Stephen Hawking
NASA StarChild image of Stephen Hawking
Born	January 8, 1942 (1942-01-08) (age 66) Oxford, England
Residence	England
Nationality	British
Fields	Applied mathematician Theoretical physicist
Institutions	University of Cambridge
Alma mater	University of Oxford University of Cambridge
Doctoral advisor	Dennis Sciama
Doctoral students	Bruce Allen Fay Dowker Malcolm Perry Bernard Carr Gary Gibbons
Known for	Black holes Theoretical cosmology Quantum gravity
Influences	Dikran Tahta
Notable awards	Prince of Asturias Award (1989) Copley Medal (2006)
Signature

Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Applied mathematics is a branch of Mathematics that concerns itself with the mathematical techniques typically used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains Theoretical physics employs Mathematical models and Abstractions of Physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Dennis William Siahou Sciama FRS ( November 18 1926 &ndash December 18 1999) was a British Physicist who through his own Bruce Allen (born May 11 1959) is an American physicist and director of the Max Planck Institute for gravitational physics in Hannover Helen Fay Dowker is a British theoretical physicist and progressive political activist born in Manchester, England. Malcolm John Perry, (born November 13 1951) is a theoretical physicist. Bernard J Carr is a Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at Queen Mary University of London (QMUL Gary William Gibbons (born 1 July 1946 FRS, is a British theoretical physicist. A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e Physical cosmology, as a branch of Astronomy, is the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its Quantum gravity is the field of Theoretical physics attempting to unify Quantum mechanics, which describes three of the fundamental forces of nature Dikran "Dick" Tahta ( August 7, 1928 &ndash December 2, 2006) was a British Mathematician, Teacher The Prince of Asturias Awards ( Spanish: Premios Príncipe de Asturias, Asturian: Premios Príncipe d'Asturies) is a series of prestigious annual The Copley Medal is a scientific award for distinguished achievement in any field of Science established by the Royal Society of London in 1731 The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts Manufactures and Commerce ( RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution based in London. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Theoretical physics employs Mathematical models and Abstractions of Physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. The incumbent of the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics, the Lucasian Professor is the holder of a mathematical Professorship at the University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade Gonville and Caius College Cambridge is a constituent College of Cambridge University, one of the world's most academically respected institutions He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes, and his popular works in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study Quantum gravity is the field of Theoretical physics attempting to unify Quantum mechanics, which describes three of the fundamental forces of nature A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e These include the runaway popular science bestseller A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. A Brief History of Time is a Popular science Book written by Stephen Hawking and first published by the Bantam Dell Publishing Group The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. ^[1]

His key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation, or sometimes as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation. Sir Roger Penrose, PhD, OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English Mathematical physicist and Emeritus In Mathematics, a theorem is a statement proven on the basis of previously accepted or established statements A gravitational singularity (sometimes spacetime singularity) is approximately a place where quantities which are used to measure the Gravitational field become General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy Hawking radiation (also known as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation) is a Thermal radiation with a black body spectrum predicted to be emitted by Black holes Jacob David Bekenstein (born May 1, 1947) is a Physicist who has contributed to the foundation of Black hole thermodynamics and to other aspects ^[2] His scientific career spans more than 40 years and his books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity and world-renowned theoretical physicist. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts Manufactures and Commerce ( RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution based in London. ^[3] Hawking is disabled by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS, sometimes called Maladie de Charcot, or in the United States Lou Gehrig's Disease) is a progressive The illness has progressed over the years and he is now almost completely paralysed.

Biography

Stephen William Hawking was born on January 8, 1942 to Frank Hawking, a research biologist, and Isobel Hawking. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. A biologist is a Scientist devoted to and producing results in Biology through the study of Organisms Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship He had two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward. ^[4] Though Hawking’s parents had their home in North London, they moved to Oxford while Isobel was pregnant with Stephen, desiring a safer location for the birth of their first child (London was under attack at the time by the Luftwaffe). Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, The Blitz was the sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941 in World War II. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. ^[5] After Hawking was born, the family moved back to London, where his father headed the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research. Parasitology is the study of Parasites their hosts and the relationship between them The National Institute For Medical Research, commonly abbreviated to NIMR, is a large medical research facility situated in rural Mill Hill, on the outskirts of ^[4]

In 1950, Hawking and his family moved to St Albans in Hertfordshire where he attended St Albans High School for Girls between 1950 to 1953. St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around north of central London. Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of St Albans High School is a private (independent Church of England girls' Day school founded in 1889 for girls aged 4 to 18 located in the city of St Albans Unlike today, boys were educated at that time at the Girls school until the age of 10. ^[6] From the age of 11, he attended St Albans School, where he was a good, but not an exceptional, student. History By c1100 the School had built for itself such a reputation that the Norman scholar Geoffrey de Gorham applied for the post of Master ^[4] When asked later to name a teacher who had inspired him, Hawking named his Mathematics teacher, "Mr Tahta". Dikran "Dick" Tahta ( August 7, 1928 &ndash December 2, 2006) was a British Mathematician, Teacher ^[7] He maintains his connection with the school, giving his name to one of the four houses and to an extracurricular science lecture series. He has visited to deliver one of the lectures and has also granted a lengthy interview to pupils working on the school magazine, the Albanian.

