Stepan (Sten'ka) Timofeyevich Razin (Russian: Степан (Стенька) Тимофеевич Разин, Russian pronunciation: [sʲtʲɪpˈɑn (sʲtʲˈenʲkə) tʲɪmɐˈfʲeɪvʲɪt͡ɕ ˈrɑzʲɪn]; 1630 – June 16 [O.S. June 6] 1671) was a Cossack leader who led a major uprising against the nobility and Tsar's bureaucracy in South Russia. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern
Contents |
Early life
He is first noted by history in 1661, as part of a diplomatic mission from the Don Cossacks to the Kalmyks. A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in Don Cossacks (Донские казаки were Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don. Kalmyk redirects here for the breed of cattle see Kalmyk (cattle. That same year Razin went on a long-distance pilgrimage to the great Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea for the benefit of his soul. Solovetsky Monastery (Соловецкий монастырь was the greatest Citadel of Christianity in the Russian North before being turned into a special The White Sea (Бе́лое мо́ре Vienanmeri is an Inlet of the Barents Sea on the northwest coast of Russia. After that, all trace of him is lost for six years, when he reappears as the leader of a robber community established at Panshinskoye, among the marshes between the rivers Tishina and Ilovlya, from whence he levied blackmail on all vessels passing up and down the Volga. Robbery is the Crime of seizing Property through Violence or Intimidation. Blackmail is the crime of threatening to reveal substantially true information about a person to the public a family member or associates unless a demand made upon the
A long war with Poland in 1654-1667 and Sweden in 1656-1658 put heavy demands upon the people of Russia. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Taxes increased as did conscription. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority Many peasants hoping to escape these burdens fled south and joined bands of Razin's marauding Cossacks. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground They were also joined by many other disaffected with the Russian government, including people of the lower classes as well as representatives of non-Russian ethnic groups, such as Kalmyks, that were being oppressed. Kalmyk redirects here for the breed of cattle see Kalmyk (cattle.
Razin's first considerable exploit was to destroy the great naval convoy consisting of the treasury barges and the barges of the patriarch and the wealthy merchants of Moscow. A convoy is a group of Vehicles (of any type but usually motor vehicles or ships traveling together for mutual support For the US government securities see Treasury security. Also see Treasury management. BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Razin then sailed down the Volga with a fleet of thirty-five galleys, capturing the more important forts on his way and devastating the country. A fleet, or naval fleet is a large formation of Warships, and the largest formation in any Navy. A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for At the beginning of 1668 he defeated the voivode Yakov Bezobrazov, sent against him from Astrakhan, and in the spring embarked on a predatory expedition into Daghestan and Persia which lasted for eighteen months. A voivode or waywode is a Slavic title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force Astrakhan (А́страхань Ästerxan Persian: حاجیترخان Haji-Tarkhan) is a major city in southern European Russia and The Republic of Dagestan dæɡɪˈstɑːn (IntEng ˈdeɪɡəstæn (AmEng (Респу́блика Дагеста́н Дагъистанлъул ДжумхIурият Daɣistanłul The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia
Persian expedition
Sailing into the Caspian Sea, he ravaged the Persian coasts from Derbend to Baku, massacred the inhabitants of the great emporium of Rasht, and in the spring of 1669 established himself on the isle of Suina, off which, in July, he annihilated a Persian fleet sent against him. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Derbent (Дербе́нт Azeri: Dərbənd; Lezgian: Дербент Avar: Дербенд; Persian: دربند Darband Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan Rasht ( رشت, Resht) is the capital of Gilan province in northwestern Iran and the largest city along the Caspian sea coast Stenka Razin, as he was generally called, had now become a potentate with whom princes did not disdain to treat. Prince, from the Latin root Princeps, is a general term for a Monarch, for a member of a monarch's or former monarch's family and is a
In August 1669 he reappeared at Astrakhan, and accepted a fresh offer of pardon from tsar Aleksey Mikhailovich there; the common people were fascinated by his adventures. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Алексей Михайлович ( March 9, 1629 (O The lawless Russian border region of Astrakhan, where the whole atmosphere was predatory and many people were still nomadic, was the natural milieu for such a rebellion as Razin's. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that
Open rebellion
