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Stephen Jay Gould
Natural History magazine
Natural History magazine
Born September 10, 1941
Queens borough of New York City, New York
Died May 20, 2002 (aged 60)
Nationality United States
Fields Evolutionary biology
Institutions Harvard University, American Museum of Natural History
Alma mater Antioch College

Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was a prominent American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government which administers the five fundamental constituent parts that make up the consolidated city The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of Biology concerned with the origin of Species from a Common descent, and Descent of species The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Antioch College was a private independent Liberal arts college in Yellow Springs, Ohio, United States, and was the founder and flagship Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers He was also one of the most influential and widely read writers of popular science of his generation. For the 1935-1949 film series see Popular Science (film. Popular Science is an American monthly Magazine founded in 1872 Gould spent most of his career teaching at Harvard University and working at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most The City of New York

Gould's based the preponderance of his empirical research on land snails. Empirical research is any research that bases its findings on direct or indirect Observation as its test of Reality. The word snail is a Common name that can be used for almost all members of the Molluscan class Gastropoda which have coiled shells in the Gould helped develop the theory of punctuated equilibrium, in which evolutionary stability is marked by instances of rapid change. Punctuated equilibrium is a theory of evolutionary biology which states that most sexually reproducing populations experience little change for most of their geological He contributed to evolutionary developmental biology. Evolutionary developmental biology ( evolution of development or informally evo-devo) is a field of Biology that compares the developmental processes In evolutionary theory, he opposed strict selectionism, sociobiology as applied to humans, and evolutionary psychology. Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior He campaigned against creationism and proposed that science and religion should be considered two compatible, complementary fields, or "magisteria," whose authority does not overlap. "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos

Many of Gould's Natural History essays, were reprinted in collected volumes, such as Ever Since Darwin and The Panda's Thumb, while his popular treatises included books such as The Mismeasure of Man, Wonderful Life and Full House. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods

Contents

Biography

Born and raised in the Queens borough of New York City, New York, Gould's father Leonard was a court stenographer, and his mother Eleanor was an artist. In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government which administers the five fundamental constituent parts that make up the consolidated city The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous A court reporter, stenotype reporter or stenographer is a person whose occupation is to transcribe spoken or recorded speech into written The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating When Gould was five years old, his father took him to the Hall of Dinosaurs in the American Museum of Natural History, where he first encountered Tyrannosaurus rex. The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most Tyrannosaurus ( or, meaning 'tyrant lizard' is a Genus of Theropod Dinosaur. "I had no idea there were such things—I was awestruck," Gould once recalled. [1] It was in that moment that he decided to become a paleontologist.

Raised in a secular Jewish home, Gould did not formally practice religion and preferred to be called an agnostic. Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena above all it is the Culture of secular communities of Jewish people but it can also include A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the [2] Politically, though he "had been brought up by a Marxist father," he has stated that his father's politics were "very different" from his own. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. [3] According to Gould, the most influential political book he read was C. Wright Mills' The Power Elite, as well as the political writings of Noam Chomsky. Charles Mills ( August 28, 1916, Waco Texas &ndash March 20, 1962, West Nyack New York) was an American The Power Elite is an influential book written by the Sociologist, C Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political [4] Gould continued to be exposed to progressive viewpoints on the politicized campus of Antioch College in the early 1960s. Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. Antioch College was a private independent Liberal arts college in Yellow Springs, Ohio, United States, and was the founder and flagship The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 In the 1970s, Gould joined a left-wing academic organization called "Science for the People. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Science for the People is a left-wing organization that emerged from the antiwar culture of the " Throughout his career and writings he spoke out against cultural oppression in all its forms, especially what he saw as pseudoscience in the service of racism and sexism. Oppression is the act of using power to empower and/or privilege a group at the expense of disempowering marginalizing silencing and subordinating another group Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Sexism is the belief or attitude that one Gender or Sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a Hatred or distrust towards [5]

Gould was twice married. His first marriage was to artist Deborah Lee, whom he met while attending Antioch College. Antioch College was a private independent Liberal arts college in Yellow Springs, Ohio, United States, and was the founder and flagship They were married on October 3, 1965. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. His second marriage was to sculptor Rhonda Roland Shearer in 1995. Rhonda Roland Shearer is a sculptor scholar and journalist who founded the nonprofit organization Art Science Research Laboratory with her late husband Stephen Jay Gould Gould has two children, Jesse and Ethan, by his first marriage, and two stepchildren, Jade and London, by his second.

In July of 1982, Gould was diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma, a highly deadly form of cancer affecting the abdominal lining and frequently found in people who have been exposed to asbestos. In higher Vertebrates the peritoneum is the Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity &mdash it covers most of the intra-abdominal Mesothelioma is a form of Cancer that is almost always caused by previous exposure to Asbestos. The human abdomen (from the Latin word meaning "belly" is the part of the body between the Pelvis and the thorax. Asbestos is a group of Minerals with long thin fibrous Crystals The word "asbestos" (῾ἀσβεστος is derived from a Greek adjective After a difficult two-year recovery, Gould published a column for Discover magazine, titled "The Median Isn't the Message," which discusses his reaction to discovering that mesothelioma patients had a median lifespan of only eight months after diagnosis. Discover is a Science magazine that publishes articles about Science for a general audience Mesothelioma is a form of Cancer that is almost always caused by previous exposure to Asbestos. In Probability theory and Statistics, a median is described as the number separating the higher half of a sample a population or a Probability distribution [6] He then describes the true significance behind this number, and his relief upon realizing that statistical averages are just useful abstractions, and do not encompass the full range of variation. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. The median is the halfway point, which means that 50% of patients will die before 8 months, but the other half will live longer, potentially much longer. In Probability theory and Statistics, a median is described as the number separating the higher half of a sample a population or a Probability distribution He then needed to find out where his personal characteristics placed him within this range. Considering the cancer was caught early, the fact he was young, optimistic, and had the best treatments available, Gould figured that he should be in the favorable half of the upper statistical range. After an experimental treatment of radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery, Gould made a full recovery, and his column became a source of comfort for many cancer patients. Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of Ionizing radiation as part of Cancer treatment to control Malignant Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental

Gould was also an advocate for medical marijuana. Medical cannabis refers to the use of the Cannabis plant as a physician-recommended Herbal therapy as well as synthetic THC and Cannabinoids During this bout with cancer, he smoked the illegal drug to alleviate the nausea associated with his medical treatments. According to Gould, his use of marijuana had a "most important effect" on his eventual recovery. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a [7] In 1998 he testified in the case of Jim Wakeford, a Canadian medical-marijuana user and activist. Jim Wakeford (born 1944 Regina, Saskatchewan) is a well-known Medical marijuana advocate based in Toronto, Canada.

