Mist rises from a hot spring in Yellowstone Park

A temperature-versus-entropy diagram for steam

A Mollier enthalpy-versus-entropy diagram for steam

In physical chemistry, and in engineering, steam refers to vaporized water. A hot spring is a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated Groundwater from the earth's crust. Not to be confused with Molière. Richard Mollier ( 30 November 1863, Triest – 13 March 1935 Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and It is a pure, completely invisible gas (for mist see below). This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Mist is a phenomenon of small droplets suspended in Air. It can occur as part of natural Weather or Volcanic activity and is common in cold air above At standard temperature and pressure, pure steam (unmixed with air, but in equilibrium with liquid water) occupies about 1,600 times the volume of liquid water. In Physical sciences standard conditions for temperature and pressure are Standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to allow comparisons to be made In the atmosphere, the partial pressure of water is much lower than 1 atm, therefore gaseous water can exist at temperatures much lower than 100 C (see water vapor and humidity). In a mixture of Ideal gases each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume General properties of water vapor Evaporation/sublimation Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface it is said to have evaporated Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean Relative humidity.

In common speech, steam most often refers to the white mist that condenses above boiling water as the hot vapor ("steam" in the first sense) mixes with the cooler air. Mist is a phenomenon of small droplets suspended in Air. It can occur as part of natural Weather or Volcanic activity and is common in cold air above This mist is made of tiny droplets of liquid water, not gaseous water, so it is no longer technically steam. In the spout of a steaming kettle, the spot where there is no condensed water vapor, where there appears to be nothing there, is steam.

Contents 1 Uses 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

Uses

A steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a piston or turbine to perform mechanical work. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. A piston is a component of Reciprocating engines Pumps and Gas compressors It is located in a cylinder and is made gas-tight by Piston A turbine is a rotary Engine that extracts Energy from a Fluid flow In Physics, mechanical work is the amount of Energy transferred by a Force. In other industrial applications steam is used for energy storage, which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer, usually through pipes. Energy storage is the storing of some form of Energy that can be drawn upon at a later time to perform some useful operation Steam is a capacious reservoir for energy because of water's high heat of vaporization. The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The ability to return condensed steam as water-liquid to the boiler at high pressure with relatively little expenditure of pumping power is also important. Engineers use an idealised thermodynamic cycle, the Rankine cycle, to model the behaviour of steam engines. The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which converts heat into work

In the U. S. , more than 86% of electric power is produced using steam as the working fluid, nearly all by steam turbines. The working fluid in a machine is the pressurized gas or liquid which actuates the machine Condensation of steam to water often occurs at the low-pressure end of a steam turbine, since this maximises the energy efficiency, but such wet-steam conditions have to be limited to avoid excessive turbine blade erosion.

When liquid water comes in contact with a very hot substance (such as lava, or molten metal) it can flash into steam very quickly; this is called a steam explosion. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures A steam Explosion (also called a Littoral explosion, or fuel-coolant interaction, FCI) is a violent Such an explosion was probably responsible for much of the damage in the Chernobyl accident and for many so-called 'foundry accidents'. The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear reactor accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Soviet Union.

Steam's capacity to transfer heat is also used in the home: for cooking vegetables, steam cleaning of fabric and carpets, and heating buildings. In each case, water is heated in a boiler, and the steam carries the energy to a target object. "Steam showers" are actually low-temperature mist-generators, and do not actually use steam. A steam shower is a type of Bathing where a humidifying Steam generator produces Water vapor that is dispersed around a person's body

In electric generation, steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle, and returned to the boiler for re-use. However in cogeneration, steam is piped into buildings to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle. Energy recycling Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a Heat engine or a Power station to simultaneously generate both The world's biggest steam generation system is Con Edison in New York City which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants. Consolidated Edison Inc is one of the largest investor-owned energy companies in the United States with approximately $13 billion in annual revenues and $30 billion in assets The City of New York Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York ^[1]

See also

• Electrification
• Food steamer or steam cooker
• Geyser—geothermally-generated steam
• IAPWS—an association that maintains international-standard correlations for the thermodynamic properties of steam, including IAPWS-IF97 (for use in industrial simulation and modelling) and IAPWS-95 (a general purpose and scientific correlation). A food steamer or steam cooker is a kitchen appliance used to prepare various foods in a sealed vessel that limits the escape of air or liquids below a preset pressure A geyser is a Hot spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accomplished by a vapour phase The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS publishes a range of 'releases' containing standardised correlations for Water and Steam In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning "
• Industrial Revolution
• Live steam
• Mass production
• Nuclear power—and power plants use steam to generate electricity
• Psychrometrics—moist air/vapour mixtures, humidity and air conditioning
• Steam locomotive

References

External links

• Steam Tables & Charts by National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST
• What Is Steam? (general article about the properties of water/steam)
• Steam Tracing
• Online steam properties calculator (Spirax Sarco)
• [1] Steam Tables & Charts with Mathcad Calculation server

The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Live steam is Steam under pressure obtained by heating water in a Boiler. Mass production (also called flow production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of Psychrometrics or psychrometry are terms used to describe the field of engineering concerned with the determination of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures A steam locomotive is a Locomotive powered by Steam. The term usually refers to its use on Railways but can also refer to a "road locomotive" The Gotham Gazette is an online publication of the Citizens Union Foundation of the City of New York a government watchdog group focusing on issues confronting Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

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