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Statelessness is the legal and social concept of a person lacking belonging (or a legally enforceable claim) to any recognised nationality. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty Statelessness is not always the same as lack of citizenship. De jure statelessness is where there exists no recognised state in respect of which the subject has a legally meritorious basis to claim nationality. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population.

De facto statelessness is where the subject may have a legally meritorious claim but is precluded from asserting it because of practical considerations such as cost, circumstances of civil disorder, or the fear of persecution.

Spanish gypsy girls, 1917. Statelessness characterises the existence of nomadic Gypsies
Spanish gypsy girls, 1917. The Romani people in Spain are generally known as Gitanos. Spanish Roma tend to speak Caló which is basically Andalusian Spanish with a large Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Statelessness characterises the existence of nomadic Gypsies

Contents

Problems of statelessness

Common ways people may become stateless and which are addressed by the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness are:

Statelessness creates problems for states and disadvantages for those left stateless, such as:

Some advantages of statelessness:

Statelessness and refugees

Statelessness most commonly affects refugees although not all refugees are stateless, and not all stateless persons may be able to qualify as refugees. In Law an enemy alien is a citizen of a country which is in a state of conflict with the land in which he or she is located War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Refugee status entails the extra requirements that the refugee is outside their country of nationality (or country of habitual residence if stateless), and is deserving of asylum based upon a well-founded fear of persecution for categorized reasons which make him/her unwilling or unable to avail the protection of that country. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty Right of asylum (or political asylum) is an ancient Judicial notion under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his

Statelessness and children

Principle 3 of the 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child asserts that:

"The child shall be entitled from his birth to a name and a nationality. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child is the name given to a series of related Children's rights proclamations Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty "

States bound by the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child are obligated to implement policies and programs to ensure that children's families and national authorities can secure citizenship for every child in the country. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, often referred to as CRC or UNCRC, is an international convention setting out the civil political

In practice, when a child’s birth is not registered that child’s existence may not be acknowledged and the child may be denied citizenship. Some governing bodies refuse to recognize births — and therefore the existence and the nationality of some children - because of race, ethnicity, or questions of "legitimacy."

Characteristics of statelessness affect Amerasian children and young adults in Southeast Asia. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the In its original meaning an Amerasian is a person born in Asia, to a U They are commonly fathered abroad by US servicemen and mothers of Asian nationalities.

Statelessness and women

An attempt to reduce discrimination against women is made in the 1957 Convention on the Nationality of Married Women with its provisions to prevent the automatic acquisition of the husband's citizenship. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Entry into Force The Convention entered into force on August 11 1958 Purpose The Convention was done in recognition that conflicts of law It also intends to prevent women losing citizenship and becoming stateless if they marry a stateless man. A stateless person is someone with no Citizenship or Nationality. [1]

Statelessness prior to World War II

4th Century BCE Sicilian Impression of a Theatre Slave
4th Century BCE Sicilian Impression of a Theatre Slave

Statelessness characterised the status of slaves and inhabitants of conquered territories in the Greco-Roman world of antiquity. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services In modern Olympic and amateur Wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean In antiquity, statelessness could be seen to affect captive and subject populations denied full citizenship (see Roman Citizen) including those enslaved e. Citizenship in the time of Ancient Rome was a privileged status afforded to certain individuals with respect to laws property and governance g. conquered populations excluded from Roman citizenship such as the Gauls immediately following the Gallic Wars; Israelites under Babylonian captivity. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Gallic Wars were a series of Military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes, lasting from See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to

Characteristics of statelessness are seen amongst apostates and slaves in Islamic society; the former being persons shunned by or rejecting their tribal/national/ethno-religious birth identity, the latter being persons separated from that identity and subsumed into an underclass role. The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. The contemporary concept of the underclass is a sanitized term for what was known in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as the undeserving poor and may have been coined by American sociologist

Statelessness has perennially characterised the existence of Roma People by virtue of their nomadic lifestyles over centuries of traversing lands claimed by others. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins

The Office International Nansen pour les Réfugiés, was an organization of the League of Nations, which was internationally in charge of refugees from war areas from 1930 to 1939. The Office International Nansen pour les Réfugiés, was an organization of the League of Nations, which was internationally in charge of Refugees from war areas from The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Their Nansen passports, designed in 1922 by founder Fridtjof Nansen, were internationally recognized identity cards first issued by the League of Nations to stateless refugees. Nansen passports were internationally recognized identity cards first issued by the League of Nations to stateless Refugees. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (October 10 1861 – May 13 1930 was a Norwegian Explorer, Scientist and Diplomat. An identity document, also called a piece of identification ( ID) is a document used to verify aspects of a person's Identity. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race In 1942 they were honored by governments in 52 countries and were the first refugee travel documents. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race A travel document is an Identity document issued by a government or international treaty organization to facilitate the movement of individuals or small groups of persons across