In 1670 Razin, while ostensibly on his way to report himself at the Cossack headquarters on the Don, openly rebelled against the government, captured Cherkassk, Tsaritsyn and other places, and on June 24 burst into Astrakhan itself. The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast Starocherkasskaya (Старочерка́сская formerly Cherkassk (ru Черка́сск is a village ( Stanitsa) in Aksaysky Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place After massacring all who opposed him (including two Princes Prozorovsky) and giving the rich bazaars of the city over to pillage, he converted Astrakhan into a Cossack republic, dividing the population into thousands, hundreds and tens, with their proper officers, all of whom were appointed by a veche or general assembly, whose first act was to proclaim Stepan Timofeyevich their gosudar (sovereign). Princes Prozorovsky (Russian Прозоровскиe) were a Russian noble family of Rurikid stock descending from medieval rulers of Yaroslavl A bazaar ( بازار) (pazar is a permanent merchandising area Marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Veche ( Russian: вече Polish: wiec Ukrainian: віче was a Popular assembly in Medieval Slavic countries
After a three weeks carnival of blood and debauchery Razin quitted Astrakhan with two hundred barges full of troops to establish the Cossack republic along the whole length of the Volga, as a preliminary step towards advancing against Moscow. Saratov and Samara were captured, but Simbirsk defied all efforts, and after two bloody encounters close at hand on the banks of the Sviyaga River (October 1st and 4th), Razin was ultimately routed and fled down the Volga, leaving the bulk of his followers to be extirpated by the victors. History The Legend of Saratov Gelonus, a legendary Scythian city and the northernmost Greek colony may be conjectured to have been situated in the locality Samara (Сама́ра ( Kuybyshev (ru Ку́йбышев from 1935 to 1990 is one of the largest cities in Russia. Ulyanovsk (Улья́новск formerly Simbirsk (ru Симби́рск is a city on the Volga River in Russia, 893 km east from The Sviyaga River (Свияга Зөя|Zöyä Сĕве a River in the Ulyanovsk Oblast and Tatarstan, a Tributary of the Volga
But the rebellion was by no means over. The emissaries of Razin, armed with inflammatory proclamations, had stirred up the inhabitants of the modern governments of Nizhny Novgorod, Tambov and Penza, and penetrated even so far as Moscow and Novgorod. Nizhny Novgorod (Ни́жний Но́вгород Nižnij Novgorod) colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia TambovSoborJPG|thumb|200px|right|Cathedral in Tambov]] Мост через Цну History Penza was founded in 1663 as a frontier outpost on the then southeastern border of Russia Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod It was not difficult to stir the oppressed population to revolt by promising deliverance from their yoke. Razin proclaimed that his object was to root out the boyars and all officials, to level all ranks and dignities, and establish Cossackdom, with its corollary of absolute equality, throughout Muscovy. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and
Even at the beginning of 1671 the issue of the struggle was doubtful. Eight battles had been fought before the insurrection showed signs of weakening, and it continued for six months after Razin had received his quietus. At Simbirsk his prestige had been shattered. Even his own settlements at Saratov and Samara refused to open their gates to him, and the Don Cossacks, hearing that the patriarch of Moscow had anathematized Stenka, also declared against him. Metropolitans Maximus ( 1283 - 1305) St Peter ( 1308 - 1326) vacant Anathema (in Greek Ανάθεμα meaning originally something lifted up as an offering to the gods later with evolving meanings it came to mean to be formally
In 1671 he and his brother Frol Razin were captured at Kaganlyk, his last fortress, and carried to Moscow, where, after tortures, Stepan was quartered alive in the Red Square at the Lobnoye Mesto. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for To be hanged drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for the crime of High treason. Red Square ( Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad) is the most famous City square in Moscow, and arguably one of the most Lobnoye mesto (Лобное место is a 13-meter-long stone Platform situated on Red Square in Moscow in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral
Razin is the subject of a symphonic poem by Alexander Glazunov and a cantata by Shostakovich. A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of Orchestral Music in one movement in which some extramusical program provides a narrative or illustrative element Aleksandr Konstantinovich Glazunov (Александр Константинович Глазунов Aleksandr Konstantinovič Glazunov; Glazounov Glasunow &ndash 21 March A cantata (derived from the Italian word 'cantare' meaning 'to sing' is a vocal composition with an instrumental Accompaniment and often Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich ( Russian: ru Дмитрий Дмитриевич Шостакович ( &ndash 9 August 1975 was a Russian Composer
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Sakharov, Andrei Nikolaevich (1973) Stepan Razin (Khronika XVII v. ) Moskva, "Mol. gvardiia", 319 p. Biography in Russian.
- Field, Cecil (1947) The great Cossack; the rebellion of Stenka Razin against Alexis Michaelovitch, Tsar of all the Russias London, H. Jenkins, 125 p. Biography in English.