He was always interested in science. ^[4] He enrolled at University College, Oxford with the intent of studying mathematics, although his father preferred he go into medicine. University College (in full the The Master and Fellows of the College of the Great Hall of the University of Oxford, colloquially referred to as Univ) is one of Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Since mathematics was not offered at University College, Hawking instead chose physics. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. His interests during this time were in thermodynamics, relativity, and quantum mechanics. In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " This page is about the scientific concept of relativity for philosophical or sociological theories about relativity see Relativism. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said in the New York Times Magazine, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it. . . . He didn’t have very many books, and he didn’t take notes. Of course, his mind was completely different from all of his contemporaries. "^[4] He was passing with his fellow students, but his unimpressive study habits gave him a final examination score on the borderline between first and second class honours, making an "oral examination" necessary. Berman said of the oral examination, "And of course the examiners then were intelligent enough to realize they were talking to someone far more clever than most of themselves. "^[4]

After receiving his B.A. degree at Oxford University in 1962, he stayed to study astronomy. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study He decided to leave when he found that studying sunspots, which was all the observatory was equipped for, did not appeal to him and that he was more interested in theory than in observation. A sunspot is a region on the Sun 's surface ( Photosphere) that is marked by intense magnetic activity which inhibits Convection, forming The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Observation is either an activity of a living being (such as a Human) which senses and assimilates the Knowledge of a Phenomenon, or the recording of data ^[4] He left Oxford for Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he engaged in the study of theoretical astronomy and cosmology. Trinity Hall is the fifth oldest college of the University of Cambridge, founded in 1350 by William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich. Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study

Almost as soon as he arrived at Cambridge, he started developing symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (colloquially known as Lou Gehrig’s disease), a type of motor neuron disease which would cost him the loss of almost all neuromuscular control. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS, sometimes called Maladie de Charcot, or in the United States Lou Gehrig's Disease) is a progressive The motor neurone diseases (or motor neuron diseases) (MND are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy Motor neurones the cells that control voluntary During his first two years at Cambridge, he did not distinguish himself, but, after the disease had stabilized and with the help of his doctoral tutor, Dennis William Sciama, he returned to working on his Ph.D.^[4] Stephen revealed that he did not see much point in obtaining a doctorate if he was to die soon. Dennis William Siahou Sciama FRS ( November 18 1926 &ndash December 18 1999) was a British Physicist who through his own "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Hawking later said that the real turning point was his 1965 marriage to Jane Wilde, a language student. ^[4] After gaining his Ph. D. Stephen became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. Gonville and Caius College Cambridge is a constituent College of Cambridge University, one of the world's most academically respected institutions

Hawking was elected as one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society in 1974, was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1982, and became a Companion of Honour in 1989. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. Hawking is a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a nontechnical magazine that covers global security and public policy issues especially related to the dangers posed by nuclear

Jane Hawking, née Wilde, Hawking’s first wife, with whom he had three children, cared for him until 1991 when the couple separated, reportedly due to the pressures of fame and his increasing disability. Hawking married his nurse, Elaine Mason (who was also the previous wife of David Mason, designer of the first version of Hawking’s talking computer), in 1995. In October 2006, Hawking filed for divorce. ^[8]

In 1999, Jane Hawking published a memoir, Music to Move the Stars, detailing her own long-term relationship with a family friend whom she later married. Hawking’s daughter Lucy Hawking is a novelist. Lucy Hawking (born 2 November 1969) is an English Journalist and Novelist. Their son Robert Hawking emigrated to the United States, married, and has one child, George Edward Hawking. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Reportedly, Hawking and his first family were reconciled in 2007. ^[9]