UN Action addressing the problem of statelessness

Image:Unhcr1.gif

The initial focus of UN Action was the sponsorship of Conventions in 1954 (the 'Status Convention') and 1961 (the 'Reduction Convention') resulting in instruments of international law. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards Continuing action through the UNHCR encourages member states to take up ratification and address statelessness within their own borders by programs of naturalisation and co-operation with neighbouring states. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. UNHCR also conducts public education campaigns to highlight the plight of stateless communities in special need. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a

Outside of the UN, regional initiatives to address statelessness and its associated problems can be seen in multilateral treaty instruments such as the Council of Europe Convention on Reduction of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession. A multilateral treaty is a Treaty of which more than two states are parties The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949

ECOSOC, The ILC, The 1951 Refugee Convention

Migrations forced by political instability during World War II and its immediate aftermath highlighted the international dimension of the problems presented by unprecedented volumes of displaced persons including those rendered effectively stateless. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Dating from December 1948 and with the imprimatur of the world communit acting through the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at Article 15 affirms that

  1. Everyone has the right to a nationality. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais
  2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

In 1949, the International Law Commission included the topic "Nationality, including statelessness" in its list of topics of international law provisionally selected for codification. The International Law Commission was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 for the "promotion of the progressive development of international law and At the behest of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in 1950, that item was given priority. The Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC) of the United Nations assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was done on 28 July 1951, later attracting the signatures of 145 State partiesAs of late January 2005. [2]

The International Law Commission at its fifth session in 1953 produced both a Draft Convention on the Elimination of Future Statelessness, and a Draft Convention on the Reduction of Future Statelessness. The International Law Commission was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 for the "promotion of the progressive development of international law and ECOSOC approved both drafts. The Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC) of the United Nations assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation

A Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons was signed in September 1954. Surrounding Events The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. [3] It was complemented by the 'Statelessness Reduction Convention' seven years afterwards. The problem of statelessness Common ways people may become stateless and which are addressed by this Convention are Renunciation of Nationality

Status Convention

Main article: 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons

The 1954 Status Convention provided for the UNHCR to issue travel documents to stateless persons. Surrounding Events The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. Surrounding Events The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a A travel document is an Identity document issued by a government or international treaty organization to facilitate the movement of individuals or small groups of persons across It urged for stateless persons to be treated at least as fairly as aliens and in some cases to be treated the same as nationals by Contracting States (e. In US law, an alien is a legal term for a person, either a corporation or a human who is not a United States national. g. in their access to the courts, their rights to movable property, their rights to intellectual property). Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names It also acknowledged the problem of stateless seamen by urging that states should confer their citizenship on such people according to the flags of the vessels to which they are attached. Albert Einstein was a stateless person in the period 1896-1901. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical In 1933 he was affected by German race laws standing him down from his professorship. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. He renounced his German citizenship, became a refugee, and was granted asylum in the USA. German citizenship is based primarily on the principle of Jus sanguinis. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Right of asylum (or political asylum) is an ancient Judicial notion under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his The United States of America —commonly referred to as the From 1940 until his death he enjoyed dual citizenship of Switzerland and the USA. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a Citizen under the laws of more than one state. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation

Reduction Convention

Main article: 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness

The 1961 Statelessness Reduction Convention was a significant aspirational achievement in working to eliminate the problem of statelessness, or at least the problems associated with it. The problem of statelessness Common ways people may become stateless and which are addressed by this Convention are Renunciation of Nationality The problem of statelessness Common ways people may become stateless and which are addressed by this Convention are Renunciation of Nationality The Reduction Convention is binding on those states that have ratified or acceded to it and it also works to create norms and to codify and confirm principles of customary international law as they relate to nationality law existing at the time of its formation. The problem of statelessness Common ways people may become stateless and which are addressed by this Convention are Renunciation of Nationality Ratification is the act of giving official sanction or approval to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution Accession (from Lat accedere, to go to to approach in Law, a method of acquiring Property adopted from Roman law (see Accessio Customary international law are those aspects of International law that derive from custom. Nationality law is the branch of a country's legal system wherein legislation custom and court precedent combine to define the ways in which that country's Nationality and Among these would be:

