Stereophonic sound, commonly called stereo, is the reproduction of sound, using two or more independent audio channels, through a symmetrical configuration of loudspeakers, in such a way as to create a pleasant and natural impression of sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically-pleasing proportionality and balance such that it reflects beauty or For the Marty Friedman album see Loudspeaker (album A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical It is often contrasted with monophonic (or "monaural", or just mono) sound, where audio is in the form of one channel, often centered in the sound field (analogous to a visual field). Monaural (often shortened to mono) sound reproduction is single-channel Analogy is both the cognitive process of transferring Information from a particular subject (the analogue or source to another particular subject (the target and The term visual field is sometimes used as a Synonym to Field of view, though they do not designate the same thing

Contents 1 Overview 2 Recording methods 2.1 X-Y technique: intensity stereophony 2.2 A-B technique: time-of-arrival stereophony 2.3 M/S technique: Mid/Side stereophony 2.4 Near-coincident technique: mixed stereophony 2.5 "Stereo" from monophonic sources 3 Binaural recording 4 Playing back stereo recordings 5 Stereo in vinyl records 6 Broadcasting in stereo 6.1 Radio 6.1.1 FM 6.1.2 AM 6.1.3 DAB 6.2 Television 6.2.1 Analog TV (PAL and NTSC) 6.2.2 Digital TV 7 History 7.1 1881 7.2 1930s 7.3 1940 to 1970 7.3.1 The 1940 Carnegie Hall demonstration 7.3.2 Motion picture era 7.3.3 Early broadcasting in stereo 8 Common usage 9 Balance 10 Other uses 11 See also 12 References

Overview

The word "stereophonic" — derived from Greek stereos = "solid" and phōnē = "sound" — was coined by Western Electric, by analogy with the word "stereoscopic". Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Western Electric Company (sometimes abbreviated WE and WECo) was an American Electrical engineering company the manufacturing arm Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional imaging is any technique capable of recording three-dimensional visual

In popular usage, stereo usually means 2-channel sound recording and sound reproduction using data for more than one speaker simultaneously. Channel, in communications (sometimes called communications channel) refers to the medium used to convey Information from a

In technical usage, stereo or stereophony means sound recording and sound reproduction that uses stereographic projection to encode the relative positions of objects and events recorded. In Geometry, the stereographic projection is a particular mapping ( function) that projects a Sphere onto a plane A stereo system can include any number of channels, such as the surround sound 5. 51, Multichannel audio, Multichannel music Surround 3D Surround 5 1- and 6. 1-channel systems used on high-end film and television productions. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic However, in common use it refers to systems with only two channels.

The electronic device for playing back stereo sound is often referred to as "a stereo". Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical

During two-channel stereo recording, two microphones are placed in strategically chosen locations relative to the sound source, with both recording simultaneously. The two recorded channels will be similar, but each will have distinct time-of-arrival and sound-pressure-level information. During playback, the listener's brain uses those subtle differences in timing and sound-level to triangulate the positions of the recorded objects. In Trigonometry and Geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points at either

Stereo recordings often cannot be played on monaural systems without a significant loss of fidelity. Monaural (often shortened to mono) sound reproduction is single-channel High fidelity or hi-fi reproduction is a term used by home stereo listeners and home audio enthusiasts ( Audiophiles to refer to high-quality reproduction Since each microphone records each wavefront at a slightly different time, the wavefronts are out of phase; as a result, constructive and destructive interference can occur, if both tracks are played back on the same speaker. In Optics and Physics, a wavefront is the locus (a line, or in a Wave propagating in 3 dimensions a Surface) of The phase of an oscillation or wave is the fraction of a complete cycle corresponding to an offset in the displacement from a specified reference point at time t = 0 In physics interference is the addition ( superposition) of two or more Waves that result in a new wave pattern This phenomenon is known as phase cancellation. A phenomenon (from Greek φαινόμενoν, pl φαινόμενα - phenomena) is any observable occurrence In physics interference is the addition ( superposition) of two or more Waves that result in a new wave pattern

This phenomenon has actually been used to effect on the track Jenny Ondioline by the band Stereolab on their album Transient Random-Noise Bursts With Announcements. Jenny Ondioline is a 1993 EP by the Anglo-French band Stereolab. Stereolab are an Alternative music band formed in 1990 in London, England This track, when played back is reproduced in stereophonic sound until the moment in time 13'35" when a voice announces "The recorded signal is recorded equally on both channels, but is out of phase. " After this announcement, the music becomes destructive, chaotic and distorted and is reproduced as a monaural signal.

Some traditional music genres, e. Traditional music is the term now used in the terminology of Grammy Awards for what used to be called " folk music " g. Andean music, require stereo recording strictly to make adequate representation of its dualistic nature. Andean music comes from the general area inhabited by the Incas prior to European contact See Siku (panpipe) for explanation. The Siku (siku siku also "Sicu" "Sicus" "Zampolla" or Spanish zampoña) is a traditional Andean Panpipe.

Recording methods

X-Y technique: intensity stereophony

Here, two directional microphones at the same place, and typically pointing at an angle 90° or more to each other — see also "The Stereophonic Zoom" by Michael Williams. A stereo effect is achieved through differences in sound pressure level between two microphones. The level difference of 18 dB (16 to 20 dB) is needed for hearing the direction of a loudspeaker. Due to the lack of differences in time-of-arrival / phase-ambiguities, the sonic characteristic of X-Y recordings has less sense of space and depth when compared to recordings employing an AB-setup.