At the celebration of his 65th birthday on January 8, 2007, Hawking announced his plans for a zero-gravity flight in 2007 to prepare for a sub-orbital spaceflight in 2009 on Virgin Galactic’s space service. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Weightlessness is a phenomenon experienced by people during Free-fall. A sub-orbital spaceflight (or sub-orbital flight is a Spaceflight in which the Spacecraft reaches space, but its Trajectory intersects Virgin Galactic is a company within Sir Richard Branson 's Virgin Group which plans to provide Sub-orbital spaceflights to the paying public Billionaire Richard Branson pledged to pay all expenses for the flight, costing an estimated £100,000. Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (born 18 July 1950 is an English Business magnate, best known for his Virgin brand of over 360 companies ^[10] Stephen Hawking’s zero-gravity flight in a "Vomit Comet" of Zero Gravity Corporation, during which he experienced weightlessness eight times, took place on April 26, 2007. Vomit Comet is a nickname for any Airplane that briefly provides a nearly weightless environment in which to train Astronauts conduct research and Zero Gravity Corporation (also known as ZERO-G) is a Nevada -based company formerly of Fort Lauderdale which operates weightless flights Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[11]

He became the first quadriplegic to float free in a weightless state. Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, is a Symptom in which a human experiences Paralysis affecting all four limbs although not necessarily total paralysis This was the first time in 40 years that he moved freely beyond the confines of his wheelchair. The fee is normally US$3,750 for 10-15 plunges, but Hawking was not required to pay the fee. In Mathematics, the parabola (pəˈræbələ from the Greek παραβολή) is a Conic section, the intersection of a right circular A bit of a futurist,^[12] Hawking was quoted before the flight saying:

"Many people have asked me why I am taking this flight. Futurists, or futurologists, are those who speculate about the future I am doing it for many reasons. First of all, I believe that life on Earth is at an ever increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster such as sudden nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus, or other dangers. I think the human race has no future if it doesn’t go into space. I therefore want to encourage public interest in space. "^[13]

Research fields

Hawking’s principal fields of research are theoretical cosmology and quantum gravity. Physical cosmology, as a branch of Astronomy, is the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its Quantum gravity is the field of Theoretical physics attempting to unify Quantum mechanics, which describes three of the fundamental forces of nature

In the late 1960s, he and his Cambridge friend and colleague, Roger Penrose, applied a new, complex mathematical model they had created from Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Sir Roger Penrose, PhD, OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English Mathematical physicist and Emeritus Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 ^[14] This led, in 1970, to Hawking proving the first of many singularity theorems; such theorems provide a set of sufficient conditions for the existence of a singularity in space-time. The Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems are a set of results in General relativity which attempt to answer the question of whether gravity is necessarily singular A gravitational singularity (sometimes spacetime singularity) is approximately a place where quantities which are used to measure the Gravitational field become SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS This work showed that, far from being mathematical curiosities which appear only in special cases, singularities are a fairly generic feature of general relativity. General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 ^[15]

He supplied a mathematical proof, along with Brandon Carter, Werner Israel and D. In Mathematics, a proof is a convincing demonstration (within the accepted standards of the field that some Mathematical statement is necessarily true Brandon Carter (born 1942 is an Australian theoretical physicist, best known for his work on the properties of Black holes and for being the first Werner Israel, OC, FRSC, FRS (born October 4, 1931) is a Canadian physicist Robinson, of John Wheeler’s “No-Hair Theorem” – namely, that any black hole is fully described by the three properties of mass, angular momentum, and electric charge. John Archibald Wheeler ( July 9, 1911 &ndash April 13, 2008) was an eminent American Theoretical physicist. The no-hair theorem in Astrophysics postulates that all Black hole solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations of Gravitation and Electromagnetism Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object In Physics, the angular momentum of a particle about an origin is a vector quantity equal to the mass of the particle multiplied by the Cross product of the position Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction.

Hawking also suggested that, upon analysis of gamma ray emissions, after the Big Bang, primordial or mini black holes were formed. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e With Bardeen and Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics. In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " In 1974, he calculated that black holes should thermally create and emit subatomic particles, known today as Hawking radiation, until they exhaust their energy and evaporate. A subatomic particle is an elementary or composite Particle smaller than an Atom. Hawking radiation (also known as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation) is a Thermal radiation with a black body spectrum predicted to be emitted by Black holes ^[16]

In collaboration with Jim Hartle, Hawking developed a model in which the Universe had no boundary in space-time, replacing the initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models with a region akin to the North pole: one cannot travel North of the North pole, there is no boundary there. James Burkett Hartle is an American Physicist. He has been a professor of physics at the University of California Santa Barbara since 1966 and he The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. While originally the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed Universe, discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the no-boundary proposal is also consistent with a Universe which is not closed. The shape of the Universe is an informal name for a subject of investigation within Physical cosmology which describes the Geometry of the Universe Neil Geoffrey Turok holds the Chair of Mathematical Physics (1967 at Cambridge University.