His scientific essays for Natural History frequently refer to his nonscientific interests and pastimes. As a boy, he collected baseball cards and was a huge baseball fan throughout his life. A baseball card is a type of Trading card relating to baseball usually printed on some type of Paper stock or card stock Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each As an adult he was fond of science fiction movies, but lamented that so many of them were bad, not just in their science, but in their storytelling. Science fiction Film is a Film genre that uses speculative, Science -based depictions of imaginary phenomena such as extra-terrestrial Storytelling is the ancient art of conveying events in Words Images and Sounds often by Improvisation or embellishment He sang in a madrigal choir and was a great aficionado of Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. A madrigal is a type of Secular vocal music composition written during the Renaissance and early Baroque eras Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian era partnership of Librettist W Operetta is a genre of light Opera, light in terms both of music and subject matter He collected rare books and old textbooks. Book collecting is the Collecting of Books including seeking locating acquiring organizing cataloging displaying storing and maintaining whatever books are A textbook is a manual of instruction or a standard book in any branch of study He traveled often to Europe, usually mixing business with pleasure, and spoke French and German. He admired Renaissance architecture. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a When discussing the Judeo-Christian tradition, he usually referred to it simply as "Moses. Judeo-Christian (or Judaeo-Christian, sometimes written as Judæo-Christian) is a term used to describe the body of concepts and values which are thought to be held " He sometimes alluded ruefully to his tendency to put on weight. [8]

Gould died on May 20, 2002 from a metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung, a form of cancer which had spread to his brain. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Metastasis ( Greek: displacement μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural metastases) sometimes abbreviated mets, Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that originates in Glandular tissue Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled This cancer was unrelated to his abdominal cancer, from which he had fully recovered twenty years earlier. He died in his home "in a bed set up in the library of his SoHo loft, surrounded by his wife Rhonda, his mother Eleanor, and the many books he loved. This article is about an area of Manhattan, New York City. For the area in London UK see Soho. "[9][10]

Scientific career

Gould began his higher education at Antioch College, graduating with an undergraduate degree in geology in 1963. Antioch College was a private independent Liberal arts college in Yellow Springs, Ohio, United States, and was the founder and flagship Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit During this time, he also studied abroad at the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom. The University of Leeds is a major teaching and research University in Leeds, West Yorkshire; one of the largest in the United Kingdom with The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [11] After completing his graduate work at Columbia University in 1967 under the guidance of Norman Newell, he was immediately hired by Harvard University where he worked until the end of his life (1967-2002). Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Norman D Newell ( January 27, 1909 – April 18, 2005) was a Curator at the American Museum of Natural History and a professor In 1973, Harvard promoted him to Professor of Geology and Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology at the institution's Museum of Comparative Zoology, and in 1982, Harvard awarded him with the title of Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology. Curator (from Latin cura care means manager overseer. A curator or keeper of a cultural heritage institution (e Invertebrate paleontology (also spelled Invertebrate palaeontology) is sometimes described as Invertebrate paleozoology and/or Invertebrate paleobiology The Museum of Comparative Zoology is located on the grounds of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is one of three museums which collectively Alexander Emanuel Agassiz ( December 17, 1835 &ndash March 27, 1910) son of Louis Agassiz and stepson of Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz In 1983, he was awarded fellowship into the American Association for the Advancement of Science, where he later served as president (1999-2001). The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages The AAAS news release cited his "numerous contributions to both scientific progress and the public understanding of science. " He also served as president of the Paleontological Society (1985-1986) and the Society for the Study of Evolution (1990-1991). In 1989, Gould was elected into the body of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science Through 1996-2002 Gould was Vincent Astor Visiting Research Professor of Biology at New York University. William Vincent Astor ( November 15, 1891 - February 3, 1959) was a businessman and Philanthropist and a member of the prominent New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. In 2008 he was posthumously awarded the Darwin-Wallace Award, along with 12 other recipients. This award is given every 50 years by the Linnean Society of Londong.

Punctuated equilibrium

Early in his career, Gould and Niles Eldredge developed the theory of punctuated equilibrium, in which evolutionary change occurs relatively rapidly, as compared to longer periods of relative evolutionary stability. Niles Eldredge (born August 25 1943 is an American paleontologist, who along with Stephen Jay Gould, proposed the theory of Punctuated equilibrium Punctuated equilibrium is a theory of evolutionary biology which states that most sexually reproducing populations experience little change for most of their geological [12] According to Gould, punctuated equilibrium revised a key pillar "in the central logic of Darwinian theory. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 "[3] Some evolutionary biologists have argued that while punctuated equilibrium was "of great interest to biology,"[13] it merely modified neo-Darwinism in a manner that was fully compatible with what had been known before. [14] Others however emphasized its theoretical novelty, and argued that evolutionary stasis had been "unexpected by most evolutionary biologists"[15] and "had a major impact on paleontology and evolutionary biology. "[16] Some critics of the theory referred to punctuated equilibrium as "evolution by jerks," a play on words Gould himself joked about.