When two figure-of-eight microphones are used, facing ±45° with respect to the sound source, the X-Y-setup is called a Blumlein Pair. Blumlein Pair is the name for a stereo recording technique invented by Alan Blumlein for the creation of recordings that &mdash upon replaying through headphones The sonic image produced is realistic, almost 'holographic'.

See also Acoustic intensity. The sound intensity, I, (acoustic intensity is defined as the Sound power Pac per unit area A.

A-B technique: time-of-arrival stereophony

This uses two parallel omnidirectional microphones some distance apart, so capturing time-of-arrival stereo information as well as some level (amplitude) difference information, especially if employed in close proximity to the sound source(s). At a distance of about 50 cm (0. 5 m) the time delay (time of arrival difference) for a signal reaching first one and then the other microphone from the side is approximately 1. 5 msec (1 to 2 msec). According to Eberhard Sengpiel this is enough to locate the sound source exactly at the speaker on the respective side, resulting in a stereophonic pickup angle of 180°. Eberhard Sengpiel is a multiple Grammy award -winning sound engineer If you increase the distance between the microphones you effectively decrease the pickup angle. At 70 cm distance it is about equivalent to the pickup angle of the near-coincident ORTF-setup. This technique can produce phase issues when the stereo signal is mixed to mono.

M/S technique: Mid/Side stereophony

This coincident technique employs a bidirectional microphone facing sideways and another microphone (generally a variety of cardioid, although Alan Blumlein described the usage of an omnidirectional transducer in his original patent) at an angle of 90° facing the sound source. Alan Dower Blumlein ( June 29, 1903 in Hampstead, London – June 7, 1942) was an Electronics Engineer The left and right channels are produced through a simple matrix: Left = Mid + Side, Right = Mid - Side (the polarity-reversed side-signal). This configuration produces a completely mono-compatible signal, and if the Mid and Side signals are recorded — rather than the matrixed Left and Right — the stereo width can be manipulated after the recording has taken place, which makes it especially useful for the usage on film-based projects.

Near-coincident technique: mixed stereophony

These techniques combine the principles of both A/B and X/Y (coincident pair) techniques. For example, the ORTF stereo technique of the Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française (i. The ORTF stereo microphone system is a Microphone technique used to record Stereo sound. e. , Radio France), calls for a pair of cardioid microphones placed 17 cm apart at a total angle between microphones of 110 degrees that results in a stereophonic pickup-angle of 96°. ^[1] In the NOS stereo technique of the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (i. The NOS stereo microphone system is a very useful device to capture a stereo sound e. , Holland Radio), the total angle between microphones is 90 degrees and the distance is 30 cm, so capturing time-of-arrival stereo information as well as level information. It is noteworthy that the spacing of 17 cm has nothing to do with human ear distance. The recorded signals are generally intended for playback over stereo loudspeakers and not for ear phones.

"Stereo" from monophonic sources

In the course of restoration or remastering of monophonic records, various techniques of "pseudo-stereo", "quasi-stereo" or "rechanneled stereo" have been used to create the impression that the sound was recorded in stereo. These techniques originally involved hardware methods (see Duophonic) or, more recently, a combination of hardware and software. In Synthesizers capable of sounding two voices or Notes at a time Multitrack Studio from Bremmers Audio Design (The Netherlands)^[2], uses special filters to achieve pseudo stereo effect, the "shelve" filter directing low frequencies to the left channel and high frequencies to the right channel, and the "comb" filter adding a small delay in signal timing between the two channels, a delay barely noticeable by ear (the comb filter allows range of manipulation between 0 and 100 milliseconds), but contributing to an effect of "widening" original "fattiness" of mono recording^[3][4]. A millisecond (from Milli- and Second; abbreviation ms is one thousandth of a Second.

The special pseudo-stereo circuit, invented by Kishii and Noro from Japan, was patented in the United States in 2003^[5], with already previously issued patents for similar devices^[6]. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Such artificial stereo techniques have been used to improve the listening experience of monophonic recordings, or to make them more "saleable" in today's markets where people expect stereo. Not everyone agrees with that approach, however, some have expressed deep concerns and are against using those methods indiscriminately^[7].

Binaural recording

For more details on this topic, see Binaural recording. Binaural recording is a method of Recording audio which uses a special Microphone arrangement intended for replay using headphones

Engineers make a technical distinction between "binaural" and "stereophonic" recording. Of these, binaural recording is more like stereoscopic photography. Binaural recording is a method of Recording audio which uses a special Microphone arrangement intended for replay using headphones Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional imaging is any technique capable of recording three-dimensional visual In binaural recording, a pair of microphones is put inside a model of a human head which includes external ears and ear canals. In Acoustics, dummy head recording (also known as artificial head or Kunstkopf) is a method used to make Binaural recordings that allow a listener Each microphone is where the eardrum would be. The tympanic membrane (also tympanum or myrinx is a thin membrane that separates the External ear from the Middle ear.

The recording is then played back through headphones, so that each channel is presented independently, without mixing or crosstalk. Thus, each of the listener's eardrums is driven with a replica of the auditory signal it would have experienced at the recording location. The result is an accurate duplication of the auditory spatiality that would have been heard by the listener placed where the microphones were. Because of the nuisance of wearing headphones, true binaural recordings have remained laboratory and audiophile curiosities.

Playing back stereo recordings

Stereophonic sound attempts to create an illusion of location for various instruments within the original recording. The recording engineer's goal is usually to create a stereo "image" with localization information. When a stereophonic recording is heard through loudspeaker systems rather than headphones, each ear of course hears sound from both speakers. The audio engineer may and often does use more than two microphones, sometimes many more, and may mix them down to two tracks in ways that exaggerate the separation of the instruments to compensate for the mixture that occurs when listening via speakers.

Descriptions of stereophonic sound tend to stress the ability to localize the position of each instrument in space, but in reality many people listen on playback systems that do a poor job of re-creating a stereo "image". Many listeners assume that "stereo" sound is "richer" or "fuller-sounding" than monophonic sound. This is inaccurate — stereo and mono can have equally detailed abilities to play recorded notes. The spatial illusion is what sets stereo recordings apart from mono recordings.

When playing back stereo recordings, best results are obtained by using two speakers, in front of and equidistant from the listener, with the listener located on the center line between the two speakers.

Stereo in vinyl records

In 1958 the first group of stereo two-channel records were issued – by Audio Fidelity in the USA and Pye in Britain, using the Westrex "45/45" single-groove system. Western Electric Company (sometimes abbreviated WE and WECo) was an American Electrical engineering company the manufacturing arm While the stylus moves horizontally when reproducing a monophonic disk recording, on stereo records the stylus moves vertically as well as horizontally.

One could envision a system in which the left channel was recorded laterally, as on a monophonic recording, with the right channel information recorded with a "hill-and-dale" vertical motion; such systems were proposed but not adopted, due to their incompatibility with existing phono pickup designs (see below). In the Westrex system, each channel drives the cutting head at a 45 degree angle to the vertical. During playback the combined signal is sensed by a left channel coil mounted diagonally opposite the inner side of the groove, and a right channel coil mounted diagonally opposite the outer side of the groove. ^[8]

It is helpful to think of the combined stylus motion in terms of the vector sum and difference of the two stereo channels. Effectively, all horizontal stylus motion conveys the L+R sum signal, and vertical stylus motion carries the L-R difference signal. The advantages of the 45/45 system are:

• greater compatibility with monophonic recording and playback systems. A monophonic cartridge will reproduce an equal blend of the left and right channels instead of reproducing only one channel. Conversely, a stereo cartridge reproduces the lateral grooves of monophonic recording equally through both channels, rather than one channel.
• a more balanced sound, because the two channels have equal fidelity (rather than providing one higher-fidelity laterally recorded channel and one lower-fidelity vertically recorded channel);
• higher fidelity in general, because the "difference" signal is usually of low power and thus less affected by the intrinsic distortion of hill-and-dale recording.

This system was invented by Alan Blumlein of EMI in 1931 and patented the same year. Alan Dower Blumlein ( June 29, 1903 in Hampstead, London – June 7, 1942) was an Electronics Engineer The EMI Group is a British music company comprising the major record company EMI Music – which operates several labels and is based in Kensington in EMI cut the first stereo test discs using the system in 1933. It was not used commercially until a quarter of a century later.

Stereo sound provides a more natural listening experience where the spatial location of the source of a sound is, at least in part, reproduced. In the 1970s, it was common practice to generate stereo versions of music from monophonic master tapes which were normally marked "electronically enhanced stereo Ø" on track listings. These were generated by a variety of filtering techniques to try and separate out various elements which left noticeable and unsatisfactory artefacts in the sound, typically sounding phased.

The development of quadraphonic records was announced in 1971. Quadraphonic (or quadrophonic) sound &ndash the most-widely-used early term for what is now called 4 These recorded four separate sound signals. This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal. When the records were played, phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers were able to decode the signals into four separate channels. There were two main systems of matrixed quadrophonic records produced, confusingly named SQ (by CBS) and QS (by Sansui). CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. ( is a Japanese manufacturer of audio and video equipment Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, it is part of Grande Holdings, a Chinese Hong They proved commercially unsuccessful, but were an important precursor to later 'surround sound' systems, as seen in SACD and home cinema today. 51, Multichannel audio, Multichannel music Surround 3D Surround 5 Super Audio CD ( SACD) is a read-only optical audio disc format that can provide higher fidelity digital audio reproduction than the Red Home cinema, also called home theater, are entertainment systems that seek to reproduce cinema quality video and audio in a private home A different format, CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc), by RCA, encoded rear channel information on an ultrasonic carrier, which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully-calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations. Quadraphonic (or quadrophonic) sound &ndash the most-widely-used early term for what is now called 4 A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 Typically the high frequency information inscribed onto these LPs wore off after only a few playings, and CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed formats.

Broadcasting in stereo

Radio

FM

In FM broadcasting, the Zenith-GE pilot-tone stereo system is used throughout the world. See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that at first the system defines signal as a source to alter the frequency of the systems carrier which is made earlier by an oscilator. then the FM encoder multiplies the given signal into the carrier signal, the the result may transfer to the cables and transmited by an antenna. in the receiver before the amplifaction we need to decode the FM signal to it's origin, for that the decoder has a PLL which locks the phase of the Si1 and So1. by locking these and catching the sytem delay by a time delay unit between So1 and the phase comparator system is able to encode the FM signal.

AM

Because of the limited audio quality of the majority of AM receivers, and because of the relative scarcity of AM stereo receivers, relatively few stations employ stereo. Various modulation schemes are used for AM stereo, of which the best-known is Motorola's C-QUAM which is the official method for most countries in the world which decide to use AM Stereo. AM Stereo is a term given to a number of mutually incompatible techniques for Broadcasting stereo audio in the AM band in a manner Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. C-QUAM is the method of AM stereo broadcasting used in Canada, the United States and most other countries

More AM stations are adopting digital HD Radio which allows the transmission of stereo sound on AM stations. HD Radio is the name used by iBiquity for a system of digital transmission for audio broadcast stations

DAB

MP2 audio streams are used.

DAB is one of the Digital Radio format which is used to broadcast Digital Audio over terrestrial broadcast network or Satellite network. DAB is extended to Video and called new format as DMB.

Television

Analog TV (PAL and NTSC)

Various modulation schemes are used in different parts of the world to broadcast more than one sound channel. These are sometimes used to provide two mono sound channels in different languages rather than stereo.

• Multichannel television sound is used mainly in the Americas. Multichannel television sound, better known as MTS (often still as BTSC, for the Broadcast Television Systems Committee that created it is the method
• NICAM is widely used in Europe. NICAM stands for Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex.
• Zweikanalton is used in Germany. Zweikanalton ("two channel sound" A2 Stereo is a Television sound transmission system used in Germany and other countries
• EIAJ FM/FM subcarrier system is used in Japan.

Digital TV

MP2 audio streams are widely used within MPEG-2 program streams. Digital television (DTV is the sending and receiving of moving images and sound by discrete ( digital) signals in contrast to the analog signals used by

History

1881

Clément Ader demonstrated the first two-channel audio system in Paris in 1881, with a series of telephone transmitters connected from the stage of the Paris Opera to a suite of rooms at the Paris Electrical Exhibition, where listeners could hear a live transmission of performances through receivers for each ear. Clément Ader ( April 2 1841 &ndash March 5 1925) was a French engineer born in Muret, Haute Garonne remembered The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat Scientific American reported,

Every one who has been fortunate enough to hear the telephones at the Palais de l'Industrie has remarked that, in listening with both ears at the two telephones, the sound takes a special character of relief and localization which a single receiver cannot produce. Scientific American is a Popular science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly since August 28, 1845, making it . . . This phenomenon is very curious, it approximates to the theory of binauriclar auduition, and has never been applied, we believe, before to produce this remarkable illusion to which may almost be given the name of auditive perspective.

This two-channel telephonic process was commercialized in France from 1890 to 1932 as the Théâtrophone, and in England from 1895 to 1925 as the Electrophone. Théâtrophone ("the Theatre phone" was a telephonic distribution system that allowed the subscribers to listen to Opera and Theatre The name Electrophone was used for a Telephone -distributed audio system which operated in the United Kingdom between 1895 and 1926 relaying live Theatre Both were services available by coin-operated receivers at hotels and cafés, or by subscription to private homes. ^[9]

1930s

In the 1930s, Harvey Fletcher of Bell Laboratories investigated techniques for stereophonic recording and reproduction. Harvey Fletcher ( September 11, 1884 – July 23, 1981) was an American Physicist. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization One of the techniques investigated was the 'Wall of Sound,' which used an enormous array of microphones hung in a line across the front of an orchestra. Up to eighty microphones were used, and each fed a corresponding loudspeaker, placed in an identical position, in a separate listening room.

Several stereophonic test recordings, using two microphones connected to two styli cutting two separate grooves on the same wax disc, were made with Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra at Philadelphia's Academy of Music in March 1932. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leopold Stokowski (born Leopold Anthony Stokowski though on occasion The Philadelphia Orchestra is an Orchestra based in Philadelphia Pennsylvania, in the United States. The Academy of Music, also known as American Academy of Music, in Philadelphia Pennsylvania is the oldest opera house in the United States that is still The first, made on March 12, 1932 of Scriabin's Prometheus: Poem of Fire, is the earliest surviving stereo recording. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Скря́бин Aleksandr Nikolaevič Skrjabin; sometimes transliterated as Skriabin Prometheus Poem of Fire, Opus 60 (1910 is a symphonic work by Russian Composer Alexander Scriabin for Piano, Orchestra ^[10]

Bell Laboratories gave a demonstration of three-channel stereophonic sound on April 27, 1933 with a live transmission of the Philadelphia Orchestra from Philadelphia to Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. Leopold Stokowski, normally the orchestra's conductor, was present in Constitution Hall to control the sound mix. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Philadelphia Orchestra is an Orchestra based in Philadelphia Pennsylvania, in the United States. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə DAR Constitution Hall is a Concert hall in Washington DC It was built in 1929 by the Daughters of the American Revolution to house its annual convention Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leopold Stokowski (born Leopold Anthony Stokowski though on occasion Bell Labs also demonstrated binaural sound, using a dummy with microphones instead of ears, at the Chicago World's Fair in 1933. A Century of Progress International Exposition was the name of a World's Fair held in Chicago, Illinois from 1933 to 1934 to celebrate ^[11]

Two stereophonic recording methods, using two channels and coincident microphone techniques (X-Y with bidirectional transducers / Blumlein-setup & M/S-stereophony), were developed by Alan Blumlein at EMI in 1931 and patented in 1933. Alan Dower Blumlein ( June 29, 1903 in Hampstead, London – June 7, 1942) was an Electronics Engineer The EMI Group is a British music company comprising the major record company EMI Music – which operates several labels and is based in Kensington in A stereo disc, using the two walls of the groove at right angles to carry the two channels, was cut at EMI in 1933, twenty-five years before that method became the standard for stereo phonograph discs.