Among Hawking’s many other scientific investigations, included are the study of: quantum cosmology, cosmic inflation, helium production in anisotropic Big Bang universes, large N cosmology, the density matrix of the universe, topology and structure of the universe, baby universes, Yang-Mills instantons and the S matrix; anti de Sitter space, quantum entanglement and entropy; the nature of space and time, including the arrow of time; spacetime foam, string theory, supergravity, Euclidean quantum gravity, the gravitational Hamiltonian; Brans-Dicke and Hoyle-Narlikar theories of gravitation; gravitational radiation, and wormholes. In Theoretical physics, Quantum cosmology is a field attempting to study the effect of Quantum mechanics on the creation of the universe or In Physical cosmology, cosmic inflation is the idea that the nascent Universe passed through a phase of exponential expansion that Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical Anisotropy (pronounced with stress on the third syllable ˌænaɪˈsɒtrəpi is the property of being directionally dependent as opposed to Isotropy, which means homogeneity The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy Topology ( Greek topos, "place" and logos, "study" is the branch of Mathematics that studies the properties of Yang-Mills is a Gauge theory of Quantum field theory based on the SU(N group. An instanton or pseudoparticle is a notion appearing in theoretical and Mathematical physics. Scattering matrix redirects here For the meaning in linear electrical networks see Scattering parameters. In Mathematics and Physics, n -dimensional anti de Sitter space, sometimes written AdS_n is a maximally symmetric Lorentzian manifold Quantum entanglement is a quantum mechanical Phenomenon in which the Quantum states of two or more objects are linked together so that one object In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Quantum foam, also referred to as spacetime foam, is a concept in Quantum mechanics, devised by John Wheeler in 1955. String theory is a still-developing scientific approach to Theoretical physics, whose original building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects called strings In Theoretical physics, supergravity ( supergravity theory) is a field theory that combines the principles of Supersymmetry and General relativity Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In Theoretical physics, the Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation (sometimes called the Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory) is a theoretical framework to explain Gravitation Conformal gravity is a generic name for gravity theories which are invariant under conformal transformations in the Riemannian geometry sense more accurately they are invariant Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In Physics, a gravitational wave is a Fluctuation in the Curvature of Spacetime which propagates as a wave, traveling outward from In Physics, a wormhole is a hypothetical topological feature of Spacetime that is fundamentally a 'shortcut' through Space and Time

At a George Washington University lecture in honour of NASA's 50th anniversary, Prof. The George Washington University ( GW or GWU) is a private coeducational university located in Washington D The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Hawking theorised on the existence of extraterrestrial life: "Primitive life is very common and intelligent life is fairly rare. "^[17]

Losing an old bet

Main article: Thorne-Hawking-Preskill bet

Hawking was in the news in July 2004 for presenting a new theory about black holes which goes against his own long-held belief about their behavior, thus losing a bet he made with Kip Thorne and John Preskill of Caltech. In 1997 the physics theorists Kip Thorne, Stephen Hawking and John Preskill made a public bet on the outcome of the Black hole A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e A scientific wager is a wager whose outcome is settled by Scientific method. Kip Stephen Thorne (born June 1, 1940) is an American theoretical physicist, known for his prolific contributions in gravitation physics John Phillip Preskill (born 19 January, 1953) is an American Theoretical physicist and a Professor at the California Institute The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena Classically, it can be shown that information crossing the event horizon of a black hole is lost to our universe, and that thus all black holes are identical beyond their mass, electrical charge and angular velocity (the “no hair theorem”). In General relativity, an event horizon is a boundary in Spacetime, an area surrounding a Black hole or a Wormhole, inside which events cannot Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction. Do not confuse with Angular frequency The unit for angular velocity is rad/s The no-hair theorem in Astrophysics postulates that all Black hole solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations of Gravitation and Electromagnetism The problem with this theorem is that it implies the black hole will emit the same radiation regardless of what goes into it, and as a consequence that if a pure quantum state is thrown into a black hole, an “ordinary” mixed state will be returned. Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy This runs counter to the rules of quantum mechanics and is known as the black hole information paradox. The black hole information paradox results from the combination of Quantum mechanics and General relativity.

Hawking had earlier speculated that the singularity at the centre of a black hole could form a bridge to a “baby universe” into which the lost information could pass; such theories have been very popular in science fiction. A gravitational singularity (sometimes spacetime singularity) is approximately a place where quantities which are used to measure the Gravitational field become But according to Hawking’s new idea, presented at the 17th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, on 21 July 2004 in Dublin, Ireland, black holes eventually transmit, in a garbled form, information about all matter they swallow:

Having concluded that information is conserved, Hawking conceded his bet in Preskill’s favour, awarding him Total Baseball, The Ultimate Baseball Encyclopedia. Thorne, however, remained unconvinced of Hawking’s proof and declined to contribute to the award. ^[19] Another older bet – about the existence of black holes – was described by Hawking as an “insurance policy” of sorts. To quote from his book, A Brief History of Time:

According to the updated 10th anniversary edition of A Brief History of Time, Hawking has conceded the bet “to the outrage of Kip’s liberated wife” due to subsequent observational data in favour of black holes.