Evolutionary developmental biology

Gould contributed to evolutionary developmental biology, describing "terminal addition," in which an organism evolves a last stage of individual development by shortening the earlier stages. Evolutionary developmental biology ( evolution of development or informally evo-devo) is a field of Biology that compares the developmental processes

Selectionism and sociobiology

Gould championed biological constraints as well as other non-selectionist forces in evolution. In particular, he considered higher functions of the human brain to be the byproduct of natural selection and not its selected result. The human brain controls the Central nervous system (CNS by way of the Cranial nerves and Spinal cord, the Peripheral nervous system (PNS Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of This understanding undermines an essential premise of human sociobiology and evolutionary psychology. Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior Evolutionary psychology ( EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traits such as Memory, Perception,

Against "Sociobiology"

In 1975, E. O. Wilson introduced an analysis of human behavior based on a sociobiological construct. Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929) is an American biologist researcher ( Sociobiology, Biodiversity) theorist ( In response, Gould, Richard Lewontin, and others from the Boston area wrote the subsequently well referenced letter to the New York Review of Books "Against 'Sociobiology'" in opposition to this theory, particularly sociobiology's hegemonic support of the notion of a "deterministic view of human society and human action. The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current " [17]

Gould opposed sociobiology as applied to humans and its descendant evolutionary psychology. Criticizing a genetic explanation for human behaviors, Gould championed the vision of nearly all humans born with the capacity to assume almost any identity, as shaped by social rather than biological forces.

Spandrels and the Panglossian Paradigm

With Richard Lewontin, Gould wrote an influential 1979 paper entitled "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm,"[18] which introduced the architectural term "spandrel" into evolutionary biology. Richard Charles "Dick" Lewontin (born March 29, 1929) is an American Evolutionary biologist Saint Mark's Basilica ( Italian: Basilica di San Marco a Venezia) the Cathedral of Venice, is the most famous of --> Candide ou l'Optimisme (1759 is a French Satire by the Enlightenment Philosopher Voltaire, English translations of which The word paradigm ( Greek:παράδειγμα (paradigmacomposite from para- and the verb δείχνυμι "to show" as a whole -roughly- meaning "example" Spandrel is a term used in evolutionary biology describing a phenotypic characteristic that is considered to have developed during Evolution as a side-effect

A spandrel is the space that exists between arches, as seen particularly in gothic churches. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. When visiting Venice, Gould noted that the spandrels of the San Marco cathedral, while quite beautiful, were not a space that was planned by the architect, but rather coincidentally resulted from what the architects deliberately designed—the arches. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral Gould and Lewontin thus defined "spandrels" in evolutionary biology to mean a feature of an organism that arises as a necessary side consequence of other features, but which is not built directly, piece by piece, as a result of being favored by natural selection. Examples include the "masculinized genitalia in female hyenas, exaptive use of an umbilicus as a brooding chamber by snails, the shoulder hump of the giant Irish deer, and several key features of human mentality. "[19]

In Voltaire's Candide, Dr. --> Candide ou l'Optimisme (1759 is a French Satire by the Enlightenment Philosopher Voltaire, English translations of which Pangloss is a clueless scholar who, despite the evidence, says that "all is for the best in this best of all possible worlds. --> Candide ou l'Optimisme (1759 is a French Satire by the Enlightenment Philosopher Voltaire, English translations of which Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as " Gould and Lewontin asserted that it is "Panglossian" for evolutionary biologists to view all biological traits as things that had been naturally selected for specifically. Gould and Lewontin argued that some traits were coincidental "spandrels. " The relative frequency of spandrels, so defined, versus adaptive features in nature, remains a controversial topic in evolutionary biology. Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of Biology concerned with the origin of Species from a Common descent, and Descent of species [20]

Land snails

Most of Gould's empirical research pertained to land snails. He focused his early work on the Bermudian genus Poecilozonites, while his later work concentrated on the West Indian genus Cerion. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Bermuda land snails are an endemic genus of Pulmonate land snail that scientists believe colonised the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda at least 300000 The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting UserPolbot. --> Cerion is a Genus of medium-sized land snail a terrestrial Pulmonate According to Gould "Cerion is the land snail of maximal diversity in form throughout the entire world. There are 600 described species of this single genus. In fact, they're not really species, they all interbreed, but the names exist to express a real phenomenon which is this incredible morphological diversity. Some are shaped like golf balls, some are shaped like pencils. …Now my main subject is the evolution of form, and the problem of how it is that you can get this diversity amid so little genetic difference, so far as we can tell, is a very interesting one. And if we could solve this we'd learn something general about the evolution of form. "[21]

Influence

Gould is also one of the most highly cited scientists in the field of evolutionary theory. His 1979 "spandrels" paper has been cited more than 1,600 times. In Palaeobiology—the flagship journal of his own speciality—only Charles Darwin and G.G. Simpson have been cited more often. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life George Gaylord Simpson ( June 16, 1902 &ndash October 6, 1984) was an American Paleontologist. [22] Gould was also a considerably respected historian of science. Historian Ronald Numbers has been quoted as saying: "I can't say much about Gould's strengths as a scientist, but for a long time I've regarded him as the second most influential historian of science (next to Thomas Kuhn). Ronald L Numbers (born 1942 is an American historian of science Thomas Samuel Kuhn (surname ˈkuːn July 18, 1922  &ndash June 17, 1996) was an American intellectual who wrote extensively "[23]

The Structure of evolutionary theory

Shortly before his death, Gould published a long treatise recapitulating his version of modern evolutionary theory: The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002 is a technical book on macroevolutionary theory by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould

As a public figure

Gould became widely known through his popular science essays in Natural History magazine and his best-selling books on evolution. Natural History is a Magazine on Science and Nature aimed at the general public which is published by the A bestseller is a Book that is identified as extremely popular by its inclusion on lists of currently top selling titles that are based on publishing industry and book trade Stephen Jay Gould (September 10 1941 &ndash May 20 2002 was a prominent American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Many of his essays were reprinted in collected volumes, such as Ever Since Darwin and The Panda's Thumb, while his popular treatises included books such as The Mismeasure of Man, Wonderful Life and Full House. Ever Since Darwin was American Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould's first book The Panda's Thumb is the second volume of collected essays by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. The Mismeasure of Man is a controversial 1981 book written by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002 Full House The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin is a book by Evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, published in 1996.

