it does with the stereotypes of Native Americans, the media continues to perpetuate the stereotypes of African Americans. Not only are African Americans present less frequently in the media than Whites, they are often portrayed negatively. In the past African Americans have been depicted as subservient, lazy, violent, and maybe “slow;” it is clear that such negative stereotypes like these would grow out of the thoughts of slaveholders.

The most clear historical basis for today’s stereotypes is seen in those stereotypes used for viewing Native Americans and Blacks; however, other minority groups are also subject to stereotypes that are based in history. Mexican Americans and Asian Americans are typically seen within a very fixed, rigid framework. Since Mexican Americans, like other Hispanics, have traditionally been immigrants to the United States for the purpose of doing agricultural work, they were often seen as inferior and dispensable ^[1]. Even now, the stereotypes of Mexican Americans revolve around this idea of desperate laborers, many of whom struggle with speaking English, flocking to the United States illegally to work. Groups of Asian Americans have also experienced stereotyping and unequal treatment, especially when the events of Pearl Harbor were piled on top of years of negative thoughts about Asian laborers. However, groups of Asian Americans came out of the years of unfair treatment with a very different image than the Hispanics. Today, Chinese Americans are viewed as groups of model citizens. ^[1].

East Asian stereotypes

See also: Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians in the United States

Asians have generally been portrayed in the media as intelligent, but unsociable. Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians are Ethnic stereotypes that are found in many Western societies. They have also been portrayed as having small reproductive organs, no peripheral vision, asexual, martial artists, geeks, exotic women, and foreigners.

White stereotypes

See also: Stereotypes of whites

The cartoon above (New Physiognomy, New York, 1866), contrasts Florence Nightingale, the Crimean War nurse, with "Bridget McBruiser", the stereotypical Irish woman. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought

Scientific Racism from an American magazine, Harper’s Weekly, says that the Irish are similar to 'Negroes' and wonders why both groups are not extinct. Harper's Weekly ( A Journal of Civilization) was an American political Magazine based in New York City.

The social definition of "White" has changed over the years, and several White groups have at times been portrayed by the media as unintelligent. This includes ethnic groups such as the British, Irish, and Slavs. ^[12]

English stereotypes

The English people are stereotyped as inordinately proper, prudish, and stiff and as having bad teeth. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English ^[13] In Eastern Europe, the English are stereotyped as being ugly and pale. Characters in historical movies often have English accents even when the setting has nothing to do with England. Upper-class characters are also often given English accents. In more recent times, many movie villains, including Jafar from Aladdin, Benedict from Last Action Hero movie, Scar from The Lion King, and Hannibal Lecter from The Silence of the Lambs, have all been portrayed by British actors or given English accents. Jafar ( Arabic: جعفر) is a Fictional character, voiced by Jonathan Freeman, and is featured as the primary Antagonist in the Aladdin is a 1992 animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, and released by Walt Disney Pictures on November 25 Last Action Hero is a 1993 action comedy Film directed by John McTiernan. Scar is a fictional character and the main antagonist in Walt Disney Pictures ' popular 1994 Animated movie The Lion King. The Lion King is a 1994 American animated feature film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, released in theaters on June 15 1994 Origin and development Thomas Harris has given few interviews and has never explained where he got inspiration for Hannibal Lecter but in a documentary for Hannibal Rising The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 suspense film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins,

Notably, in Disney films from the 1990s onward, English accents are generally employed to serve one of two purposes: slapstick comedy or evil genius. ^[14] Examples include Aladdin (the Sultan and Jafar, respectively), The Lion King (Zazu and Scar, respectively), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Victor the Gargoyle and Frollo, respectively), and Pocahontas (Wiggins and Ratcliffe, respectively, both of whom happen to be played by the same actor, American David Ogden Stiers). Zazu is a fictional Red-billed Hornbill who first appeared in the Walt Disney Pictures animated film The Lion King. The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 Animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released to theaters on June 21, 1996 Pocahontas is the thirty-third Animated feature in the Disney animated features canon. David Ogden Stiers (born October 31, 1942) is an American Actor, Voice actor and Musician, noted for his role in the

White American stereotypes

Especially in European countries, Americans are stereotyped as brash, ignorant, self-important, unintelligent and obese. This could be due to perception of the American diet, such as the popularity and global spread of American fast food franchises such as McDonald's and Burger King, which has fueled America's obesity crisis^[15]. Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly Burger King ( often abbreviated to

There are many examples throughout the media, but a classic example is Homer Simpson, the obese, lazy and dim-witted middle American from the cartoon, The Simpsons^[16]. Homer Jay Simpson is a main fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons and father of the eponymous family. The show itself parodies many aspects of American life, culture and society^[17].

Irish stereotypes

See also: Irish jokes

Although the Irish, Germans, French, etc are considered ethnic groups today, the common term in the 19th century was "race". Irish jokes are a class of Jokes, generally based on a stereotype of the Irish people as drunkards dullards incompetent sexually naive or overly fecund or a combination Much was made of Celtic versus Anglo-Saxon racial characteristics, regarding historic identity and behavior patterns. An analysis of nineteenth-century British attitudes by Mary J. Hickman and Bronwen Walter wrote that the 'Irish Catholic' was one viewed as an "other," or a different race in the construction of the British nationalist myth [of course this view no longer exists in any way, the Irish are now seen as fellow inhabitants of the British Isles]. Mary Hickman is Professor of Irish Studies and Sociology at London Metropolitan University. The Other or constitutive other (also referred to as othering) is a key concept in Continental philosophy, opposed to the Same Likewise the Irish considered the English "other" and fought hard to break away and create their own homeland, which they finally did in the 1920s. ^[18]