Illness

Hawking on 5 May 2006, during the press conference at the Bibliothèque nationale de France to inaugurate the Laboratory of Astronomy and Particles in Paris and the French release of his work God Created the Integers. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people God Created the Integers The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History is an Anthology of English translations of important works in the history of Mathematics

Hawking is severely disabled by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS (a type of motor neurone disease); this condition is commonly known in the United States as Lou Gehrig’s Disease. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS, sometimes called Maladie de Charcot, or in the United States Lou Gehrig's Disease) is a progressive The motor neurone diseases (or motor neuron diseases) (MND are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy Motor neurones the cells that control voluntary Henry Louis "Lou" Gehrig ( June 19 1903  – June 2 1941) born Ludwig Heinrich Gehrig, was an American

When he was young, he enjoyed riding horses and playing with other children. At Oxford, he coxed a rowing team, which, he stated, helped relieve his immense boredom at the university. In a crew, the coxswain (or simply the cox) is the member who sits in the Stern (except in Bowloaders facing the bow steers the boat and Symptoms of the disorder first appeared while he was enrolled at Cambridge. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the He lost balance and fell down a flight of stairs, hitting his head. Worried of losing his genius, he took the Mensa International test to verify that his intellectual abilities were intact. Mensa is the largest oldest and most famous high-IQ society in the world The diagnosis came when Hawking was 21, shortly before his first marriage, and doctors said he would not survive more than two or three years.

Hawking gradually lost the use of his arms, legs, and voice, and is now almost completely paralysed. During a visit to the research centre CERN in Geneva in 1985, Hawking contracted pneumonia, which in his condition was life-threatening. The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal It resulted in acute difficulty of breathing, which could only be overcome through a tracheotomy by which Stephen Hawking lost his natural speech ability. Tracheotomy and tracheostomy are Surgical procedures on the neck to open a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (the windpipe He has since used an electronic voice synthesizer to communicate. Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. The voice synthesizer, which has an American accent, is of a model that is no longer produced. Asked why he has still kept it after so many years, Hawking mentioned that he has not heard a voice he likes better and because he identifies with it. Hawking is said to be looking for a replacement since, other than being obsolete, the synthesizer (a DECtalk DTC01) is now considered large and fragile. DECtalk was a Speech synthesizer and Text-to-speech technology developed by Digital Equipment Corporation in the early 1980s based largely on the work However, as of present, finding a software alternative has been difficult. In Hawking's many media appearances, he appears to speak fluently through his synthesizer, but in reality, creating the text is a tedious and long process. Hawking's setup uses a T9-like entry system, by which he is required to enter only the first few characters of a word, but even so, using only his cheek, it takes a while to construct sentences. T9, which stands for Text on 9 keys, is a patented Predictive text technology for Mobile phones developed by Tegic Communications, recently His speeches are prepared in advance, but having a live conversation with him provides insight as to the complexity and work involved in his responses. During a TED Talk, a posed question took 7 minutes to answer. ^[20]

Despite his disease, he describes himself as “lucky" – not only has the slow progress of his disease provided time to make influential discoveries, it has also afforded time to have, in his own words, “a very attractive family”. ^[21] When Jane was asked why she decided to marry a man with a 3-year life expectancy, she responded: “Those were the days of atomic gloom and doom, so we all had a rather short life expectancy. "

Computer

The computer system attached to his wheelchair is operated by Hawking via an infra-red 'blink switch' clipped onto his glasses. A wheelchair is a wheeled Mobility device in which the user sits Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of By scrunching his right cheek up, he is able to talk, compose speeches and research papers, browse the World Wide Web, and write e-mails. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. The system also uses radio transmission to provide control over doors in his home and office. His computer was created by an American engineer. He once joked that his computer "had an American accent. "

Hawking receives a new computer every 18-24 months donated by Intel. The latest computer was donated in June of 2007 and is based on the Centrino chipset. Centrino is a platform- Marketing initiative from Intel. It is not a mobile CPU - rather the term covers a particular combination of mainboard Chipset It consists of two pieces, a rear chassis which houses a single 300 watt hour battery, a laptop computer, and various external peripherals, and a front chassis, which houses a touchscreen LCD and speakers which project his hardware-synthesized voice. The two chassis are connected via a custom-designed umbilical cable which allows power and electrical signals to travel back and forth. Hawking’s computer can run for up to 7 hours without needing a recharge, or be switched to run directly from his wheelchair battery when needed. ^[22]

The computer utilizes a wireless data card that runs on mobile phone networks. This allows Hawking to check his email and browse the web while away from a wireless LAN. Hawking can also make and receive voice phone calls via a mobile phone with an external microphone in front of his computer speakers.