A passionate advocate of evolutionary theory, Gould wrote prolifically on the subject, trying to communicate his understanding of contemporary evolutionary biology to a wide audience. A recurring theme in his writings is the history and development of evolutionary, and pre-evolutionary, thought. Evolutionary thought, the idea that species change over time has roots in antiquity in the ideas of the Greeks, Romans, Chinese and Muslims He was also an enthusiastic baseball fan and made frequent references to the sport in his essays. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each [24]

Although a proud Darwinist, his emphasis was less gradualist and reductionist than most neo-Darwinists. Gradualism is the belief that changes occur or ought to occur slowly in the form of gradual steps (see also Incrementalism) Politics and society In Politics Reductionism can either mean (a an approach to understanding the nature of complex things by reducing them to the interactions of their parts or to simpler or more fundamental things Neo-Darwinism is a term used to describe certain ideas about the mechanisms of Evolution that were developed from Charles Darwin 's original Theory of He fiercely opposed many aspects of sociobiology and its intellectual descendant evolutionary psychology. Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior Evolutionary psychology ( EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traits such as Memory, Perception, He devoted considerable time to fighting against creationism (and the related constructs Creation science and Intelligent design). "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. Creation science or scientific creationism is a movement within Creationism which attempts to use scientific means to disprove the accepted scientific theories on Intelligent Most notably, Gould provided expert testimony against the equal-time creationism law in McLean v. Arkansas. McLean v Arkansas Board of Education, 529 F Supp 1255 1258-1264 (ED Ark Gould later developed the term "Non-Overlapping Magisteria" (NOMA) to describe how, in his view, science and religion could not comment on each other's realm. Gould went on to develop this idea in some detail, particularly in the books Rocks of Ages (1999) and The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox (2003). In a 1982 essay for Natural History Gould wrote:

Our failure to discern a universal good does not record any lack of insight or ingenuity, but merely demonstrates that nature contains no moral messages framed in human terms. Morality is a subject for philosophers, theologians, students of the humanities, indeed for all thinking people. The answers will not be read passively from nature; they do not, and cannot, arise from the data of science. The factual state of the world does not teach us how we, with our powers for good and evil, should alter or preserve it in the most ethical manner. [25]

The anti-evolution petition A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism spawned the National Center for Science Education's 'anti-petition', Project Steve, which is named in Gould's honor. A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism (or Dissent From Darwinism) is a petition whose signatories attest to a statement which expresses skepticism about the The National Center for Science Education ( NCSE) is a non-profit organization based in Oakland California affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement Project Steve is a list of scientists with the Given name Stephen or a variation thereof (e

Gould also became a noted public face of science, often appearing on television. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic He once voiced a cartoon version of himself on the season nine Simpsons episode Lisa the Skeptic, in which Lisa finds a skeleton that many people think is that of an angel that predicts the end of the world, but ends up being part of a marketing ploy for a new mall. " Lisa the Skeptic " is the eighth episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season, first aired on November 23 1997 [26] The show paid tribute to Gould after his death, dedicating the season 13 finale "Papa's Got a Brand New Badge" to his memory. “ Papa’s Got a Brand New Badge ” is the 22nd episode of The Simpsons ’ thirteenth season, which was originally broadcast on May 22,

Gould was also featured prominently as a guest in Ken Burns' PBS documentary Baseball, PBS's Evolution series, CNN's Crossfire, NBC's The Today Show, and was a guest in all seven episodes of the Dutch '90s talkshow-series "Een Schitterend Ongeluk", or in English, "A Marvellous Accident. Kenneth Lauren Burns (born July 29 1953) is an American director and producer of Documentary films known for his style of making use of archival The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Baseball A Film by Ken Burns is an Emmy Award -winning 1994 documentary series by Ken Burns about the game of Baseball. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Evolution is a 2001 documentary series by the American broadcaster PBS and WGBH on Evolutionary biology. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Crossfire was a current events Debate television program that aired from 1982 to 2005 on CNN. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Today, also referred to as The Today Show, is an American morning news and talk show airing weekday mornings on NBC. " He was also on the Board of Advisers to the influential Children's Television Workshop television show, 3-2-1 Contact, where he made frequent guest appearances. Sesame Workshop, formerly known as the Children's Television Workshop (or CTW) is a non-profit organization behind the production of several educational children's 3-2-1 Contact is an American science educational Television show which aired on PBS from 1980 to 1988.

Controversies

Gould received many accolades for his scholarly work and popular expositions of natural history,[10][27] but was not immune from criticism by those in the biological community who felt his public presentations were, for various reasons, out of step with mainstream evolutionary theory. [28] The public debates between Gould's proponents and detractors have been so quarrelsome that they have been dubbed "The Darwin Wars" by several commentators. [29][30][31][32]

John Maynard Smith, an eminent British evolutionary biologist, was among Gould's strongest critics. Maynard Smith redirects here -- for other uses see Maynard Smith (disambiguation Professor John Maynard Smith, F Maynard Smith thought that Gould misjudged the vital role of adaptation in biology, and was also critical of Gould's acceptance of species selection as a major component of biological evolution. A unit of selection is a biological entity within the hierarchy of biological organisation (e [33] In a review of Daniel Dennett's book Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Maynard Smith wrote that Gould "is giving non-biologists a largely false picture of the state of evolutionary theory. Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28 1942 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a prominent American philosopher whose research Darwin's Dangerous Idea Evolution and the Meanings of Life ( 1995) is a controversial book by Daniel Dennett which argues that Darwinian "[34] But Maynard Smith has not been consistently negative, writing in a review of The Panda's Thumb that "Stephen Gould is the best writer of popular science now active. The Panda's Thumb is the second volume of collected essays by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. . . . Often he infuriates me, but I hope he will go right on writing essays like these. "[35] Maynard Smith was also among those who welcomed Gould's reinvigoration of evolutionary paleontology. [14]

One reason for such criticism was that Gould appeared to be presenting his ideas as a revolutionary way of understanding evolution, and he argued for the importance of mechanisms other than natural selection, mechanisms which he believed had been sidelined by other researchers. Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of As a result, many non-specialists sometimes inferred from his early writings that Darwinian explanations had been proven to be unscientific (which Gould never tried to imply). Along with many other researchers in the field, Gould's works were sometimes deliberately taken out of context by creationists as a "proof" that scientists no longer understood how organisms evolved. "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. [36] Gould himself corrected some of these misinterpretations and distortions of his writings in later works. [37].

