Statue of Liberty National Monument
IUCN Category III (Natural Monument)
Statue of Liberty
Location	Liberty Island, New York,[1] U.S.
Nearest city	Jersey City, New Jersey
Area	12 acres (49,000 m²)
Established	Statue dedicated October 28, 1886; National Monument established October 15, 1924
Visitors	4,235,595 (includes Ellis Island NM) (in 2005)
Governing body	National Park Service

Liberty Enlightening the World (French: La liberté éclairant le monde), known more commonly as the Statue of Liberty (Statue de la Liberté), was presented to the United States by the people of France in 1886. A Natural Monument is a natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity representative of aesthetic qualities or cultural significance Liberty Island, formerly called Bedloe's Island, is a small uninhabited island in Upper New York Bay in the United States best known as the location of the New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Jersey City is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ellis Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It stands at Liberty Island (part of New York but physically on the New Jersey side of New York Harbor) as a welcome to all visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. Liberty Island, formerly called Bedloe's Island, is a small uninhabited island in Upper New York Bay in the United States best known as the location of the New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. New York Harbor, a geographic term refers collectively to the rivers bays and tidal estuaries near the mouth of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City American immigration ( emigration to the United States of America) refers to the movement of non-residents to the United States. The copper patina-clad statue, dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the United States and is a gesture of friendship from France to the U. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as Oxides or Carbonates formed on the surface of metal during exposure to Weathering. A statue is a Sculpture in the round representing a person or persons an animal or an event normally full-length as opposed to a bust, and at least close to life-size Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common S. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi sculpted the statue and obtained a U.S. patent useful for raising construction funds through the sale of miniatures. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi ( August 2, 1834 – October 4, 1904) was a French sculptor. United States patent law was established "to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) engineered the internal structure. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( December 15, 1832 &ndash December 27, 1923; in French efɛl in English usually ˈaɪfəl was a French The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction and adoption of the repoussé technique. Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc ( January 27 1814 &ndash September 17, 1879) was a French Architect and theorist famous for his "restorations" Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Repoussé (ʀəpuse)or repoussage ʀəpusaʒ is a Metalworking technique in which a Malleable Metal

The statue is of a robed woman holding a lit flame, and is made of a sheeting of pure copper, hung on a framework of steel (originally puddled iron) with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf (originally made of copper and later altered to hold glass panes. Puddle iron is a type of Wrought iron, used mainly in construction Metal leaf is a thin foil used for decoration It is also called composition leaf or schlagmetal. ) It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal with a foundation in the shape of an irregular eleven-pointed star. The statue is 151 ft (46 m) tall, but with the pedestal and foundation, it is 305 ft (93 m) tall.

Worldwide, the Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the United States,^[2] and, more generally, represents liberty and escape from oppression. The Statue of Liberty was, from 1886 until the jet age, often one of the first glimpses of the United States for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe. Aviation history The De Havilland Comet was the first jet airliner to fly the first in service in 1952 and the first to offer a transatlantic jet service Visually, the Statue of Liberty appears to draw inspiration from il Sancarlone or the Colossus of Rhodes. Saint Charles Borromeo (Carlo Borromeo Latinized as Carolus Borromeus) ( October 2 1538 – November 3 1584) is an

The statue is a central part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, administered by the National Park Service. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation

Symbolism

The classical appearance (Roman stola, sandals, facial expression) derives from Libertas, ancient Rome's goddess of freedom from slavery, oppression, and tyranny. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The stola was the traditional garment of Roman women corresponding to the Toga that was worn by men Libertas or Lîber-tas ( Latin: Liberty) was the Roman goddess and embodiment of liberty. Her raised right foot is on the move. This symbol of Liberty and Freedom is not standing still or at attention in the harbor, she is moving forward, as her left foot tramples broken shackles at her feet, in symbolism of the United States' wish to be free from oppression and tyranny. Fetters, shackles, footcuffs or leg irons are a kind of Physical restraint used on the feet or Ankles to allow walking ^[3] The seven spikes on the crown represent the Seven Seas and seven continents. The Phrase "Seven Seas" (as in the Idiom "sail the Seven Seas" can refer either to a particular set of seven seas or to a great expanse of water A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions ^[4] Her torch signifies enlightenment. The tablet in her hand represents knowledge and shows the date of the nation's birth, July 4, 1776.