Acclaim

Statues

• On 19 December 2007, a unique statue of Professor Stephen Hawking by renowned late artist Ian Walters has been unveiled at Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, Cambridge University. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Ian Homer Walters ( April 9 1930 – August 6 2006) was an English sculptor. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the ^[23]
• In May 2008 a statue of Hawking was unveiled at the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences in Cape Town. The African Institute for Mathematical Sciences ( AIMS) is an educational institute in Muizenberg, South Africa, established in 2003. Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the

Distinctions

Hawking’s belief that the lay person should have access to his work led him to write a series of popular science books in addition to his academic work. The first of these, A Brief History of Time, was published on April 1, 1988 by Hawking, his family and friends, and some leading physicists. A Brief History of Time is a Popular science Book written by Stephen Hawking and first published by the Bantam Dell Publishing Group Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) It surprisingly became a best-seller and was followed by The Universe in a Nutshell (2001). The Universe in a Nutshell is one of Stephen Hawking 's latest books on Theoretical physics. Both books have remained highly popular all over the world. A collection of essays titled Black Holes and Baby Universes (1993) was also popular. Black Holes and Baby Universes and other Essays is a Popular science book by Professor Stephen Hawking. His most recent book, A Briefer History of Time (2005), co-written by Leonard Mlodinow, aims to update his earlier works and make them accessible to an even wider audience. A Briefer History of Time (2005 ISBN 0-553-80436-7 is a popular-science Book from the English Physicist Stephen Hawking and the He and his daughter, Lucy Hawking, have recently published a children’s book focusing on science that has been described to be “like Harry Potter, but without the magic. Harry Potter is a series of seven Fantasy novels written by British author J ” This book is called George’s Secret Key to the Universe and includes information on Hawking radiation. Hawking radiation (also known as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation) is a Thermal radiation with a black body spectrum predicted to be emitted by Black holes

Hawking is also known for his wit; he is famous for his oft-made statement, “When I hear of Schrödinger's cat, I reach for my pistol. Wit is a form of intellectual Humour. A wit (person is someone skilled in making witty remarks Schrödinger's cat is a Thought experiment, often described as a Paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935 ” This was a deliberately ironic paraphrase of “Whenever I hear the word culture. Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or . . I release the safety-catch of my Browning”, from the play Schlageter (Act 1, Scene 1) by German playwright and Nazi Poet Laureate, Hanns Johst. The BAR (short for Browning Automatic Rifle is a family of American 7 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Hanns Johst ( July 8, 1890 – November 23, 1978) was a German playwright and Nazi Poet Laureate. His wit has both entertained the non-specialist public and helped them to understand complex questions. Asked in October 2005 on the British daytime chat show Richard & Judy, to explain his assertion that the question “What came before the Big Bang?” was meaningless, he compared it to asking “What lies north of the North Pole?”

Hawking is an active supporter of various causes. Richard & Judy is a British magazine/ chat show that aired on Channel 4 from 2001 to 2008 The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. He appeared on a political broadcast for the United Kingdom’s Labour Party, and actively supports the children’s charity SOS Children's Villages UK. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the SOS Children's Villages UK is an Autonomous charity based in Cambridge in the United Kingdom and part of the international group SOS Children's Villages ^[24]

Selected publications

Technical

• Singularities in Collapsing Stars and Expanding Universes with D. W. Sciama, 1969 Comments on Astrophysics and Space Physics Vol 1 #1
• The Nature of Space and Time with Roger Penrose, foreword by Michael Atiyah, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-691-05084-8
• The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with George Ellis, 1973 ISBN 0521099064
• The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind, (with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Roger Penrose), Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-56330-5 (hardback), ISBN 0-521-65538-2 (paperback), Canto edition: ISBN 0-521-78572-3
• Information Loss in Black Holes, Cambridge University Press, 2005
• God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History, Running Press, 2005 ISBN 0762419229

