Steel mill with two arc furnaces.

Steelmaking is the second step in producing steel from iron ore. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted In this stage, impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23

The materials used in modern steelmaking are:

• The iron produced in a blast furnace, either as molten iron or as pig iron. A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical Furnace used for Smelting to produce metals generally Iron. Pig iron is the intermediate product of Smelting Iron ore with coke, usually with Limestone as a flux
• Scrap steel.
• Alloying elements.

The original methods of producing steel were labour-intensive and highly skilled arts involving open crucibles, see finery forge, puddling, blister steel, crucible steel. Iron tapped from the Blast furnace is Pig iron, and contains significant amounts of Carbon and Silicon. Puddling was an Industrial Revolution means of making iron and Steel. The cementation process is an obsolete technique for making Steel by Carburization of Iron. Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making Steel Alloy by slowly heating and cooling pure Iron and Carbon (typically

An important aspect of the industrial revolution was the development of large-scale methods of producing forgeable metal (bar iron or steel). The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the QtubIronPillarJPG|thumb|right| Iron pillar at Delhi India containing 98% wrought iron]] Wrought iron is commercially pure Iron. The puddling furnace was initially a means of producing wrought iron, but was later applied to steel production. Puddling was an Industrial Revolution means of making iron and Steel. QtubIronPillarJPG|thumb|right| Iron pillar at Delhi India containing 98% wrought iron]] Wrought iron is commercially pure Iron. The Bessemer converter was the first successful mass steelmaking process, followed by the open hearth furnace. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive Industrial process for the mass-production of Steel from molten Pig iron. Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of Furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of Pig iron to produce steel.

Modern steelmaking techniques include:

• Basic oxygen furnace. A basic oxygen furnace, also known as an LD converter, is the place within an integrated steel mill where molten iron from the blast furnace is changed into liquid
• Electric arc furnace. An electric arc furnace (EAF is a Furnace that heats charged material by means of an Electric arc.

See also

• Decarburization
• Steel
• Steel mill
• Blast furnace

External links

• U.S. Steel Gary Works Photograph Collection, 1906-1971
• Scrap steel for steelmaking facilities information reference compendium