The general appearance of the statue’s head approximates the Greek Sun-god Apollo or Helios as preserved on an ancient marble tablet (today in the Archaeological Museum of Corinth, Corinth, Greece) - Apollo was represented as a solar deity, dressed in a similar robe and having on its head a "radiate crown" with the seven spiked rays of the Helios-Apollo's sun rays, like the Statue's nimbus or halo. In Greek mythology the Sun was personified as Helios (ˈhiliˌɑs ( Ἥλιος Latinized as Helius) Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία "Sun god" redirects here For the Ramsey Lewis album see Sun Goddess (album. In Greek mythology the Sun was personified as Helios (ˈhiliˌɑs ( Ἥλιος Latinized as Helius) A halo (ἅλως also known as a nimbus, Aureole, glory, or gloriole) is a ring of light that surrounds a person in art The ancient Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was a statue of Helios with a radiate crown, which is referred to in the 1903 poem The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus. The Seven Wonders of the World (or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) is a well known list of seven remarkable constructions of Classical antiquity. "The New Colossus" is a Sonnet by Emma Lazarus (1849-1887 written in 1883 and in 1903 engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the Statue Emma Lazarus ( July 22, 1849 &ndash November 19, 1887) was an American Poet born in New York City.

The statue, also known affectionately as "Lady Liberty," has become a symbol of freedom and democracy. She welcomed arriving immigrants, who could see the statue as they arrived in the United States. There is a version of the statue in France given by the United States in return.

History

Discussions in France over a suitable gift to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence were headed by the politician and sympathetic writer of the history of the United States, Édouard René de Laboulaye. Édouard René Lefèvre de Laboulaye ( January 18, 1811 in Paris - May 25, 1883 in Paris was a French Jurist. French sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi ( August 2, 1834 – October 4, 1904) was a French sculptor. The idea for the commemorative gift then grew out of the political turmoil which was shaking France at the time. The French Third Republic was still considered as a "temporary" arrangement by many, who wished a return to monarchism, or to some form of representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic across the sea served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment preservation or restoration of a Monarchy as a Form of government in a nation

Frédéric Bartholdi. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi ( August 2, 1834 – October 4, 1904) was a French sculptor.

The first model, on a small scale, was built in 1870. This first statue is now in the Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris. The Jardin du Luxembourg is a 224500 m² Public park and the largest in the city located in the 6th ''arrondissement'' of Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

While on a visit to Egypt that was to shift his artistic perspective from simply grand to colossal, Bartholdi was inspired by the project of the Suez Canal which was being undertaken by Count Ferdinand de Lesseps, who later became a lifelong friend of his. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation Ferdinand Marie Vicomte de Lesseps, GCSI ( November 19[[ 805]]&ndash December 7[[ 894]] was the French developer of the Suez Canal, He envisioned a giant lighthouse standing at the entrance to the canal and drew plans for it. It would be patterned after the Roman goddess Libertas, modified to resemble a robed Egyptian peasant, a fallaha, with light beaming out from both a headband and a torch thrust dramatically upward into the skies. Libertas or Lîber-tas ( Latin: Liberty) was the Roman goddess and embodiment of liberty. Bartholdi presented his plans to the Egyptian Khediev, Isma'il Pasha, in 1867 and, with revisions, again in 1869, but the project was never commissioned because of financial issues the country was going through. Isma'il Pasha, known as Ismail the Magnificent (إسماعيل باشا ( December 31, 1830 &ndash March 2, 1895) was Wāli ^[5]

It was agreed that in a joint effort, the American people were to build the base, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly in the United States. In France, public donations, various forms of entertainment including notably performances of La liberté éclairant le monde (Liberty enlightening the world) by soon-to-be famous composer Charles Gounod at Paris Opera, and a charitable lottery were among the methods used to raise the 2,250,000 francs ($250,000). Biography Gounod was born in Paris, the son of a pianist mother and a draftsman father The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat Origins The franc was originally a French Gold coin of 387 g minted in 1360 on the occasion of the release of King John II ("the good", held by the In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds. Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight,

Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such a colossal copper sculpture. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( December 15, 1832 &ndash December 27, 1923; in French efɛl in English usually ˈaɪfəl was a French The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built Eiffel delegated the detailed work to his trusted structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin. Structural engineers analyze design plan and research structural components and Structural systems Their work takes account mainly of technical economic and environmental Maurice Koechlin ( March 8, 1856 - January 14, 1946) was a French Structural engineer.