Song
Stenka Razin is the hero of a popular Russian folk song (lyric is by Dmitri Sadovnikov (Дмитрий Николаевич Садовников), music is folk), better known by the words Volga, Volga mat' rodnaya. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous The song was dramatized in the very first Russian feature film, shot by Vasily Goncharov in 1908 and entitled Ponizovaya Volnitsa. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The melody was used by Tom Springfield in the song The Carnival is Over that placed The Seekers at #1 in 1965 in Australia and the UK. Tom Springfield (born Dion O'Brien 2 July 1934, Hampstead, London) was the brother of Dusty Springfield and an important " The Carnival Is Over " was written by Tom Springfield for the Australian group The Seekers, and The Seekers close their concerts with the song The Seekers were a group of Australian folk -influenced popular musicians that was formed in Melbourne, in 1962 Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
| Part of a series of articles on |
Cossacks |
|---|
| Cossack hosts |
| Don · Ural · Terek · Kuban · Orenburg ·Astrakhan · Siberian · Baikal · Amur · Semirechye · Ussuri |
| Other groups |
| Azov · Black Sea · Bug · Caucasus Line · Danube (Sich)· Danube (Host) · Hetmanate · Tatar Cossacks · Nekrasov · Turkey · Jewish Cossacks · Zaporozhia |
| History of the Cossacks |
| Colonisation of Siberia · Khmelnytsky Uprising · Treaty of Hadiach · Bulavin Rebellion · Pugachev's Rebellion · 1st Cavalry Army · Decossackization · Betrayal of the Cossacks · XVth SS Cossack Cavalry Corps · 1st Cossack Division |
| Famous Cossacks |
| Andrei Shkuro · Bohdan Khmelnytsky · Ivan Mazepa · Ivan Sirko · Pyotr Krasnov . The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern A Cossack host or Cossack voisko (Казачье войско kazachye voysko, sometimes incorrectly translated as Cossack Army) was an administrative Don Cossacks (Донские казаки were Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don. The Ural Cossack Host was a Cossack host formed from the Ural Cossacks -- those cossacks settled by the Ural River. Terek Cossack Host (Терское казачье войско was a Cossack host created in 1577 from free Cossacks who resettled from Volga to Kuban Cossacks (Кубанские кaзаки Kubanskiye Kаzaki) are Cossacks who live in the Kuban region of Russia. The Orenburg Cossack Host ( Оренбургское казачье войско) a part of the Cossack population in pre- Revolutionary Russia Astrakhan Cossack Host ( Астраханское казачье войско in Russian) was a Cossack host of Imperial Russia drawn from the Siberian Cossacks were Cossacks who settled in the Siberian region of Russia since the end of the 16th century Baikal Cossacks were Cossacks of the Transbaikal Cossack Host (Забайка́льское каза́чье во́йско a Cossack host formed in 1851 The Amur Cossack Host ( Амурское казачье войско in Russian) a Cossack host created in the Amur region and Primorye Semirechye Cossask Host (Семиреченское казачье войско was a Cossack host in Imperial Russia, located in Semirechye Oblast (today Ussuri Cossack Host (Уссури́йское каза́чье во́йско was a Cossack Host in Imperial Russia, located in Primorye south of Azov Cossack Host (Азовское Казачье Войско was a Cossack host that existed on the northern shore of the Sea of Azov, between 1832 and 1862 Black Sea Cossack Host (Черноморское казачье войско was a Cossack host created in 1787 in Southern Ukraine from former Zaporozhians The Buh Cossack Host (Бузьке козацьке військо (Бугское казачье войско was a Cossack host which used to be located along the Caucasus Line Cossack Host (Кавказское линейное казачье войско was a Cossack host created in 1832 in the Northern Caucasus. The Danubian Sich (Задунайська Сiч Задунайская Сечь was a fortified settlement ( Sich) of Zaporozhian Cossacks who settled The Danube Cossack Host (Дунайское Казачье Войско was an Imperial Russian Cossack Host formed in 1828 prior to the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829 The Hetmanate or officially Viysko Zaporozke (Гетьманщина Het’manshchyna; Військо Запорозьке Viys’ko Zaporoz’ke Nağaybäk ( plural Nağaybäklär Russian: Нагайбаки are an ethnoconfessional group in Russia. Nekrasov Cossacks, Nekrasovite Cossacks, Nekrasovites, Nekrasovtsy ( Некрасовцы Некрасовские казаки Казаки-некрасовцы Cossacks in Turkey refers to descendants of a group of Don