One 19th century British cartoonist even depicted Irish immigrants as ape-like and as racially different. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate One American doctor in the 1850s James Redfield, argued that "facial angle" was a sign of intelligence and character. James Redfield, born March 19 1950, is an American author lecturer screenwriter and film producer He likened the facial characteristics of the human races to animals. Thus Irishmen resembled dogs, Yankees were like bears, Germans like lions, Negroes like elephants, Englishmen like bulls, Turks like turkeys, Persians like peacocks, Greeks like sheep, Hindus like swans, Jews like goats, and Frenchmen like frogs. ^[19] In the 20th century physical stereotypes survived in the comic books until the 1950s, with Irish characters like Mutt and Jeff, and Jiggs and Maggie appearing daily in hundreds of newspapers. ^[20]

Jewish stereotypes

See also: Racial antisemitism

Modern European antisemitism has its origin in 19th century theories—now mostly considered as pseudo-scientific—that said that the Semitic peoples, including the Jews, are entirely different from the Aryan, or Indo-European, populations, and that they can never be amalgamated with them. Racial antisemitism is the belief that Antisemitism, hatred or Prejudice toward Jews is justified and justifiable on racial and not religious grounds Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" The Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, who likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the In this view, Jews are not opposed on account of their religion, but on account of their supposed hereditary or genetic racial characteristics including: greed, a special aptitude for money-making and low cunning. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets

In early films such as Cohen's Advertising Scheme (1904, silent) stereotyped Jews as "scheming merchants"^[21]

To this day Jewish people are sometimes stereotyped in media as being intellectually gifted,^[22], nit-picky, and focused on money.

Sex and gender stereotyping

See also: Gender roles

See also: LGBT stereotypes

Sex and gender stereotyping could be classified as a single idea. A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT stereotypes are conventional formulaic Generalizations opinions or images about persons based on their Sexual orientation Although sex is usually defined as a person's biological traits, gender is defined as how a person identifies themselves to the world. Gender relates to those affectations that are attributed to men and those affectations that are attributed to women. It is important to understand that in this discussion it requires a social structure that tends to enforce a binary sex and gender role based on a persons biological characteristics.

Gender stereotypes are those ideas, usually imposed by society of what is expected of men and women in the social structure. In most modern Western cultures, men are expected to be assertive, risk-taking, tough, unfeeling, insensitive, combative, the owner or ruler of the home, whereas women are expected to be the nurturers, caregivers, demure, polite, the family homemaker.

Etymology

The word stereotype was invented by Firmin Didot in the world of printing; it was originally a duplicate impression of an original typographical element, used for printing instead of the original. Firmin Didot ( April 14 1764 &ndash April 24 1836) was a French printer Engraver, and type founder Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press American journalist Walter Lippmann coined the metaphor, calling a stereotype a "picture in our heads" saying "Whether right or wrong, . Walter Lippmann ( September 23, 1889 - December 14, 1974) was an influential American Writer, Journalist, and . . imagination is shaped by the pictures seen. . . Consequently, they lead to stereotypes that are hard to shake. " (Public Opinion, 1922, 95-156). That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one I think denies ^[23] In fact, cliché and stereotype were both originally printers' words, and in their literal printers' meanings were synonymous. Specifically, cliché was a French word for the printing surface for a stereotype. ^[24]

The first reference to "stereotype", in its modern, English use was in 1850, in the noun, meaning "image perpetuated without change". ^[25]

Specialised use in Ethology

In ethology, stereotyped behavior or fixed action pattern is an innate, pre-programed response that is repeated when an animal is exposed to an environmental innate releasing mechanism. Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal In Ethology, a fixed action pattern ( FAP) is an Instinctive Behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs to completion The term intrinsic denotes a characteristic or property of some thing or action which is essential and specific to that thing or action and which is wholly independent In Ethology, a fixed action pattern ( FAP) is an Instinctive Behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs to completion

See also

• Archetype
• Animal stereotypes
• Counterstereotype (antonym)
• Ethnic stereotype
  • Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims
  • Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians
  • Stereotypes of Hispanics
  • Stereotypes of Native Americans
  • Stereotypes of West and Central Asians
  • Stereotypes of blacks
  • Stereotypes of whites
• Intercultural competence
• LGBT stereotypes
• Prejudices
• Race and Inequality
• Racial profiling
• Role
• Stock character
• Stigmatization
• Stereotype inevitability
• Stereotype threat
• Psychology:
  • Negativity effect
  • Outgroup homogeneity bias
  • Physical attractiveness stereotype
  • Trait ascription bias
• Urban legend

Lists

• List of stereotypical characters in the world of drama

References

Bibliography

• Stuart Ewen, Elizabeth Ewen, Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality. New York (Seven Stories Press) 2006
• Stereotype & Society A Major Resource: Constantly updated and archived
• Social Psychology Network Stereotyping
• Media Awareness Network. What is a stereotype? Definition, role of stereotyping in the media, more links
• Are Blonds Really Dumb? An article on Stereotyping
• Are Stereotypes True?
• Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance, Margaret Shih, Todd L. Pittinsky, Nalini Ambady Research about the effects of 'positive' and negative stereotypes on encouraging/discouraging performance.
• Turner, Chris. Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation. Planet Simpson How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation or Planet Simpson is a non-fiction book about The Simpsons ISBN 0-679-31318-4.  

External links

• Social Psychology Network Stereotyping
• Understanding Stereotypes - Educational information about stereotypes.
• Short movie: Stereotypes in conflict - Reaction from people in shopping center on business men, weird & slutty types and goths.
• SEPARATING the GOLD from the DROSS: a guide to multicultural literature
• Media Awareness Network. What is a stereotype? Definition, role of stereotyping in the media, more links
• Dictionary - Stereotype Online Dictionary