Henri-Marie Beyle
Born	23 January 1783(1783-01-23) Grenoble, France1
Died	23 March 1842 (aged 59) Paris, France
Occupation	Writer
Literary movement	Realism

Henri-Marie Beyle (January 23, 1783 – March 23, 1842), better known by his penname Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Grenoble is a city and commune in south-east France situated at the foot of the Alps where the Drac joins the Isère River. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839). Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Le Rouge et le Noir ( The Red and the Black) is a Novel by Stendhal, published in 1830 The Charterhouse of Parma ( French: La Chartreuse de Parme) is a novel published in 1839 by Stendhal.

Life

Born in Grenoble, France, he had an unhappy childhood in what he found to be stifling provincial France, hating his "unimaginative" father and mourning his mother who had died when he was young. Grenoble is a city and commune in south-east France situated at the foot of the Alps where the Drac joins the Isère River. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. His closest friend was his younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady correspondence throughout the first decade of the 19th century.

Plaque on house in Vilnius' historic center in which Stendhal stayed in December 1812 during Napoleon's retreat from Russia. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

The military and theatrical worlds of the First French Empire were a revelation to Beyle. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or He was named an auditor with the Conseil d'État on August 3, 1810, and thereafter took part in the French administration and in the Napoleonic wars. This article is about the present-day French institution For institutions with the same name during the Ancien Régime in France see Conseil du Roi. He traveled extensively in Germany and was part of Napoleon's army in the 1812 invasion of Russia, bragging an individual head count of over 20. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending After the 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau, he left for Italy where he settled in Milan. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. He formed a particular attachment to Italy, where he spent much of the remainder of his career, serving as French consul at Trieste and Civitavecchia and writing. His novel The Charterhouse of Parma, written in 52 days, is set in Italy, which he considered a more sincere and passionate country than Restoration France. The Charterhouse of Parma ( French: La Chartreuse de Parme) is a novel published in 1839 by Stendhal. An aside in that novel, referring to a character who contemplates suicide after being jilted, speaks volumes about his attitude towards his home country: "To make this course of action clear to my French readers, I must explain that in Italy, a country very far away from us, people are still driven to despair by love. "

Beyle used the pseudonym "Stendhal" (amongst over 100 others) supposedly chosen as an anagram of "Shetland" (although Georges Perec may have invented this explanation - references to Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black) feature extensively in Perec's unfinished last novel 53 jours). This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the Medieval French literature is for the purpose of this article Literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle For more information on historical developments in this period see Renaissance, History of France, and Early Modern France. French literature of the 17th century &mdashthe so-called Grand Siècle &mdashspans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici French literature of the 18th century usually refers to the literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798 the year French literature of the nineteenth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1799 to 1900 French literature of the twentieth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1895 to 1990 Contemporary French literature is French literature roughly from the 1990s to Today. Chronological list of French language authors (regardless of nationality by date of birth An anagram ( Greek anagramma 'letters written anew' passive participle of ana- 'again' + gramma 'letter' is a type of Word play Georges Perec ( 7 March 1936 &ndash 3 March 1982) was a highly-regarded French Le Rouge et le Noir ( The Red and the Black) is a Novel by Stendhal, published in 1830 Alternatively, most Stendhal scholars believe he borrowed his nom de plume from the German city of Stendal as a homage for Johann Joachim Winckelmann. A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity Stendal (ˈʃtɛndaːl is a Town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is the capital of Stendal District and unofficial capital of the Altmark Johann Joachim Winckelmann ( December 9, 1717 - June 8, 1768) a German Art historian and Archaeologist,

Stendhal was a dandy and wit about town in Paris, as well as an inveterate skirt-chaser. His genuine empathy towards women is evident in his books (Simone de Beauvoir spoke highly of him in The Second Sex), and contrasts with his obsession with sexual conquests. "La Beauvoir" redirects here also see Beauvoir (disambiguation The Second Sex ( French: Le Deuxième Sexe, June 1949 is one of the best known works of the French existentialist Simone de Beauvoir He seems to have preferred the desire to the consummation. One of his early works is On Love, a rational analysis of romantic passion that was based on his unrequited love for Mathilde, Countess Dembowska, whom he met while living at Milan. Unrequited love is love that is not openly reciprocated even though reciprocation is usually deeply desired Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. This fusion, or tension, of clearheaded analysis with romantic feeling is typical of Stendhal's great novels; he could be considered a Romantic realist.