1940 to 1970

From 1940 to 1970, the progress of stereophonic sound was paced by the technical difficulties of recording and reproducing two (or more) channels in synchronization, and by the economic and marketing issues of introducing new audio media and equipment. To a rough approximation, a stereo system cost twice as much as a monophonic system, since a stereo system had to be assembled by buying two preamplifiers, two amplifiers, and two speaker system. It was not clear whether consumers would think the sound was so much better as to be worth twice the price.

In 1952 Emory Cook (1913–2002), who already made fame by designing new feedback disk cutter heads to improve sound from tape to vinyl, developed a 'binaural' record. This record consisted of two separate channels cut into two separate grooves running next to each other. Each groove needed a needle and each needle was connected to a separate amplifier and speaker. The set-up was intended to give a demonstration at a New York audio fair of Cook's cutter heads rather than to sell the record. But soon afterwards the demand for such recordings and the equipment to play it grew, and Cook Records began to produce such records commercially. He recorded a vast array of sounds, ranging from railroad sounds to thunderstorms. (The term 'binaural' that Cook used should not be confused with the modern use of the word, where 'binaural' is an inner ear recording using small microphones placed in the ear. Cook used conventional microphones but gave his stereo record the name 'binaural' record. )

In 1953, Remington Records began taping some of its sessions in stereo, including performances by Thor Johnson and the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. Remington Records was a low budget Record label. It existed from 1950 until 1957 and specialized in Classical music and Jazz. Thor Martin Johnson (June 10 1913 &ndash January 16 1975 was an American conductor. As the fifth-oldest orchestra in the United States, the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra ( CSO) has a legacy of fine music making as reflected in its performances Later that year, RCA Victor conducted some experimental stereo tapings with Leopold Stokowski and a group of New York musicians; in February 1954, RCA taped the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Charles Münch in a performance of Berlioz's Damnation of Faust, which led to regular stereo tapings by the company. RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leopold Stokowski (born Leopold Anthony Stokowski though on occasion The Boston Symphony Orchestra is an American orchestra based at Symphony Hall in Boston Massachusetts, USA WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Charles Münch (September 26 1891 &ndash November 6 1968 was an La damnation de Faust (English The Damnation of Faust) is a work for Orchestra, voices and chorus written by Hector Berlioz (he Shortly afterwards, legendary conductor Arturo Toscanini's last two public concerts were recorded on stereophonic magnetic tape. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Arturo Toscanini (ɑrˈturɔ ˌtɔskɑˈnini (March 25 1867 &ndash January They were, however, not released in stereo until 1987 and 2007, respectively. In the UK, Decca Records began taping in stereo in mid-1954. Decca Records is a British Record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. In the early 1950s, companies such as Concertapes and RCA Victor began releasing stereophonic recordings on two-track prerecorded reel-to-reel magnetic tape. Serious audiophiles, the sort of people who would later be called "early adopters", bought them, and stereophonic sound came to at least some living rooms. ^[12] Stereo recording became widespread in the music business by the fall of 1957.

The small record company Audio Fidelity released the first stereophonic disc in November 1957. Sidney Frey, founder and president, had Westrex cut a disk for release before any of the major record labels. ^[13][14] Side 1 was the Dukes of Dixieland, Side 2 was railroad sound effects. On December 16, Frey advertised in the trade magazine Billboard that he would send a free copy to anyone in the industry who wrote to him on company letterhead. See Billboard (Turkish magazine Billboard is a weekly American Magazine devoted to the Music industry

That move generated a great deal of publicity. ^[15] Frey promptly released four additional stereo disks. The equipment dealers had no choice but to demonstrate on Audio Fidelity Records. The first stereophonic discs available to the buying public came out in the summer of 1958. ^[16] By 1968 the major record labels stopped making monaural discs. Monaural (often shortened to mono) sound reproduction is single-channel ^[17][18]

The 1940 Carnegie Hall demonstration

The Carnegie Hall demonstration by Bell Laboratories on April 9 and 10, 1940, used three huge speaker systems. Carnegie Hall (generally ˌkɑrnɨgi ˈhɔːl is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City located at 881 Seventh Avenue, occupying the east Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Synchronization was achieved by making the recordings in the form of three motion-picture soundtracks recorded on a single piece of film. Because of dynamic range limitations, volume compression was used, with a fourth track being used to regulate volume expansion. The Dolby noise reduction system of the 1970s was a far more sophisticated version of a basically similar technique. Dolby NR is the name given to a series of noise reduction systems developed by Dolby Laboratories for use in analogue Magnetic tape recording The volume compression and expansion were not fully automatic, but were designed to allow manual studio "enhancement", i. e. , the artistic adjustment of overall volume and the relative volume of each track.