Bartholdi had initially planned to have the statue completed and presented to the United States on July 4, 1876, but a late start and subsequent delays prevented it. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year However, by that time the right arm and torch were completed. This part of the statue was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, where visitors were charged 50 cents to climb the ladder to the balcony. The Centennial International Exhibition of 1876 the first official World's Fair in the United States, was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The money raised this way was used to start funding the pedestal.

On June 30, 1878, at the Paris Exposition, the completed head of the statue was showcased in the garden of the Trocadéro palace, while other pieces were on display in the Champs de Mars. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The third Paris World's Fair, called an Exposition Universelle in French, was held from May 1 though to November 10, 1878 The Trocadéro, site of the Palais de Chaillot, is an area of Paris, in the 16th ''arrondissement'', across the Seine from the Eiffel Tower

Back in America, the site, authorized in New York Harbor by an act of Congress, 1877, was selected by General William Tecumseh Sherman, who settled on Bartholdi's own choice, then known as Bedloe's Island (named after Isaac Bedloe), where there was already an early 19th century star-shaped fortification named Fort Wood. Fort Wood was a star-shaped Fortification on Bedloe's Island (now Liberty Island United States Minister to France Levi P. Morton hammered the first nail in the construction of the statue. The United States has sent Ambassadors to France since the American Revolution. Levi Parsons Morton (May 16 1824 May 16 1920 was a Representative from New York and the twenty-second Vice President of the United States.

Bartholdi's design patent.

On February 18, 1879, Bartholdi was granted a design patent, U.S. Patent D11,023 , on "a statue representing Liberty enlightening the world, the same consisting, essentially, of the draped female figure, with one arm upraised, bearing a torch, and while the other holds an inscribed tablet, and having upon the head a diadem, substantially as set forth. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In the United States, a design patent is a Patent granted on the ornamental design of a functional item " The patent described the head as having "classical, yet severe and calm, features," noted that the body is "thrown slightly over to the left so as to gravitate upon the left leg, the whole figure thus being in equilibrium," and covered representations in "any manner known to the glyptic art in the form of a statue or statuette, or in alto-relievo or bass-relief, in metal, stone, terra-cotta, plaster-of-paris, or other plastic composition. "^[6]

The financing for the statue was completed in France in July 1882. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Fund-raising for the pedestal, led by William M. Evarts, was going slowly, so Hungarian-born publisher Joseph Pulitzer (who established the Pulitzer Prize) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, The World, to support the fund raising effort in 1883. William Maxwell Evarts ( February 6, 1818 &ndash February 28, 1901) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as US Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Joseph Pulitzer ( English pronunciation PULL-itser; April 10, 1847 He sought a military career but was turned down by the The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich, who had failed to finance the pedestal construction, and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds. ^[7] Pulitzer's campaign was an important contribution to the effort, but ultimately Senator Evarts and the American Committee he headed raised the majority of funds for the pedestal.

The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

The cornerstone of the pedestal, designed by American architect Richard Morris Hunt, was laid on August 5, 1884, but the construction had to be stopped by lack of funds in January 1885. Richard Morris Hunt ( October 31 1827 – July 31, 1895) was a preeminent figure in the history of American Architecture. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year It was resumed on May 11, 1885 after a renewed fund campaign by Joseph Pulitzer in March 1885. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thirty-eight of the forty-six courses of masonry were yet to be built.

The Statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885 on board the French frigate Isère. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common To prepare for transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. (The right arm and the torch, which were completed earlier, had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and thereafter at Madison Square in New York City. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Madison Square is formed by the intersection of Fifth Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street in the New York City borough of Manhattan )

Financing for the pedestal was completed on August 11, 1885 and construction was finished on April 22, 1886. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common When the last stone of the pedestal was swung into place the masons reached into their pockets and showered into the mortar a collection of silver coins. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen

Built into the pedestal's massive masonry are two sets of four iron girders, connected by iron tie beams that are carried up to become part of Eiffel's framework for the statue itself. Thus Liberty is integral with her pedestal.

The statue, which was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, was then re-assembled in four months' time. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland in front of thousands of spectators. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18 1837 June 24 1908 was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. (Cleveland, as Governor of the State of New York, had earlier vetoed a bill by the New York legislature to contribute $50,000 to the building of the pedestal. )^[8]

The Statue of Liberty functioned as a lighthouse from 1886 to 1902. A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an ^[9][10] At that time the U. S. Lighthouse board was responsible for its operation. There was a lighthouse keeper and the electric light could be seen for 24 miles (39 km) at sea. There was an electric plant on the island to generate power for the light.

In 1913 a group of young pilots graduated from the Moissant School of Aviation based on Long Island. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common One of the graduates, the Mexican pilot Juan Pablo Aldasoro was selected to perform the first flight above the Statue of Liberty. All of the graduates later on became members of the Early Birds of Aviation. The Early Birds of Aviation is an organization devoted to the history of early pilots

Political cartoon of the First Red Scare depicting a monstrous "European Anarchist" attempting to destroy the Statue of Liberty. In American history, the First Red Scare took place in the period 1917–1920 and was marked by a widespread fear of Anarchism, as well as the effects of radical Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i

In 1916, floodlights were placed around the base of the statue. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Also in 1916, the Black Tom explosion caused $100,000 worth of damage ($1. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Black Tom currently redirects here For the Marvel Comics character see Black Tom Cassidy. 9 million in 2007 dollars) to the statue, embedding shrapnel and eventually leading to the closing of the torch to visitors. The same year, Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, modified the original copper torch by cutting away most of the copper in the flame, retrofitting glass panes and installing an internal light. (John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum ( March 25, 1867 &ndash March 6, 1941) was an American artist and sculptor famous Mount Rushmore National Memorial, near Keystone, South Dakota, is a monumental Granite sculpture by Gutzon Borglum (1867–1941 located ^[11] After these modifications, the torch severely leaked rainwater and snowmelt, accelerating corrosion inside the statue. President Franklin D. Roosevelt rededicated the Statue of Liberty on its 50th anniversary (October 28, 1936). Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In 1956, through an act of Congress, Bedloe's Island was officially renamed Liberty Island, though Liberty Island had been used informally since the turn of the century. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, Statue of Liberty National Monument, along with Ellis Island and Liberty Island, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP is the United States government's official list of districts sites buildings structures and objects deemed worthy of Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ^[12]

In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was added to the list of World Heritage Sites. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex ^[13]

In 2007, the Statue of Liberty was one of 20 finalists in a competition to name the New Seven Wonders of the World. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Seven Wonders of the World is a project that attempts to revive the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World concept with a list of modern wonders

Inspiration for the face

Unsubstantiated sources cite different models for the face of the statue. One indicated the then-recently widowed Isabella Eugenie Boyer, the wife of Isaac Singer, the sewing-machine industrialist. Isabella Eugenie Boyer (1841–1904 was born in Paris to French and English parents Isaac Merritt Singer ( October 27, 1811 – July 23, 1875) was an Inventor, Actor, and Entrepreneur. "She was rid of the uncouth presence of her husband, who had left her with only his most socially desirable attributes: his fortune and … his children. She was, from the beginning of her career in Paris, a well-known figure. As the good-looking French widow of an American industrialist she was called upon to be Bartholdi's model for the Statue of Liberty. "^[14] Another source believed that the "stern face" belonged to Bartholdi's mother, Charlotte Bartholdi (1801–1891), with whom he was very close. ^[15] National Geographic magazine also pointed to his mother, noting that Bartholdi never denied nor explained the resemblance. ^[16]

Physical characteristics

Interior view of the statue upwards, now closed to public access.