Contemporary readers did not fully appreciate Stendhal's realistic style during the Romantic period in which he lived; he was not fully appreciated until the beginning of the 20th century. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the The twentieth century of the Common Era began on He dedicated his writing to "the Happy Few". This is often interpreted as a dedication to the few who could understand his writing, or a sardonic reference to the happy few who are born into prosperity (the latter interpretation is supported by the likely source of the quotation, Canto 11 of Byron's Don Juan, a frequent reference in the novel, which refers to 'the thousand happy few' who enjoy high society), or as referring to those who lived without fear or hatred.

Today, Stendhal's works attract attention for their irony and psychological and historical aspects. Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and

Stendhal was an avid fan of music, particularly the composers Cimarosa, Mozart, and Rossini, about whom he wrote an extensive biography, Vie de Rossini (1824), now more valued for its wide-ranging musical criticism than for its historical accuracy. Domenico Cimarosa ( 17 December 1749 – 11 January 1801) was an Italian Opera Composer of the Neapolitan Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year

He died in Paris in 1842 and is interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Montmartre Cemetery ( Fr: Cimetière de Montmartre is a famous cemetery located at 37 Avenue Samson in the 18th ''arrondissement'' of Paris

Stendhal's brief memoir, Souvenirs d'Égotisme (Memoirs of an Egotist) was published posthumously in 1892. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Also published was a more extended autobiographical work, thinly disguised as the Life of Henry Brulard.

Stendhal Syndrome

Main article: Stendhal syndrome

In 1817 Stendhal reportedly was overcome by the cultural richness of Florence he encountered when he first visited the Tuscan city. Stendhal syndrome, Stendhal's syndrome or Florence syndrome, is a Psychosomatic illness that causes rapid heartbeat dizziness Confusion Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany As he described in his book Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio:

I was in a sort of ecstasy, from the idea of being in Florence, close to the great men whose tombs I had seen. Absorbed in the contemplation of sublime beauty . . . I reached the point where one encounters celestial sensations . . . Everything spoke so vividly to my soul. Ah, if I could only forget. I had palpitations of the heart, what in Berlin they call 'nerves. ' Life was drained from me. I walked with the fear of falling.

The condition was diagnosed and named in 1979 by Italian psychiatrist Dr. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A psychiatrist (also archaically called an alienist) is a Physician who specializes in Psychiatry and is certified in treating Mental disorders Graziella Magherini, who had noticed similar psychosomatic conditions (racing heart beat, nausea and dizziness) amongst first-time visitors to the city. Graziella Magherini is an Italian Psychologist, most known for her 1989 book La sindrome di Stendhal ( The Stendhal syndrome) which Psychosomatic medicine is an interdisciplinary medical field studying psychosomatic illness, now more commonly referred to as psychophysiologic illness or disorder Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Many different terms are often used to describe what is collectively known as dizziness.

In homage to Stendhal, Trenitalia named their overnight train service from Paris to Venice the Stendhal Express. Trenitalia is the primary operator of trains within Italy. Trenitalia is owned by Ferrovie dello Stato, itself owned by the Italian Government. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the

Crystallization

Main article: Crystallization (love)

In Stendhal's 1822 classic On Love he describes or compares the “birth of love”, in which the love object is crystallized in the mind, as being a process similar or analogous to a trip to Rome. Crystallization is a concept developed in 1822 by the French writer Stendhal, which describes the process or mental metamorphosis in which unattractive characteristics of In the analogy, the city of Bologna represents indifference and Rome represents perfect love:

Stendhal's depiction of "crystallization" in the process of falling in love. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2

When we are in Bologna, we are entirely indifferent; we are not concerned to admire in any particular way the person with whom we shall perhaps one day be madly in love; even less is our imagination inclined to overrate their worth. In a word, in Bologna “crystallization” has not yet begun. When the journey begins, love departs. One leaves Bologna, climbs the Apennines, and takes the road to Rome. The departure, according to Stendhal, has nothing to do with one’s will; it is an instinctive moment. This transformative process actuates in terms of four steps along a journey:

1. Admiration – one marvels at the qualities of the loved one.
2. Acknowledgement – one acknowledges the pleasantness of having gained the loved one's interest.
3. Hope – one envisions gaining the love of the loved one.
4. Delight – one delights in overrating the beauty and merit of the person whose love one hopes to win.

This journey or crystallization process (shown above) was detailed by Stendhal on the back of a playing card while speaking to Madame Gherardi, during his trip to the Salzburg salt mine.

Works

Novels

• Armance (1827)
• Le Rouge et le Noir (variously translated as Scarlet and Black, Red and Black, The Red and the Black, 1830)
• La Chartreuse de Parme (1839) (The Charterhouse of Parma)
• Lucien Leuwen (1835, unfinished, published 1894)
• Lamiel (1839-42, unfinished, published 1889)

Autobiography

• The Life of Henry Brulard (1835-1836, published 1890)

Biography

• A Life of Napoleon (1817-1818, published 1929)

Novellas

• The Pink and the Green (1837, unfinished)
• Mina de Vanghel (1830, later published in La Revue des Deux Mondes)
• Vittoria Accoramboni

• Italian Chroniques, 1837 — 1839
  • The Cenci (Les Cenci)
  • The Duchess of Palliano (La Duchesse de Palliano)
  • The Abbess of Castro (L'Abbesse de Castro, 1832)
  • Vanina Vanini

Essays

• De L'Amour (1822) (On Love)
• Souvenirs d'Égotisme (Memoirs of an Egotist, published in 1892)

His other works include short stories, journalism, travel books (among them Rome, Naples et Florence and Promenades dans Rome), a famous collection of essays on Italian painting, critical essays on Racine and Shakespeare, and biographies of several prominent figures of his time, including Napoleon, Haydn, Mozart, Rossini, and Metastasio. Armance may refer to Armance, a novel published by Stendhal in 1827 Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Le Rouge et le Noir ( The Red and the Black) is a Novel by Stendhal, published in 1830 The year 1830 in literature involved some significant events and new books Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Charterhouse of Parma ( French: La Chartreuse de Parme) is a novel published in 1839 by Stendhal. Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display The Revue des Deux Mondes (Review of the Two Worlds is a monthly literary and cultural affairs Magazine published in the French language. Vanina Vanini is the title of a story by Stendhal (1783-1842 the Nom de plume of Marie-Henri Beyle Jean Racine ( ( December 22, 1639 &ndash April 21, 1699) was a French Dramatist, one of the "big three" of William Shakespeare ( baptised Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Pietro Antonio Domenico Trapassi, better known by his Pseudonym of Metastasio, ( January 3, 1698 &ndash April 12, 1782

References

• Jefferson, Ann. Reading Realism in Stendhal (Cambridge Studies in French). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

See also

• Stendhal syndrome

External links

• (French) Audio Book (mp3) of the red and the black incipit
• French site on Stendhal
• English site on Stendhal
• Works by Stendhal at Project Gutenberg
• The Red and the Black English translation
• Stendhal's works: text, concordances and frequency list
• Centro Stendhaliano di Milano Digital version of Stendhal's shoulder-notes on his own books. Stendhal syndrome, Stendhal's syndrome or Florence syndrome, is a Psychosomatic illness that causes rapid heartbeat dizziness Confusion Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works