The recordings had been made by the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Leopold Stokowski, who was always interested in sound reproduction technology. The Philadelphia Orchestra is an Orchestra based in Philadelphia Pennsylvania, in the United States. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leopold Stokowski (born Leopold Anthony Stokowski though on occasion Stokowski personally participated in the "enhancement" of the sound.

The speakers used generated 1,500 watts of acoustic power, producing sound levels of up to 100 decibels, and the demonstration held the audience "spellbound, and at times not a little terrified," according to one report. ^[19] Sergei Rachmaninoff, who was present at the demonstration, commented that it was "marvellous" but "somehow unmusical because of the loudness. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff (Сергей Васильевич Рахманинов " "Take that Pictures at an Exhibition," he said. Pictures at an Exhibition (Картинки с выставки &ndash Воспоминание о Викторе Гартмане Kartinki s vystavki &ndash Vospominaniye "I didn't know what it was until they got well into the piece. Too much 'enhancing', too much Stokowski. "

Motion picture era

Bell Laboratories in New York City gave a demonstration in 1937 of two-channel stereophonic motion pictures, developed by Bell Labs and Electrical Research Products, Inc. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization ^[20] Conductor Leopold Stokowski recorded onto a nine-track sound system at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, during the making of the movie One Hundred Men and a Girl for Universal Pictures in 1937. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leopold Stokowski (born Leopold Anthony Stokowski though on occasion The Academy of Music, also known as American Academy of Music, in Philadelphia Pennsylvania is the oldest opera house in the United States that is still Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə One Hundred Men and a Girl is a 1937 Musical comedy film written by Charles Kenyon, Bruce Manning and James Mulhauser Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American The tracks were mixed down to one for the final soundtrack. ^[21][22] In 1938, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer started using three tracks to record movie soundtracks instead of one, and very quickly upgraded to four tracks. One track was used for dialogue, two for music, and one for sound effects. The purpose for this form of multi-track recording was to make mixing down to a single optical track easier and was not intended to be a recording for stereophonic purposes. The very first binaural recording MGM made (although released in mono) was "It Never Rains But What It Pours" by Judy Garland, recorded on June 21, 1938 for the movie Love Finds Andy Hardy. Judy Garland (born Frances Ethel Gumm; June 10 1922 – June 22 1969 was an American actress and singer Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

The first commercial motion picture to be exhibited with stereophonic sound was Walt Disney's Fantasia, released in November 1940, for which a specialized sound process, Fantasound, was developed. Walter Elias Disney (December 5 1901 – December 15 1966 was a multiple Academy Award -winning American Film producer, director, Screenwriter Fantasia is a 1940 Animated film produced by Walt Disney, and is the third film in the Walt Disney Animated Classics. Fantasound was an early Stereophonic sound process developed by sound engineer William E Fantasound used a separate film containing four optical sound tracks. Three of the tracks were audible, and the fourth track controlled the volume level of the theater's amplifiers. The film was not a financial success, however, and after two months of road-show exhibition in selected cities, its soundtrack was remixed into mono sound for general release.

In the early 1940s, the forward-thinking Alfred Newman directed the construction of a sound stage equipped for multi channel recording for 20th Century Fox studios. Alfred Newman ( March 17, 1900 &ndash February 17, 1970) was a major American Composer of music for Films Several soundtracks from this era still exist in their multichannel elements, some of which have been released on DVD including How Green Was My Valley, Anna and the King of Siam, Sun Valley Serenade, and The Day the Earth Stood Still. How Green Was My Valley is a 1941 American Drama film directed by John Ford. Anna and the King of Siam is a 1944 Book by Margaret Landon, a play and a 1956 movie directed by John Cromwell Sun Valley Serenade is a 1941 film starring Sonja Henie,Lynn Bari John Payne, and Milton Berle. The Day the Earth Stood Still is a 1951 Black-and-white Science fiction film that tells the story of a humanoid alien visitor who comes

The advent of magnetic tape recording made high-fidelity synchronized multichannel recording technically straightforward, though costly. By the early 1950s, all of the major studios were recording on magnetic 35mm tape for mixing purposes. Motion picture theatres, however, are where the real introduction of stereophonic sound to the public occurred. Stereo sound was proven viable with the release of This Is Cinerama on September 30, 1952. This is Cinerama is a 1952 film which shows how film makers could use the new technology of Cinerama to make movies more realistic by broadening the aspect Cinerama was a spectacular wide-screen process fully comparable to today's IMAX. Cinerama is the trademarked name for a Widescreen process which works by simultaneously projecting images from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge deeply-curved IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and Cinerama required several architectural specifications for the theatre of its presentation. Cinerama is the trademarked name for a Widescreen process which works by simultaneously projecting images from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge deeply-curved Cinerama's audio soundtrack utilized seven discrete magnetic sound tracks, six of them audible plus a seventh track that controlled the volume level of the amplifiers. The system was developed by Hazard Reeves, a pioneer in magnetic recording technology. By all accounts, including accounts by those who have experienced the process in rare recent showings, the sound was as spectacular as the picture and excellent even by modern standards.