Cossacks who had lived in the territory of the Republic of Turkey until they migrated in 1962 Background Of the different branches of Cossacks the only one that would allow Jews into their society were the Cossacks of The Zaporozhian Cossacks (Запорожці Zaporozhtsi,were Cossacks who lived in Zaporizhia, in Central Ukraine The history of the Cossacks spans several centuries Early history The origins of the first Cossacks are uncertain The Russian conquest of Siberia took place in the 16th century when the Siberian Khanate had become a loose political structure of Vassalages which were becoming The term Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Khmel'nyts'kyi/Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky / Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a Rebellion or The Treaty of Hadiach (ugoda hadziacka was a Treaty signed on September 16 1658 in Hadiach (Hadziacz Hadiacz Гадяч between representatives of the Polish-Lithuanian The Bulavin Rebellion is the name given to a violent civil uprising in Imperial Russia between the years 1707 and 1708 Pugachev's Rebellion (or the Cossack Rebellion) was the largest peasant Revolt in Russia 's history The 1st Cavalry Army (Первая конная армия was the most famous Red Army сavalry formation Decossackization is a term used to describe Lenin 's Bolsheviks policy of the systematic elimination of the Cossacks as social groups The Betrayal of the Cossacks, also known as The Tragedy of Drau and The Massacre of Cossacks at Lienz refers to the forced repatriation of Cossacks The 15th SS Cossack Cavalry Corps was a German cavalry corps during World War II. The 1st Cossack Division (1 Kosaken-Kavallerie-Division is a Russian Cossack division within the German World War II Army Andrei Grigoriyevich Shkuro (Shkura ( Russian: Андрей Григорьевич Шкуро ( Шкура) Ukrainian: Шкуро Андрій Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa (Іван Степанович Мазепа historically spelled as Mazeppa; 20 March 1639 &mdash 2 October Ivan Sirko ( Ukrainian: c. 1610 &ndash 1680 was a Cossack military leader Koshovyi Otaman of the Zaporozhian Host and author of Pyotr Nikolayevich Krasnov ( Петр Николаевич Краснов in Russian) ( September 22 (10 old style) 1869 — January 17 Stenka Razin · Yemelyan Pugachev · Yermak Timofeyevich |
| Cossack terms |
| Ataman · Hetman · Papakha · Plastun · Shashka · Stanitsa |
|
|
| Words in Russian | Transcribed | English language version |
| Из-за острова на стрежень, На простор речной волны, |
Iz-za ostrova na strezhen', Na prostor rechnoy volny, |
From beyond the wooded island To the river wide and free |
| На переднем Стенька Разин, Обнявшись, сидит с княжной, |
Na perednem Sten'ka Razin, Obnyavshis', sidit s knyazhnoy, |
On the first is Stenka Razin With his princess by his side |
| Позади их слышен ропот: Нас на бабу променял! |
Pozadi ikh slyschen ropot: Nas na babu promenyal! |
From behind there comes a murmur "He has left his sword to woo; |
| Этот ропот и насмешки Слышит грозный атаман, |
Etot ropot i nasmeshki Slyshit groznyi ataman, |
Stenka Razin hears the murmur Of his discontented band |
| Брови черные сошлися, Надвигается гроза. |
Brovi chornye soshlisya, Nadvigaetsya groza. |
His dark brows are drawn together As the waves of anger rise; |
| "Ничего не пожалею, Буйну голову отдам!" — |
"Nichevo ne pozhaleyu, Bujnu golovu otdam!" — |
"I will give you all you ask for Head and heart and life and hand. " |
| "Волга, Волга, мать родная, Волга, русская река, |
"Volga, Volga, mat' rodnaya, Volga, russkaya reka, |
Volga, Volga, Mother Volga Wide and deep beneath the sun, |
| Чтобы не было раздора Между вольными людьми, |
Shtoby ne bylo razdora Mezhdu vol'nymi ljud'mi, |
So that peace may reign forever In this band so free and brave |
| Мощным взмахом поднимает Он красавицу княжну |
Moshchnym vzmakhom podnimaet On krasavitsu knyazhnu |
Now, with one swift mighty motion He has raised his bride on high |
| "Что ж вы, братцы, приуныли? Эй, ты, Филька, черт, пляши! |
"Shto zh vy, bratsy, priunyli? Ej, ty, Fil'ka, chert, pljashi! |
"Dance, you fools, and let's be merry What is this that's in your eyes? |
| Из-за острова на стрежень, На простор речной волны, |
Iz-za ostrova na strezhen', Na prostor rechnoy volny, |
From beyond the wooded island To the river wide and free |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic