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Stephen Moulton Babcock (1843–1931) was a U.S. agricultural chemist. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. He is best known for his Babcock test in determining dairy butterfat in milk processing, in cheese processing, and in the "single-grain experiment" that would lead to the development of nutrition as a science. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. The single-grain experiment was an experiment carried out at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from May 1907 to 1911 Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support

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Early life and career

Born on a farm in Oneida County, New York, Babcock earned a B. Oneida County is a County located in the US state of New York. S. from Tufts College and a masters from Cornell University before earning a doctorate in organic chemistry at the University of Gottingen, Germany. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Upon his return to the United States in 1881, Babcock took up the role of an agricultural chemist at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York where his first assignment was to determine the proper feed ratios of carbohydrate, fat, and protein from cow excrement using chemical analysis. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Agricultural Chemistry is the study of both Chemistry and Biochemistry which are important in Agricultural Production, the processing of raw The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station ( NYSAES) at Geneva, Ontario County, New York State, is an integral part of the New York For other places with this name see Geneva. Geneva is a City in Ontario and Seneca counties in the Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials His findings determined that the excrement's chemical composition was similar to that of the feed with the only major exception being the ash. In Analytical chemistry, ash is the name given to all non- Aqueous residue that remains after a sample is Burned, and consist mostly of metal Oxides These results were tested and retested, and his results were found to be similar to German studies done earlier. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This led Babcock to think about what would happen if the cows were fed a single grain (barley, corn, wheat) though that test would not occur for nearly twenty-five years. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East.

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Seven years later, Babcock accepted a position at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Agrcultural Experiment Station (UWAES) as chair of the Agricultural Chemistry department, and immediately began petitioning Dean of Agriculture William Henry, then station director, to perform the "single-grain experiment. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties " Henry refused. In the meantime, he discovered the Babcock test which determines the butterfat content of milk in 1890, then worked with bacteriologist Harry L. The Babcock test is the first inexpensive and practical test factories could use to determine the Fat content of milk. Butterfat or milkfat is the Fatty portion of Milk. Milk and cream are often sold according to the amount of butterfat they contain Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία Russell in developing the cold-curing process for ripening cheese (1897). Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The former method is the standard for butterfat determination of milk worldwide while the latter led Wisconsin to be the leading cheese producer in the United States. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States

"Single-grain experiment"

Babcock continued pressing Henry to perform the "single-grain experiment," even approaching the UWAES animal husbandry chair J. Animal husbandry, also called Animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding A. Craig (he refused). When W. L. Carlyle replaced Craig in 1897, Carlyle was more receptive to Babcock's idea. Initially trying a salt experiment with eight dairy cows as a matter of taste preference while eight other cows received no salt. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants After one of the eight cows that did not receive salt died, Carlyle discontinued the experiment and all of the remaining cows were given salt in order to restore their health.

Henry, now Dean of Agriculture in 1901, finally relented and gave Babcock permission to perform the experiment. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Carlyle approved the experiment with only two cows. One cow was fed corn while the other was fed rolled oats and straw with hopes the experiment would last one year. Three months into the experiment, the oat-fed cow died, and Carlyle halted the event to save the other cow's life. The results were not published mainly because Babcock did not list how much of each grain the respective cows had consumed.

In 1906, a chemist from the University of Michigan, Edwin B. Hart (1874-1953), was hired by Babcock. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research Edwin B Hart (1874-1953 was an American biochemist. A native of Michigan, Hart studied physiological chemistry under Albrecht Kossel Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hart had previously worked at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station and had studied physiological chemistry under Albrecht Kossel in Germany. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel ( September 16, 1853 &ndash July 5, 1927) was a German medical doctor Both worked with George C. Humphrey, who replaced Carlyle as animal husbandry professor, to plan a long-term feeding plan using a chemically-balanced diet of carbohydrates, fat, and protein instead of single plant rations as done in Babcock's earlier experiments. This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. The "single-grain experiment" was thus born in 1907. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

From May 1907 to 1911, the experiment was carried out with Hart as director, Babcock providing the ideas, and Humphrey overseeing the welfare of the cows during the experiment. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Edwin V. McCollum, an organic chemist from Connecticut, was hired by Hart to analyze the grain rations and the cow excrement. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The experiment called for four groups of four heifer calves each during which three groups were raised and two pregnancies were carried through during the experiment. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female The first group ate only wheat, the second group ate only bran, the third group at only corn, and the last group at a mixture of the other three. Bran is the hard outer layer of Grain and consists of combined Aleurone and Pericarp.

In 1908, it was shown that the corn-fed animals were the most healthy of the group while the wheat-fed groups were the least healthy. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year All four groups bred during that year with the corn-fed calves being the healthiest while the wheat and mixed-fed calves were stillborn or later died. Similar results were found in 1909. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting In 1910, the corn-fed cows had their diets switched to wheat and the non-corn-fed cows were fed wheat. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting This produced unhealthy calves for the formerly corn-fed cows while the remaining cows produced healthy calves. When the 1909 formulas were reintroduced to the respective cows in 1911, the same gestation results in 1909 occurred again in 1911. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year These results were published in 1911. Similar results had been done in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1901, in Poland in 1910, and in England in 1906 (though the English results were not published until 1912). See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting

This experiment would lead to the development of nutrition as a science. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support

Legacy

In World War II the United States liberty ship SS S. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States of America —commonly referred to as the History and service In 1936 the American Merchant Marine Act was passed to subsidize the annual construction of 50 commercial merchant vessels to be used in wartime by M. Babcock was named in his honor.

After Babcock's death in 1931, his estate was left to the University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture. By a decision of the deans, a housing cooperative for male students studying agriculture was established in the Babcock home and named in his honor. Babcock House is the oldest continuously-operating student housing cooperative in Wisconsin and is now open to male and female students of any course of study.

In 1948, the Institute of Food Technologists created the Stephen M. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Institute of Food Technologists or IFT is an international Non-profit professional organization for the advancement of Food science Babcock Award (now the Babcock-Hart Award) in honors of Babcock's achievements. The Babcock-Hart Award has been awarded since 1948 by the Institute of Food Technologists. Additionally, the food science department building at the University of Wisconsin in Madison was named in Babcock's honor in 1952. Food science is a discipline concerned with all technical aspects of Food, beginning with Harvesting or slaughtering, and ending with its Cooking Madison is the capital of the US state of Wisconsin and the County seat of Dane County. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Institute of International Dairy Research and Development at Wisconsin also would be named in Babcock's honor.

External links

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