In April 1953, while This Is Cinerama was still playing only in New York City, most moviegoing audiences heard stereophonic sound for the first time with the Warner Bros. 3-D film production of House of Wax, starring Vincent Price. See also [[stereoscopy]] In film the term 3-D (or 3D) is used to describe any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images House of Wax is a 1953 American Horror film starring Vincent Price. Vincent Leonard Price Jr ( May 27 1911 &ndash October 25 1993) was an American Film Actor, remembered The sound system, WarnerPhonic, was a combination of a 35mm magnetic full-coat that contained Left-Center-Right, in synchronization with the two, dual-strip Polaroid system projectors, one of which carried an optical surround track, and one which carried a mono backup track should anything go wrong. For the Polaroid instant camera see Instant camera. For the company see Polaroid Corporation. Only two other films carried WarnerPhonic sound, the 3-D production of The Charge at Feather River, and Island in the Sky. The magnetic tracks to these films are considered lost.

Many 3-D films carried variations on 3-track magnetic sound. Other instances include It Came From Outer Space, I, The Jury, The Stranger Wore a Gun, Inferno, Kiss Me, Kate, and many others. It Came from Outer Space is a 1953 Science Fiction 3-D film directed by Jack Arnold, and starring Richard Carlson, Kiss Me Kate is the 1953 MGM film adaptation of the Broadway musical of the same name. By the summer of 1953, the movie industry moved quickly to create simpler and cheaper wide-screen systems, such as CinemaScope, which used up to four magnetic sound tracks, and which were capable of being retrofitted into existing theatres. CinemaScope was a Widescreen movie format used from 1953 to 1967 Cinemascope 55 was created by the same company in order to use a larger form of the system (55mm instead of 35mm), and was supposed to have had 6-track stereo, but the process proved impractical, and the two films made in it, Carousel and The King and I, were shown in 35mm Cinemascope. CinemaScope 55 was a large-format version of CinemaScope introduced in 1955, which used a negative size of 55 Carousel is a 1956 film adaptation of the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical of the same name which was based on Ferenc Molnar 's The King and I is a 1956 Musical film made by 20th Century Fox, directed by Walter Lang and produced by Charles Brackett The premiere engagement of Carousel, however, did use 6-track stereo, on a separate magnetic sound track, and a 1961 re-release of The King and I, with the film "blown up" to 70 mm, also used a six-track stereo soundtrack. 70 mm film (or 65 mm film) is a wide high-resolution film gauge of superior quality to standard 35 mm motion picture film format.

Cole Porter memorialized the era in a 1957 song:

If Zanuck's latest picture were the good old-fashioned kind,

There'd be no one in front to look at Marilyn's behind.

If you want to hear applauding hands resound

You've gotta have glorious Technicolor,

Breathtaking Cinemascope and

Stereophonic sound.

Early broadcasting in stereo

Radio: The BBC's experimental transmitting station 5XX in Daventry, Northamptonshire, made radio's first stereo broadcast in December 1925, of a concert conducted by Sir Hamilton Harty from Manchester, with 5XX broadcasting the right channel nationally by long wave, and local BBC stations broadcasting the left channel by medium wave. Daventry (ˈdævəntri or ˈdeɪntɹɪ is a Market town in Northamptonshire, England, with a population of 22367 (2001 Census) Sir Herbert Hamilton Harty ( December 4, 1879 &ndash February 19, 1941) was an Irish and British Composer, The longwave Radio band is a range of frequencies used for AM broadcasting, which extends from 148 Medium Wave (MW is a part of the Medium frequency (MF radio band used mainly for AM broadcasting. The BBC repeated the experiment in 1926, using 2LO in London and 5XX at Daventry. Following experimental FM stereo transmissions in the London area in 1958, and regular Saturday morning demonstration transmissions using TV sound and medium wave (AM) radio to provide the two channels, the first regular BBC transmissions using an FM stereo signal began on the BBC's Third Programme network on August 28, 1962. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Chicago AM radio station WGN and its sister FM station WGNB collaborated on an hour-long stereophonic demonstration broadcast on May 22, 1952, with one audio channel broadcast by the AM station and the other audio channel by the FM station. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. WGN (720 AM) is a Radio station in Chicago Illinois, USA. It is owned by the Tribune Company, which also owns the flagship ^[23] New York City's WQXR initiated its first stereophonic broadcasts in October 1952, and by 1954 was broadcasting all of its live musical programs in stereophonic sound, using its AM and FM stations for the two audio channels. ^[24]

After several years of experimental stereo broadcasts, and six competing systems, the Federal Communications Commission announced stereophonic FM technical standards in April 1961, and licensed regular stereophonic FM radio broadcasting to begin in the United States on June 1, 1961. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[25] WEFM in the Chicago area and WGFM in Schenectady, New York reported as the first stereo stations. Schenectady (skəˈnɛktədi Θkahnéhtati in Tuscarora) is a City in Schenectady County, New York, United States ^[26]