Opposition to sociobiology and evolutionary psychology

Gould also had a long-running public feud with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould, Lewontin, and Maynard Smith opposed, but which Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and Steven Pinker advocated. Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929) is an American biologist researcher ( Sociobiology, Biodiversity) theorist ( Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior Evolutionary psychology ( EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traits such as Memory, Perception, Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28 1942 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a prominent American philosopher whose research Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18 1954 is a prominent Canadian - American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and author Gould and Dawkins also disagreed over the importance of gene selection in evolution. The gene-centered view of evolution, gene selection theory or selfish gene theory holds that Natural selection acts through differential survival of competing Dawkins argued that evolution is best understood as competition among genes (or replicators), while Gould advocated the importance of multi-level competition, including selection amongst genes, cell lineages, organisms, demes, species, and clades. Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the Genome of a single cell, a process called transposition The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called In Biology, a deme is another word for a local Population of organisms of one Species that actively interbreed with one another and share a distinct gene In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Criticism of Gould can be found in chapter 9 of Dawkins' The Blind Watchmaker and chapter 10 of Dennett's Darwin's Dangerous Idea. The Blind Watchmaker is a 1986 book by Richard Dawkins in which he presents an explanation of and argument for the theory of Evolution by means of Darwin's Dangerous Idea Evolution and the Meanings of Life ( 1995) is a controversial book by Daniel Dennett which argues that Darwinian Dennett's criticism has tended to be harsher, while Dawkins praises Gould in evolutionary topics other than those of contention. Pinker accuses Gould, Lewontin and other opponents of evolutionary psychology of being "radical scientists," whose stance on human nature is influenced by politics rather than science. Richard Charles "Dick" Lewontin (born March 29, 1929) is an American Evolutionary biologist [38] Gould contended that sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists are often heavily influenced, perhaps unconsciously, by their own prejudices and interests. [39] He wrote:

I grew up in a family with a tradition of participation in campaigns for social justice, and I was active, as a student, in the civil rights movement at a time of great excitement and success in the early 1960s. Scholars are often wary of citing such committments. …[but] it is dangerous for a scholar even to imagine that he might attain complete neutrality, for then one stops being vigilant about personal preferences and their influences - and then one truly falls victim to the dictates of prejudice. Objectivity must be operationally defined as fair treatment of data, not absence of preference. [40]

Cambrian fauna

Gould's interpretation of the Cambrian Burgess Shale fossils in his book Wonderful Life emphasized the striking morphological disparity (or "weirdness") of the Burgess Shale fauna, and the role of chance in determining which members of this fauna survived and flourished. The Cambrian is a geologic period and system that began about Ma (million years ago at the end of the Proterozoic eon and ended about Ma with See also Burgess shale type fauna The Burgess Shale is famous for the exceptional preservation of the fossils found within it in which the soft parts are preserved He used the Cambrian fauna as an example of the role of contingency in the broader pattern of evolution.

Gould's view was criticized by Simon Conway Morris in his 1998 book The Crucible Of Creation. Simon Conway Morris FRS is a British Paleontologist. He was born in 1951 and brought up in London England [41] Conway Morris stressed those members of the Cambrian fauna that resemble modern taxa. He also promoted convergent evolution as a mechanism producing similar forms to similar environmental circumstances, and argued in a subsequent book that the appearance of human-like animals is likely. Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages Paleontologists Derek Briggs and Richard Fortey have also argued that much of the Cambrian fauna may be regarded as stem groups of living taxa[42], though this is still a subject of intense research and debate, and the relationship of many Cambrian taxa to modern phyla has not been established in the eyes of many palaeontologists. Derek E G Briggs is an Irish Paleontologist based at Yale University. Richard A Fortey FRS (born 1946 in London) is a British Paleontologist and writer

Paleontologist Richard Fortey noted that prior to the release of Wonderful Life, Conway Morris shared many of Gould's sentiments and views. Richard A Fortey FRS (born 1946 in London) is a British Paleontologist and writer It was only after publication of Wonderful Life that Conway Morris revised his interpretation and adopted a more progressive stance towards the history of life. The history of life on Earth seems to show a clear trend for example it seems obvious that there is a trend towards increasing complexity in living organisms [43].

Mismeasure of Man

Main article: The Mismeasure of Man

Stephen Jay Gould was also the author of The Mismeasure of Man (1981), a history and skeptical inquiry of psychometrics and intelligence testing. The Mismeasure of Man is a controversial 1981 book written by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002 The Mismeasure of Man is a controversial 1981 book written by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002 Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism ( also spelled scepticism) sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a scientific or practical Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of Educational and Psychological Measurement, which includes the measurement An Intelligence Quotient or IQ is a score derived from one of several different Standardized tests attempting to measure Intelligence. Gould investigated nineteenth century craniometry, as well as modern-day psychological testing, and claimed that they developed from an unfounded faith in biological determinism. Craniometry is the technique of measuring the Bones of the Skull. An Intelligence Quotient or IQ is a score derived from one of several different Standardized tests attempting to measure Intelligence. Biological determinism, also called genetic determinism is the Hypothesis that biological factors such as an organism's individual genes (as opposed to social or environmental It was reprinted in 1996 with the addition of a new foreword, plus a review and critique of The Bell Curve.

The Mismeasure of Man has generated perhaps the greatest controversy of all of Gould's books, and has received both widespread praise (by skeptics) and extensive criticism (by certain psychologists), including claims of misrepresentation by some scientists. A debunker is an individual who discredits and exposes claims as being false exaggerated unscientific or pretentious Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and [44]

Nonoverlapping Magisteria (NOMA)

In his book Rocks of Ages (1999), Gould put forward what he described as "a blessedly simple and entirely conventional resolution to . Rocks of Ages is a short book by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould on the relationship between Science and Religion . . the supposed conflict between science and religion. "[45] He defines the term magisterium as "a domain where one form of teaching holds the appropriate tools for meaningful discourse and resolution"[45] and the NOMA principle is "the magisterium of science covers the empirical realm: what the Universe is made of (fact) and why does it work in this way (theory). The magisterium of religion extends over questions of ultimate meaning and moral value. These two magisteria do not overlap, nor do they encompass all inquiry (consider, for example, the magisterium of art and the meaning of beauty). "[45]

In his view, "Science and religion do not glower at each other. . . [but] interdigitate in patterns of complex fingering, and at every fractal scale of self-similarity. A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts each of which is (at least approximately a reduced-size copy of the whole" In Mathematics, a self-similar object is exactly or approximately similar to a part of itself (i "[45] He suggests, with examples, that "NOMA enjoys strong and fully explicit support, even from the primary cultural stereotypes of hard-line traditionalism" and that it is "a sound position of general consensus, established by long struggle among people of goodwill in both magisteria. "[45]

Also in 1999, the National Academy of Sciences adopted a similar stance. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science Its publication Science and Creationism stated that "Scientists, like many others, are touched with awe at the order and complexity of nature. Indeed, many scientists are deeply religious. But science and religion occupy two separate realms of human experience. Demanding that they be combined detracts from the glory of each. "[46]

Books

Notes

  1. ^ Michelle Green, 1986. "Stephen Jay Gould: driven by a hunger to learn and to write" People Weekly June 2.
  2. ^ Gould, Stephen Jay (1997). "Nonoverlapping Magisteria". Natural History 106: 16–22.  
  3. ^ a b Gould, Stephen Jay (2002). The structure of evolutionary theory. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00613-5.  
  4. ^ Official Transcript for Gould’s deposition in McLean v. Arkansas (1981-11-27). Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published When asked about his political views, Gould was quoted as saying: "My political views tend to the left of center. Q. Could you be more specific about your political views? A. I don't know how to be. I am not a joiner, so I am not a member of any organization. So I have always resisted labeling. But if you read my other book, The Mismeasure of Man, which is not included because it is not about evolution, you will get a sense of my political views. The Mismeasure of Man is a controversial 1981 book written by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002 " p. 153.
  5. ^ "Stephen Jay Gould—-what does it mean to be a radical?", Monthly Review, 2002-11-01. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi  "The public intellectual and political life of Steve Gould was extraordinary, if not unique. An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, First, he was an evolutionary biologist and historian of science whose intellectual work had a major impact on our views of the process of evolution. Second, he was, by far, the most widely known and influential expositor of science who has ever written for a lay public. Third, he was a consistent political activist in support of socialism and in opposition to all forms of colonialism and oppression. The figure he most closely resembled in these respects was the British biologist of the 1930s, J. B. S. Haldane, a founder of the modern genetical theory of evolution, a wonderful essayist on science for the general public, and an idiosyncratic Marxist and columnist for the Daily Worker who finally split with the Communist Party over its demand that scientific claims follow Party doctrine. John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS ( 5 November 1892 &ndash 1 December 1964) known as Jack (but who used 'J The Daily Worker was a newspaper published in New York City by the Communist Party USA, a Comintern -affiliated organization A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of " 
  6. ^ Gould, Stephen Jay (1982). "The Median Isn't the Message". Discover. Discover is a Science magazine that publishes articles about Science for a general audience  
  7. ^ Bakalar, James B. ; Grinspoon, Lester (1997). Marihuana, the forbidden medicine. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07086-1.   39-41; available on-line.
  8. ^ Gould, Stephen Jay (1983). Hen's Teeth and Horses' Toes. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393311031.  
  9. ^ Krementz, Jill (2002). Jill Krementz Photo Journal. New York Social Diary. Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published
  10. ^ a b Paleontologist, author Gould dies at 60. The Harvard Gazette (2002-05-20). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published
  11. ^ Masha, Etkin (2002). A Tribute to Stephen Jay Gould '63. Antiochian. Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published
  12. ^ Eldredge, N. & Gould, S. Niles Eldredge (born August 25 1943 is an American paleontologist, who along with Stephen Jay Gould, proposed the theory of Punctuated equilibrium J. (1972). Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism (pdf) p. 82-115. . In Schopf, Thomas J. M. (1972). Models in paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper. ISBN 0877353255.  
  13. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1999). Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192880519.   p. 101.
  14. ^ a b Smith, John Maynard (1984). Maynard Smith redirects here -- for other uses see Maynard Smith (disambiguation Professor John Maynard Smith, F ""Paleontology at the high table. ". Nature 309 (5967): 401–402. doi:10.1038/309401a0. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  15. ^ Mayr, Ernst. Ernst Walter Mayr ( July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany &ndash February 3, 2005, Bedford Massachusetts U Speciational Evolution or Punctuated Equilibria. Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published . In Peterson, Steven A. ; Somit, Albert (1992). The Dynamics of evolution: the punctuated equilibrium debate in the natural and social sciences. Ithaca, N. Y: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9763-9.   p. 21-48.
  16. ^ ibid. Ibid ( Latin, short for ibidem, "the same place" is the term used to provide an Endnote or Footnote Citation or p. 24.
  17. ^ Allen, Elizabeth, et al. "Against 'Sociobiology'" [letter] New York Review of Books 22 no. The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current 18 (November 13, 1975).
  18. ^ Gould SJ, Lewontin RC (1979). "The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. , B, Biol. Sci. 205 (1161): 581–98. PMID 42062.  ; see also Gould's "The Pattern of Life's History" for the background, in Brockman, John (1996). The third culture. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82344-6.  
  19. ^ Gould SJ (1997). "The exaptive excellence of spandrels as a term and prototype". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (20): 10750–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.20.10750. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 11038582.  
  20. ^ John Maynard Smith writes: "By and large, I think their [Spandrels] paper had a healthy effect. Maynard Smith redirects here -- for other uses see Maynard Smith (disambiguation Professor John Maynard Smith, F . . . Their critique forced us to clean up our act and to provide evidence for our stories. But adaptationism remains the core of biological thinking. " Smith, John Maynard (1995). "Genes, Memes, & Minds". The New York Review of Books 42: 46–48.  ; a similar appraisal is reflected by Ernst Mayr in a 1983 paper; Mayr, E. Ernst Walter Mayr ( July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany &ndash February 3, 2005, Bedford Massachusetts U (1983). "How to Carry Out the Adaptationist Program?". The American Naturalist 121 (3): 324–334. doi:10.1086/284064. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  21. ^ Interview, quoted in Richards, Alison; Wolpert, L. (1988). A passion for science. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198542127.  
  22. ^ Donald Prothero "Evolution Revolution: Paleontology, History, Biography" Festschrift lecture for Stephen Jay Gould, 2000.
  23. ^ Shermer, Michael (2002). "This View of Science" (pdf). Social Studies of Science 32 (4): 518.  
  24. ^ Gould also publish a posthumous anthology of baseball essays Triumph and Tragedy in Mudville. See his essays "Thcience Studies", "The streak of streaks", and "Baseball's reliquary".
  25. ^ Gould, Stephen Jay (1982). "Nonmoral Nature". Natural History 91: 19–26.  ; reprinted in Gould, Stephen Jay. Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-31103-1.  
  26. ^ FOX. The Simpsons. "Lisa the Skeptic," November 23, 1997. " Lisa the Skeptic " is the eighth episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season, first aired on November 23 1997
  27. ^ Shermer, Michael (2002). "This View of Science" (pdf). Social Studies of Science 32 (4): 518.  