Aerial view in December 2007.

The interior of the statue used to be open to visitors. They arrived by ferry and could climb the circular single-file stairs (limited by the available space) inside the metallic statue, exposed to the sun out in the harbor (the interior reaching extreme temperatures, particularly in summer months), and about 30 people at a time could fit up into the crown. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature This provided a broad view of New York Harbor (it faces the ocean) through 25 windows, the largest approximately 18" (46 cm) in height. The view did not, therefore, include the skyline of New York City. The wait outside regularly exceeded 3 hours, excluding the wait for ferries and ferry tickets.

The green-blue coloration is caused by oxidation, which produced copper salts and created the current hue. Most copper statues in the outside elements, left to their own, will eventually turn this color. Thus, it is called copper oxide, which is green because it is not truly copper. ^[17]

There are 354 steps inside the statue and its pedestal. There are 25 windows in the crown which comprise the jewels beneath the seven rays of the diadem. A crown is the traditional Symbolic form of Headgear worn by a Monarch or by a Deity, for whom the crown traditionally represents power A diadem is a type of crown, specifically an ornamental headband worn by Eastern monarchs and others as a badge of royalty The tablet which the statue holds in her left hand reads, in Roman numerals, "July 4, 1776" the day of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. A tablet is a mixture of active substances and Excipients usually in powder form pressed or compacted into a solid Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then

The Statue of Liberty was engineered to withstand heavy winds. Winds of 50 miles per hour cause the Statue to sway 3 inches (7. 62 cm) and the torch to sway 5 inches (12. 7 cm). This allows the Statue to move rather than break in high wind load conditions.

Origin of the copper

Full-size replica of the face of the Statue, seen as part of the exhibit in one of the corridors of the Statue's pedestal. Pedestal (from French piedestal, Italian piedistallo, foot of a stall is a term generally applied to the support of a Statue or a Vase Note the retention of the original copper color.

Historical records make no mention of the source of the copper used in the Statue of Liberty. In the village of Vigsnes in the municipality of Karmøy, Norway, tradition holds that the copper came from the French-owned Vigsnes Mine. Karmøy is a municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located southwest of the city of Haugesund. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional ^[19][20] Ore from this mine, refined in France and Belgium, was a significant source of European copper in the late nineteenth century. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those In 1985, Bell Labs used emission spectrography to compare samples of copper from the Visnes Mines and from the Statue of Liberty, found the spectrum of impurities to be very similar, and concluded that the evidence argued strongly for a Norwegian origin of the copper. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization Other sources say that the copper was mined in Nizhny Tagil. Nizhny Tagil (Ни́жний Таги́л is a city in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. ^[21] The copper sheets were created in the workshops of the Gaget-Gauthier company, and shaped in the Ateliers Mesureur in the west of Paris in 1878. Funding for the copper was provided by Pierre-Eugène Secrétan.

Liberty centennial

See also: Liberty Weekend

First Lady Nancy Reagan re-opens the statue to the public after the festivities. Liberty Weekend was the celebration of the (then recent restoration and centennial of the Statue of Liberty in New York City New York. Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential

The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. Cause marketing or cause-related marketing refers to a type of Marketing involving the cooperative efforts of a "for profit" business and a Non-profit A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, American Express would contribute one penny to the renovation of the statue. American Express ( sometimes known as " AmEx " or " Amex " is a diversified global Financial services company headquartered in The campaign generated contributions of $1. 7 million to the Statue of Liberty restoration project. In 1984, the statue was closed so that a $62 million renovation could be performed for the statue's centennial. A century (from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred is One hundred consecutive Years Centuries are numbered ordinally (e Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca was appointed by President Reagan to head the commission overseeing the task (but was later dismissed "to avoid any question of conflict" of interest). Chrysler LLC is an American Automobile manufacturer that has been producing Automobiles since 1925 Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca (born October 15, 1924) is an American businessman most commonly known for his revival of the ^[22] Workers erected scaffolding around the statue, obscuring it from public view until the rededication on July 3, 1986 — the scaffolding-clad statue can be seen in the 1984 film Desperately Seeking Susan, in the 1985 film Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins, and in the 1985 film Brewster's Millions. Liberty Weekend was the celebration of the (then recent restoration and centennial of the Statue of Liberty in New York City New York. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Desperately Seeking Susan is a 1985 film directed by Susan Seidelman and starring Rosanna Arquette and Madonna. Remo Williams The Adventure Begins, also released as Remo Unarmed and Dangerous, is a 1985 American Film. Brewster's Millions is a Novel written by George Barr McCutcheon in 1902 originally under the pseudonym of Richard Greaves Inside work began with workers using liquid nitrogen to remove seven layers of paint applied to the interior of the copper skin over the decades. Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of That left two layers of tar originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Tar is a viscous black Liquid derived from the Destructive distillation of organic matter Blasting with baking soda removed the tar without further damaging the copper. Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 Larger holes in the copper skin had edges smoothed then mated with new copper patches.

Each of the 1,350 shaped iron ribs backing the skin had to be removed and replaced. The iron had experienced galvanic corrosion wherever it contacted the copper skin, losing up to 50% of its thickness. Galvanic corrosion is an Electrochemical process in which one Metal Corrodes preferentially when in electrical contact with a different type of metal Bartholdi had anticipated the problem and used an asbestos/pitch combination to separate the metals, but the insulation had worn away decades before. Asbestos is a group of Minerals with long thin fibrous Crystals The word "asbestos" (῾ἀσβεστος is derived from a Greek adjective Pitch is the name for any of a number of highly viscous Liquids which appear Solid. New bars of stainless steel bent into matching shapes replaced the iron bars, with Teflon film separating them from the skin for further insulation and friction reduction. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications

The internal structure of the upraised right arm was reworked. The statue was erected with the arm offset 18" (0. 46 m) to the right and forward of Eiffel's central frame, while the head was offset 24" (0. 61 m) to the left, which had been compromising the framework. Theory held that Bartholdi made the modification without Eiffel's involvement after seeing the arm and head were too close. Engineers considered reinforcements made in 1932 insufficient and added diagonal bracing in 1984 and 1986 to make the arm structurally sound.

Besides the replacement of much of the internal iron with stainless steel and the structural reinforcement of the statue itself, the restoration of the mid-1980s also included the replacement of the original torch with a replica, replacing the original iron stairs with new stairs, installing a newer elevator within the pedestal, and upgrading climate control systems. The Statue of Liberty was reopened to the public on July 5, 1986. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar)

New torch

The statue's original torch, replaced in 1986.

A new torch replaced the original, which was deemed beyond repair because of the extensive 1916 modifications. The 1886 torch is now in the monument's lobby museum. The new torch has gold plating applied to the exterior of the "flame," which is illuminated by external lamps on the surrounding balcony platform. Gold plating is a method of depositing a thin layer of Gold onto the surface of another metal most often Copper or Silver, by chemical or electrochemical

Aftermath of 9/11

Liberty Island closed on September 11, 2001; the island reopened in December, the monument reopened on August 3, 2004, but the statue has remained closed. Liberty Island, formerly called Bedloe's Island, is a small uninhabited island in Upper New York Bay in the United States best known as the location of the Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The National Park Service claims that the statue is not shut because of a terrorist threat, but principally because of a long list of fire regulation contraventions, including inadequate evacuation procedures. The museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitors but are only accessible if visitors have a "Monument Access Pass" which is a reservation that visitors must make in advance of their visit and pick up before boarding the ferry. There are a maximum of 3000 passes available each day (with a total of 15000 visitors to the island daily). The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of Eiffel's iron framework. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( December 15, 1832 &ndash December 27, 1923; in French efɛl in English usually ˈaɪfəl was a French

Visitors to Liberty Island and the Statue are subject to restrictions, including personal searches similar to the security found in airports. Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in protecting Airports and Aircraft from Crime.