Popular

• A Brief History of Time, (Bantam Press 1988) ISBN 055305340X
• Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, (Bantam Books 1993) ISBN 0553374117
• The Universe in a Nutshell, (Bantam Press 2001) ISBN 055380202X
• On The Shoulders of Giants. Sir Roger Penrose, PhD, OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English Mathematical physicist and Emeritus Sir Michael Francis Atiyah, OM, FRS, FRSE (b April 22, 1929) is a British Mathematician, and one of the The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime is a book written by Stephen Hawking and George Ellis, published in 1973 by Cambridge University George F R Ellis, FRS, (born August 11, 1939) is the Distinguished Professor of Complex Systems in the Department of Mathematics and Applied God Created the Integers The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History is an Anthology of English translations of important works in the history of Mathematics A Brief History of Time is a Popular science Book written by Stephen Hawking and first published by the Bantam Dell Publishing Group The year 1988 in literature involved some significant events and new books Black Holes and Baby Universes and other Essays is a Popular science book by Professor Stephen Hawking. The year 1993 in literature involved some significant events and new books The Universe in a Nutshell is one of Stephen Hawking 's latest books on Theoretical physics. The year 2001 in literature involved some significant events and new books The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy, (Running Press 2002) ISBN 076241698X
• A Briefer History of Time, (Bantam Books 2005) ISBN 0553804367

Footnote: On Hawking’s website, he denounces the unauthorised publication of The Theory of Everything and asks consumers to be aware that he was not involved in its creation. The year 2002 in literature involved some significant events and new books A Briefer History of Time (2005 ISBN 0-553-80436-7 is a popular-science Book from the English Physicist Stephen Hawking and the The year 2005 in literature involved some significant events and new books The Theory of Everything The Origin and Fate of the Universe is an unauthorized 2002 book by Stephen Hawking (ISBN 1-893224-79-1

Films and series

• A Brief History of Time (film)
• Stephen Hawking's Universe
• Hawking’s Paradox
• Masters of Science Fiction
• Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe

Full lists of Hawking’s publications are available on his website. A Brief History of Time is a 1991 Documentary film about the Physicist Stephen Hawking, directed by Errol Morris Stephen Hawking's Universe is an astronomical documentary from 1997 made for the Public Broadcasting Service featuring the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking Masters of Science Fiction is an American Television Anthology series by the same creators as Masters of Horror.

Awards and honours

• 1975 Eddington Medal
• 1976 Hughes Medal of the Royal Society
• 1979 Albert Einstein Medal
• 1982 Order of the British Empire (Commander)
• 1985 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
• 1986 Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
• 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics
• 1989 Prince of Asturias Awards in Concord
• 1989 Companion of Honour
• 1999 [1] Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society
• 2003 Michelson Morley Award of Case Western Reserve University
• 2006 Copley Medal of the Royal Society[2]

Media appearances

Main article: Stephen Hawking in popular culture

Hawking has appeared as himself on many television shows. The Eddington Medal, named after Sir Arthur Eddington, is awarded by the Royal Astronomical Society nominally once every two years for investigations of outstanding The Hughes Medal, named after Microphone inventor David Edward Hughes, is one of several medals awarded by the Royal Society, England's reigning academy The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The Albert Einstein Medal is an award presented by the Albert Einstein Society in Bern. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Gold Medal is the highest award of the Royal Astronomical Society. The Pontifical Academy of Sciences was founded by the Roman Catholic Church in 1936 under its current name by Pope Pius XI and is placed under the protection of the The Prince of Asturias Awards ( Spanish: Premios Príncipe de Asturias, Asturian: Premios Príncipe d'Asturies) is a series of prestigious annual The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld ( April 18, 1881 &ndash August 28, 1963) was an Austrian-Hungarian physicist The American Physical Society was founded in 1899 and is the World 's second largest organization of physicists behind the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland Ohio, United States, with some residence halls on the south end of campus The Copley Medal is a scientific award for distinguished achievement in any field of Science established by the Royal Society of London in 1731 The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Professor Stephen Hawking has entered popular culture as a crossover figure from the academic world For example, he has played himself on a Red Dwarf anniversary special, played a hologram of himself on the episode Descent of Star Trek: The Next Generation, appeared in a skit on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and appeared on the Discovery Channel special Alien Planet. According to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a red dwarf star is a small and relatively cool Star, of the Main sequence, either late K " Descent " is a two-part episode from the sixth/seventh season of the Television series Star Trek The Next Generation. Star Trek The Next Generation ( STTNG or TNG) is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning science fiction television program created by Gene Roddenberry Late Night with Conan O'Brien is an Emmy Award -winning American late-night Talk show hosted by Conan O'Brien on NBC Discovery Channel is an American Satellite and Cable TV channel (also delivered via IPTV, Terrestrial television and ^[25]