    Awards include a National Book Award for The Panda’s Thumb, a National Book Critics Circle Award for The Mismeasure of Man, the Phi Beta Kappa Book Award for Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes, and a Pulitzer Prize Finalist for Wonderful Life, on which Gould commented `close but, as they say, no cigar’. Forty-four honorary degrees and 66 major fellowships, medals, and awards bear witness to the depth and scope of his accomplishments in both the sciences and humanities: Member of the National Academy of Sciences, President and Fellow of AAAS, MacArthur Foundation ‘genius’ Fellowship (in the first group of awardees), Humanist Laureate from the Academy of Humanism, Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow of the European Union of Geosciences, Associate of the Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle Paris, the Schuchert Award for excellence in paleontological research, Scientist of the Year from Discover magazine, the Silver Medal from the Zoological Society of London, the Gold Medal for Service to Zoology from the Linnean Society of London, the Edinburgh Medal from the City of Edinburgh, the Britannica Award and Gold Medal for dissemination of public knowledge, Public Service Award from the Geological Society of America, Anthropology in Media Award from the American Anthropological Association, Distinguished Service Award from the National Association of Biology Teachers, Distinguished Scientist Award from UCLA, the Randi Award for Skeptic of the Year from the Skeptics Society, and a Festschrift in his honour at Caltech.

  28. ^ Leda Cosmides and John Tooby (1997) write:

    John Maynard Smith, one of the world's leading evolutionary biologists, recently summarized in the NYRB the sharply conflicting assessments of Stephen Jay Gould: "Because of the excellence of his essays, he has come to be seen by non-biologists as the preeminent evolutionary theorist. In contrast, the evolutionary biologists with whom I have discussed his work tend to see him as a man whose ideas are so confused as to be hardly worth bothering with, but as one who should not be publicly criticized because he is at least on our side against the creationists. " (NYRB, Nov. 30th 1995, p. 46). No one can take any pleasure in the evident pain Gould is experiencing now that his actual standing within the community of professional evolutionary biologists is finally becoming more widely known. . . But as Maynard Smith points out, more is at stake. Gould "is giving non-biologists a largely false picture of the state of evolutionary theory"—or as Ernst Mayr says of Gould and his small group of allies—they "quite conspicuously misrepresent the views of [biology's] leading spokesmen. " Indeed, although Gould characterizes his critics as "anonymous" and "a tiny coterie," nearly every major evolutionary biologist of our era has weighed in a vain attempt to correct the tangle of confusions that the higher profile Gould has inundated the intellectual world with. * The point is not that Gould is the object of some criticism—so properly are we all—it is that his reputation as a credible and balanced authority about evolutionary biology is non-existent among those who are in a professional position to know. *These include Ernst Mayr, John Maynard Smith, George Williams, Bill Hamilton, Richard Dawkins, E.O. Wilson, Tim Clutton-Brock, Paul Harvey, Brian Charlesworth, Jerry Coyne, Robert Trivers, John Alcock, Randy Thornhill, and many others. Ernst Walter Mayr ( July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany &ndash February 3, 2005, Bedford Massachusetts U Maynard Smith redirects here -- for other uses see Maynard Smith (disambiguation Professor John Maynard Smith, F Professor George Christopher Williams (b May 12 1926 is an American Evolutionary biologist. William Donald Hamilton, FRS ( 1 August 1936 &mdash 7 March 2000) was a British Evolutionary biologist Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929) is an American biologist researcher ( Sociobiology, Biodiversity) theorist ( Timothy Hugh Clutton-Brock, MA PhD ScD FRS (born 13 August 1946) is a British Zoologist known Paul H Harvey CBE FRS (born 19 January 1947) is a British evolutionary biologist Professor Brian Charlesworth FRS (born 29 April 1945) is a British Evolutionary biologist and editor of Biology Letters Jerry Coyne (b 1949 is an American professor of Biology, known for his commentary on the Intelligent design debate Robert L Trivers, (born 19 February 1943, ˈtrɪvɚz is an American Evolutionary biologist