The Statue of Liberty had previously been threatened by terrorism, according to the FBI. On February 18, 1965, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced it had uncovered a plot by three commandos from the Black Liberation Front, who were allegedly connected to Cuba, and a female co-conspirator from Montreal connected with the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), seeking independence for Quebec from Canada, who were sent to destroy the statue and at least two other national monuments — the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia and the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.

In June 2006, a bill, S. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The Front de libération du Québec ( Québec Liberation Front commonly known as the FLQ, and sometimes referred to as Front de libération Québécois Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Liberty Bell, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is a bell that has served as one of the most prominent symbols of the American Revolutionary Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The Washington Monument is a large tall sand-colored Obelisk near the west end of the National Mall in Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D 3597, was proposed in Senate which, if approved, could re-open the crown and interior of the Statue of Liberty to visitors. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives ^[23] In July 2007, a similar measure was proposed in the House of Representatives. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. ^[24]

On August 9, 2006 National Park Service Director Fran P. Mainella, in a letter to Congressman Anthony D. Weiner of New York stated that the crown and interior of the statue would remain closed indefinitely. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation Fran P Mainella was the 16th Director of the National Park Service of the United States and first woman to hold that position Anthony David Weiner ( "weener" born September 4, 1964) is a Democratic Politician from New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The letter stated that "the current access patterns reflect a responsible management strategy in the best interests of all our visitors. "^[25] Critics contend that closing the Statue of Liberty indefinitely is an overreaction, and that safe access could easily be resumed under tighter security measures.

Jumps

At 2:45 p. m. on February 2, 1912, steeplejack Frederick R. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting A steeplejack is a craftsman who is prepared to scale tall buildings and in particular church steeples to carry out general repairs Law successfully performed a parachute jump from the observation platform surrounding the torch. BASE jumping is involving the use of a Parachute or the sequenced use of a Wingsuit and parachute to jump from fixed objects--with the parachute unopened at the jump It was done with the permission of the army captain administering the island. The New York Times reported that he "fell fully seventy-five feet [23 m] like a dead weight, the parachute showing no inclination whatsoever to open at first", but he then descended "gracefully", landed hard, and limped away. ^[26]

The first suicide took place on May 13, 1929. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Times reported a witness as saying the man, later identified as Ralph Gleason, crawled out through one of the windows of the crown, turned around as if to return, "seemed to slip" and "shot downward, bouncing off the breast of the statue in the plunge. " Gleason was killed when he landed on a patch of grass at the base, just a few feet from a workman who was mowing the grass. ^[27]

On August 23, 2001, French stuntman Thierry Devaux parasailed onto the monument and got hung up on the statue's torch in a bungled attempt to bungee jump from it. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Parasailing also known as parascending is a recreational activity where a person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat while attached to a specially designed Bungee jumping is an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a large elastic cord He was not hurt and was charged with four misdemeanor offenses including trespassing. A misdemeanor, or misdemeanour, in many common law legal systems is a "lesser" criminal act

Inscription

The interior of the pedestal contains a bronze plaque inscribed with the poem "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus. "The New Colossus" is a Sonnet by Emma Lazarus (1849-1887 written in 1883 and in 1903 engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the Statue Emma Lazarus ( July 22, 1849 &ndash November 19, 1887) was an American Poet born in New York City. It has never been engraved on the exterior of the pedestal, despite such depictions in editorial cartoons. ^[28]

The bronze plaque in the pedestal contains a typographical error: the comma in "Keep, ancient lands" is missing, causing that line to read "'Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!' cries she", and noticeably altering its meaning.

Replicas and derivative works

The French Statue of Liberty on the river Seine in Paris, France. Given to the city in 1889, it faces southwest, downstream along the Seine.

Main article: Replicas of the Statue of Liberty

Hundreds of other Statues of Liberty have been erected worldwide. Several smaller Replicas of the Statue of Liberty have been created worldwide

During the 1950s and 1960s, the Boy Scouts of America donated replicas of Lady Liberty to small towns across America. The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million There is a replica statue in the middle of the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg, PA. The statue is almost entirely white as viewed from US-322 East and West going past the river.