He has also “played” himself in several episodes of The Simpsons and in one episode and two movies of Futurama. Futurama is an Emmy Award -winning animated American sitcom created by Matt Groening, and developed by Groening and When he was portrayed on episodes of Family Guy, the voice was actually done by a speech synthesizer on a Macintosh computer, according to DVD Commentary. Family Guy is an animated American television sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane that airs on Fox and regularly on other Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc He has also appeared in an episode of the Dilbert cartoon. Dilbert (first published April 16, 1989) is an American Comic strip written and drawn by Scott Adams. His name is mentioned in the song “White & Nerdy” by "Weird Al" Yankovic. " White & Nerdy' " is the second single from "Weird Al" Yankovic 's album Straight Outta Lynwood, which was released on September Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic (ˈjæŋkəvɪk born October 23 1959 is a Grammy Award winning American singer Musician, actor satirist His actual synthesiser voice was used on parts of the Pink Floyd song “Keep Talking” from the 1994 album The Division Bell, as well as on Turbonegro’s “Intro: The Party Zone” on their 2005 album Party Animals, Wolfsheim’s “Kein Zurück (Oliver Pinelli Mix)”, and was impersonated in duet with Richard Cheese on a cover of “The Girl Is Mine”. Pink Floyd are " Keep Talking " is a song from Pink Floyd 's 1994 album The Division Bell. The Division Bell is the final studio Album by Pink Floyd, released in 1994 (30 March in the United Kingdom and 5 April in the Turbonegro ( Turboneger in Norway is a Norwegian Punk band that combines Hard rock and punk rock into a style the band describes For the Dutch pop/gabba act click here Party Animals (musical group Party Animals is an Album by the Norwegian Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine is a Cover band and comedy act based in Los Angeles California " The Girl Is Mine " is a 1982 hit Duet by Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney.

In 2008, Hawking was the subject of and featured in the documentary series "Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe" for Channel 4. Channel 4 is a public-service Television and Radio broadcaster in the United Kingdom centred around a television channel of the same name which began

See also

• Gravitational singularity
• Kip S. Thorne
• Roger Penrose
• George Ellis
• Space colonization
• General-audience description

References

Further reading

• Boslough, John (1985). Stephen Hawking’s Universe. New York: Avon Books. ISBN 0-380-70763-2.   A layman’s guide to Stephen Hawking.
• Ferguson, Kitty (1991). Stephen Hawking: Quest For A Theory of Everything. Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-553-29895-X.
• Morris, Errol (Director). (1991) A Brief History of Time [Documentary]. Triton Pictures.
• Hawking, S. W. & Ellis, G. F. R. (1973). The Large Scale Structure of Space-time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-09906-4.  . Highly influential in the field.
• Hawking, S. W. & Israel, W. (1979). Werner Israel, OC, FRSC, FRS (born October 4, 1931) is a Canadian physicist General relativity: an Einstein centenary survey. New York: Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 0-521-22285-0.  . A much cited centennial survey.
• Misner, Charles; Thorne, Kip S. & Wheeler, John Archibald (1973). Gravitation. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0344-0.  ; see Box 34. 3 for a short biography. (This famous book is the first modern textbook on general relativity, and shows that even in the early seventies, Hawking was already regarded as an unusually intriguing personality by his colleagues. )
• Larsen,Kristine (1995). Stephen Hawking A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313323928.  
• Clifford A. Pickover, Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0195336115

External links

• Stephen Hawking’s web site
  • An overview of Hawking’s communication system
  • An overview of Hawking’s physical disability
• TED Talks: Stephen Hawking: Asking big questions about the universe
• Stephen Hawking at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• O'Connor, John J. Clifford A Pickover is an American author editor and columnist in the fields of Science, Mathematics, and Science fiction, and is employed at the The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a web-based Database that gives an Academic genealogy based on Dissertation supervision relations & Robertson, Edmund F. , “Stephen Hawking”, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• Hawking’s Students at the Mathematical Genealogy Project. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is an award-winning website maintained by John J
• Hawking celebrates own brief history, 7 January 2002, BBC
• Black holes turned “inside out", 22 July 2004, BBC
• An audio interview with Stephen Hawking (MP3 format) from Hour 25
• Stephen Hawking’s concept of God
• The role of God within the no boundary cosmology and Imaginary time
• Return of the time lord, Interview about “A Brief History of Time”, 27 September 2005, The Guardian. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression Hour 25 was a Radio program focusing on Science fiction, Fantasy, and Science. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group.
• “Leaping the Abyss”, interview in Reason by Gregory Benford
• Stephen Hawking touches on God and science – Physicist says Pope John Paul told scientists not to study universe’s origins msnbc. Reason is a libertarian monthly magazine from the Reason Foundation. com 15 June 2006
  • Press Release from the Catholic League on misquote of Pope by Hawking
• Stephen Hawking – discussion of two views of the universe Video
• Transcript of Stephen Hawking’s lecture “The Origin Of The Universe” in the Hebrew University In Jerusalem, December 14, 2006
• Public Lectures, including debate with Roger Penrose