Television: A closed-circuit television performance of Carmen from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City to thirty-one theaters across the United States on December 11, 1952 included a stereophonic sound system developed by RCA. "H H Scott" is commonly used to abbreviate the company's name Carmen is a French Opéra comique by Georges Bizet. The Libretto is by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, based The Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880 is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera. RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 ^[27] The first several shows of the 1958–1959 season of The Plymouth Show (i. e. , The Lawrence Welk Show) on the ABC network were broadcast with stereophonic sound in some cities, with one audio channel broadcast via television and the other over the ABC radio network. The Lawrence Welk Show is a musical Variety show hosted by former Big band leader Lawrence Welk. The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. ^[28] By the same method, NBC television and the NBC radio network offered stereo sound for The George Gobel Show on October 21, 1958. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ABC's Walt Disney Presents made a stereo broadcast of The Peter Tchaikovsky Story, including scenes from Disney's latest animated feature Sleeping Beauty, on January 30, 1959 by using ABC-affiliated AM and FM stations for the left and right audio channels. The first incarnation of the Walt Disney anthology television series, commonly called The Wonderful World of Disney, premiered on ABC on October 27 Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

With the advent of FM Stereo in 1961, a small number of music oriented shows were broadcast with stereo sound using a process called simulcasting in which the audio portion of the show was carried over a local FM stereo station. Simulcast is a Portmanteau of " simul taneous broad' cast' " and refers to programs or events broadcast across more than one In the 1960s and 1970s, these shows were usually manually synchronized with a mail delivered reel-to-reel tape to the FM station (unless the concert or music was locally originated). Reel-to-reel, open reel tape recording is the form of magnetic tape audio recording in which the recording medium is held on a Reel, rather than being In the 1980s, satellite delivery of both television and radio programs made this fairly hard process of synchronization unnecessary. Satellite television is Television delivered by the means of Communications satellites as compared to conventional Terrestrial television and Cable One of the last of these simulcast programs was Friday Night Videos on NBC, just before MTS stereo was approved by the FCC. Friday Night Videos was a Music video show broadcast on the American NBC television network from July 29, 1983 to Multichannel television sound, better known as MTS (often still as BTSC, for the Broadcast Television Systems Committee that created it is the method

Cable TV systems delivered many stereo programs utilizing this method for many years until prices for MTS stereo modulators dropped. An RF modulator (for Radio frequency Modulator) is a device that takes a Baseband input signal and outputs a Radio frequency -modulated signal One of the first stereo cable stations was The Movie Channel, though the most popular cable TV station that drove up usage of stereo simulcasting was MTV. The Movie Channel (TMC is an American premium cable television network owned by Showtime Networks Inc MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City.

MTS: Stereo for television

Main article: Multichannel television sound

Multichannel television sound, better known as MTS (often still as BTSC, for the Broadcast Television Systems Committee that created it), is the method of encoding three additional channels of audio into an NTSC-format audio carrier. Multichannel television sound, better known as MTS (often still as BTSC, for the Broadcast Television Systems Committee that created it is the method An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a Bitstream) or Data into a Code. Channel, in communications (sometimes called communications channel) refers to the medium used to convey Information from a Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies In Telecommunications, a carrier wave, or carrier is a Waveform (usually Sinusoidal) that is modulated (modified with an input signal It was adopted by the FCC as the U.S. standard for stereo television transmission in 1984. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Standardization (or standardisation) is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic In Telecommunications transmission is the process of sending propagating and receiving an analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or Sporadic network transmission of stereo audio began on NBC on July 26, 1984, with the Tonight Show, although at the time, only the NBC station in New York City had stereo broadcast capability;^[29] regular stereo transmission of programs began in 1985. The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was a late-night talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under the ''Tonight Show'' franchise from 1962

Common usage

In common usage, a "stereo" is a two-channel sound reproduction system, and a "stereo recording" is a two-channel recording. This is a cause for much confusion, since five- (or more) -channel home theater systems are not popularly described as "stereo". Home cinema, also called home theater, are entertainment systems that seek to reproduce cinema quality video and audio in a private home It is thus worth noting that most film soundtracks are not recorded using stereo techniques, so while they are capable of stereo reproduction, most home theater systems rarely are called upon to do this.

Most two-channel recordings are stereo recordings only in this weaker sense. Pop music, in particular, is usually recorded using close miking techniques, which artificially separates signals into several tracks. Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure The separate tracks, of which there may be eight or even 24, are then "mixed-down" into a two-channel recording. By using "left-right" panning controls, the audio engineers determine where each track will be placed in the stereo "image". The end product with this process often bears little or no resemblance to the actual physical and spatial relationship of the musicians at the time of the original performance. Indeed, it is not uncommon for different tracks of the same song to be recorded at different times, and even in different studios, and then mixed into a final two-channel recording for commercial release. Classical music recordings are a notable exception; they are more likely to be recorded "live", so that the actual physical and spatial relationship of the musicians at the time of the original performance is preserved on the recording. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music

Balance

Balance can mean the amount of signal from each channel reproduced in a stereo audio recording. Typically, a balance control will have 0 dB of gain in the center position for both channels, and attenuate one channel as the control is turned, leaving the other channel at 0 dB. The decibel ( dB) is a logarithmic unit of measurement that expresses the magnitude of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity relative to ^[30]

See also Panning

Other uses

"Stereo" or "in stereo" is sometimes used colloquially for when two, as distinct from one, of something are present. Panning is the spread of a Monaural signal in a stereo or multi-channel sound field

See also

• 3D audio effect
• Binaural recording
• Hi-fi
• Joint stereo
• Quadraphonic
• Stereo photography
• Stereo recording techniques
• Stereographic projection
• Subwoofer (Stereo separation)
• Surround sound

References

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