    It should be noted that Ernst Mayr in this quotation is not speaking of Gould in particular, and does not mention him by name, but is speaking of many critics of the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis generally. Some of the names Tooby and Cosmides cite are also quite debatable—Mayr, Williams, Hamilton, Dawkins, Wilson, Coyne, and Trivers, for example, have shown great respect for Gould as a scientist. In reference to Maynard Smith's comments, Gould writes "Darwinian Fundamentalism" New York Review of Books 44 (June 12, 1997): 34-37:
    A false fact can be refuted, a false argument exposed; but how can one respond to a purely ad hominem attack? This harder, and altogether more discouraging, task may best be achieved by exposing internal inconsistency and unfairness of rhetoric. . . . It seems futile to reply to an attack so empty of content, and based only on comments by anonymous critics . . . Instead of responding to Maynard Smith's attack against my integrity and scholarship, citing people unknown and with arguments unmentioned, let me, instead, merely remind him of the blatant inconsistency between his admirable past and lamentable present. Some sixteen years ago he wrote a highly critical but wonderfully supportive review of my early book of essays, The Panda's Thumb, stating: "I hope it will be obvious that my wish to argue with Gould is a compliment, not a criticism. " He then attended my series of Tanner Lectures at Cambridge in 1984 and wrote in a report for Nature, and under the remarkable title "Paleontology at the High Table," the kindest and most supportive critical commentary I have ever received. He argued that the work of a small group of American paleobiologists had brought the entire subject back to theoretical centrality within the evolutionary sciences. . . . So we face the enigma of a man who has written numerous articles, amounting to tens of thousands of words, about my work—always strongly and incisively critical, always richly informed (and always, I might add, enormously appreciated by me). But now Maynard Smith needs to canvass unnamed colleagues to find out that my ideas are "hardly worth bothering with. " He really ought to be asking himself why he has been bothering about my work so intensely, and for so many years.
  29. ^ Brown, Andrew. The Darwin Wars: The Scientific Battle for the Soul of Man. Simon & Schuster UK. ISBN 0743203437.  
  30. ^ Morris, Richard. The Evolutionists: The Struggle for Darwin's Soul. Clearwater, Fla: Owl Books. ISBN 0-8050-7137-7.  
  31. ^ Rose, Steven (2002-05-22). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Obituaries: Stephen Jay Gould. The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published
  32. ^ Blume, Harvey (2002-09-23). "The Origin of Specious" ( – Scholar search) 13: 41–43. The American Prospect. The American Prospect is a monthly American political Magazine dedicated to liberalism.  ; Archive copy at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine archive copy
  33. ^ John Maynard Smith, 1981. The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and "Did Darwin get it right?" The London Review of Books. 3 (11): 10-11; Also reprinted in Did Darwin Get it Right? New York: Chapman and Hall, 1989, pp. 148-156.
  34. ^ Smith, John Maynard (1995). "Genes, Memes, & Minds". The New York Review of Books 42: 46–48.  
  35. ^ Smith, John Maynard (1981). "Review of The Panda's Thumb": 17–30. The London Review of Books. The London Review of Books (or LRB) is a Fortnightly British literary and political magazine  ; reprinted as "Tinkering," Smith, John Bernhard. Did Darwin Get It Right?: Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-412-03821-8.   pp. 94, 97.
  36. ^ Wright, R. (1999). Robert Wright (born 1957 in Lawton Oklahoma) is an American journalist scholar and prize-winning author of best-selling books about science Evolutionary "The accidental creationist" ( – Scholar search). New Yorker: 56–65.  
  37. ^ Stephen Jay Gould, "Evolution as fact and theory" Discover 2 (May 1981): 34-37.
  38. ^ Pinker, Steven. Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18 1954 is a prominent Canadian - American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and author The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. The Blank Slate The Modern Denial of Human Nature is a best-selling 2002 book by Steven Pinker arguing against Tabula rasa models of the Social sciences New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0142003344.  
  39. ^ Gould, S. J. (1997). "Evolution: The pleasures of pluralism". The New York Review of Books 44 (11): 47–52.  
  40. ^ page 36, Gould S. J. (1996) "The Mismeasure of Man: Revised and Expanded Edition" ISBN 0 14 02. 5824 8
  41. ^ Conway Morris, S. (1998). "Showdown on the Burgess Shale". Natural History 107: 48–55.  
  42. ^ Briggs, D. & Fortey, R. (2005). Derek E G Briggs is an Irish Paleontologist based at Yale University. Richard A Fortey FRS (born 1946 in London) is a British Paleontologist and writer "Wonderful strife: systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation". Paleobiology 31 (2 (suppl. )): 94–112. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0094:WSSSGA]2.0.CO;2. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  .
  43. ^ Fortey, R. (1998). Richard A Fortey FRS (born 1946 in London) is a British Paleontologist and writer "Shock Lobsters". London Review of Books 20.  
  44. ^ Jensen, A. (1982). "The Debunking of Scientific Fossils and Straw Persons". Contemporary Education 1 (2): 121–135.  
  45. ^ a b c d e Gould, Stephen Jay. Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life. [New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 034545040X.  
  46. ^ Steering Committee on Science and Creationism, National Academy of Sciences (1999). Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences. NAS. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published

External links


Persondata
NAME Gould, Stephen Jay
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science
DATE OF BIRTH September 10, 1941
PLACE OF BIRTH New York City, New York
DATE OF DEATH May 20, 2002
PLACE OF DEATH

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