There is a sister statue in Paris and several others elsewhere in France, including one in Bartholdi's home town of Colmar, erected in 2004 to mark the centenary of Bartholdi's death; they also exist in Austria, Germany, Italy, Japan, China, and Vietnam; one existed in Hanoi during French colonial days. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi ( August 2, 1834 – October 4, 1904) was a French sculptor. Colmar (Colmar kɔlmaʁ Alsatian: Colmer pronounced; Colmar between 1871-1918 and 1940-1945 also Kolmar) is a town and commune There are replicas in theme parks and resorts, including the New York-New York Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas on the Strip, replicas created as commercial advertising, and replicas erected in U. Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally The Las Vegas Strip (also known as The Strip) is an approximately 4 mile (6 S. communities by patriotic benefactors, including no less than two hundred donated by Boy Scout troops to local communities. During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m image called the Goddess of Democracy, which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally dissimilar to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being "too openly pro-American. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two The Goddess of Democracy ( also known as the Goddess of Democracy and Freedom, the Spirit of Democracy ( minzhu jingshen) and "^[29]

In popular culture

Main article: The Statue of Liberty in popular culture

The Statue of Liberty is part of the New York State Quarter

The Statue of Liberty is on the reverse of all Presidential $1 coins

The Statue of Liberty quickly became a popular icon, featured in scores of posters, pictures, motion pictures, and books. The 50 State Quarters program ( is the release of a series of commemorative coins by the United States Mint. The Presidential $1 Coin Program is part of an Act of Congress,, which directs the United States Mint to produce $1 coins with A 1911 O. Henry story relates a fanciful conversation between "Mrs. Liberty" and another statue;^[30] it figured in 1918 Liberty Loan posters. During the 1940s and 1950s, pulp Science Fiction magazines featured Lady Liberty surrounded by ruins or by the sediments of the ages.

It has been in dozens of motion pictures. It is a setting in the 1942 Alfred Hitchcock movie Saboteur, which featured a climactic confrontation at the statue. Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 Saboteur is a 1942 Universal Film directed by Alfred Hitchcock with a screenplay written by Peter Viertel, Joan Half submerged in the sand, the Statue provided the apocalyptic revelation at the end of 1968's Planet of the Apes. Planet of the Apes is a 1968 Science fiction / thriller film directed by Franklin J The statue became a character in the 1989 film, Ghostbusters II, in which it comes to life and helps defeat the evil villain, and was the setting for the climax of the first X-Men film. Ghostbusters II is the 1989 Sequel to Ghostbusters (1984 produced and directed by Ivan Reitman. X-Men is a 2000 Superhero film based on the fictional Marvel Comics characters of the same name.

It was the subject of a 1978 University of Wisconsin-Madison prank in which Lady Liberty appeared to be standing submerged in a frozen-over local lake. ^[31] It has appeared on New York and New Jersey license plates, is used as a logo for the NHL's New York Rangers and the WNBA's New York Liberty, and it was the subject of magician David Copperfield's largest vanishing act. The National Hockey League ( NHL) is a professional Ice hockey league composed of 30 teams in North America The New York Rangers are a professional Ice hockey team based in New York, New York, United States. The New York Liberty is a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA team based in New York City. David Copperfield (born David Seth Kotkin; September 16, 1956) is a magician and illusionist ^[32]

The statue is often used as a comparative measurement (usually referring to height rather than length) in books and documentaries.

See also

References

External links

• Harper's Weekly cartoon on construction of the Statue of Liberty pedistal (NY Times 5/2/1885 On This Day citation)
• Statue of Liberty National Monument The official Historical Site handbook.
• StatueOfLiberty.info All about the Statue of Liberty—French—English.
• PBS documentary about statue of liberty
• Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation Fun facts, children's picture contest, and other information on the foundation.
• Statue of Liberty Facts
• The Statue of Liberty article by Alexandra Kollontay, 1916. Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й &mdash born Domontovich, Домонто́вич ( - March 9,
• Historical Information and Photographs
• A Palestinian version of the Statue of Liberty on the cover of "This Week in Palestine" (Ramallah), No. 95, March 2006
• Gallery Images of the Statue of Liberty
• Statue of Liberty in the Structurae database
• Statue of Liberty at the Glass Bead Network