Statelessness since 1961

1961 marks the year from which the UN proposed to exercise a mandate over stateless persons beyond the production of travel documents upon request for them. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security A travel document is an Identity document issued by a government or international treaty organization to facilitate the movement of individuals or small groups of persons across

In 1974, the UN General Assembly requested the UNHCR to undertake the functions foreseen under the Reduction Convention. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a The problem of statelessness Common ways people may become stateless and which are addressed by this Convention are Renunciation of Nationality

On 13 December 1975, the 1961 Convention entered into force. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The problem of statelessness Common ways people may become stateless and which are addressed by this Convention are Renunciation of Nationality There is a poor level of uptake, with only 35 state ratifications or accessions in the period to February 2007. Ratification is the act of giving official sanction or approval to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution Accession (from Lat accedere, to go to to approach in Law, a method of acquiring Property adopted from Roman law (see Accessio Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

In 1995, the UNHCR Executive Committee(ExCom) and the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) requested UNHCR to broaden its activities concerning statelessness to include all states. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a The office was also asked to gather and share information on the problem of statelessness globally, to train staff and government officials, and to regularly report back to the ExCom.

In 1996 UNHCR was asked by the UNGA to actively promote accession to the 1954 and the 1961 Conventions, as well as to provide relevant technical and advisory services pertaining to the preparation and implementation of nationality legislation to interested states. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Accession (from Lat accedere, to go to to approach in Law, a method of acquiring Property adopted from Roman law (see Accessio Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty

Regional instruments, such as the 1997 European Convention on Nationality, have also contributed to protecting the rights of stateless persons. The European Convention on Nationality ( ETS No 166 signed in Strasbourg, 6 November, 1997) is a comprehensive convention of the Council That document underlines the need of every person to have a nationality, and seeks to clarify the rights and responsibilities of states in ensuring individual access to a nationality.

The UNHCR has achieved some success in launching campaigns to prevent and reduce statelessness among formerly deported peoples in Crimea, Ukraine (Armenians, Crimean Tatars, Germans, and Greeks who were deported en masse at the close of World War II). Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [4] Another success has been the naturalization of Tajik refugees in Kyrgyzstan, as well as the participation in citizenship campaigns enabling 300,000 Estate Tamils to acquire citizenship of Sri Lanka. Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан The Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are Tamil people of Indian origin in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The UNHCR also assisted the Czech Republic to overcome the large number of stateless persons created when it separated from Slovakia. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million

An internal evaluation released in 2001 suggested that UNHCR had done little to exercise its mandate on statelessness. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a Only two individuals were tasked with overseeing work in that area at UNHCR headquarters, though field officers had been trained to address the issue. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a There was no dedicated budget line. Concerned organisations such as Refugees International have advocated for the appointment of a permanent UN Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Statelessness[5]

In 2004, ExCom invited UNHCR to pay particular attention to situations of protracted statelessness and explore with states measures that would ameliorate the situations and bring them to an end. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population.

At the beginning of 2006 the UNHCR claimed to have 'on its books' 2. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a 4 million stateless persons, and made an estimate of 11 million as the size of the stateless population worldwide. [6]

The greatest populations (over 100,000) of stateless persons are seen to be in the Dominican Republic, Ivory Coast, Congo, Syria, Iraq, Latvia and Estonia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand and Cambodia. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Statelessness is adjudged to be least significant in North America, Oceania, North Africa, Southern Africa, most of South America, and China. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Southern Africa is the Southernmost Region of the African Continent, variably defined by Geography or Geopolitics. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [7]

Palestinians comprise the largest stateless population in the world. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn [8] Abbas Shiblak Shiblak estimates that over half of the Palestinian people in the world are stateless. [9]

Famous stateless individuals

References

  1. ^ Full Text of Convention on the Nationality of Married Women
  2. ^ UNHCR in the UK - News and press
  3. ^ http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/3bbb25729.pdf
  4. ^ http://www.unhcr.org/research/RESEARCH/405ab4c74.pdf
  5. ^ Refugees International: Publications: Stateless Report
  6. ^ UNHCR - Refugees by Numbers 2006 edition
  7. ^ UNCHR, Stateless Persons and Populations at Risk of Statelessness
  8. ^ Susan Akram. Stateless Limbo. Al-Ahram Weekly. Al-Ahram ( Arabic: الأهرام, literally "The Pyramids" founded in 1875 is one of the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspapers Retrieved on 2007-09-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy.
  9. ^ Abbas Shiblak (2005). "Reflections on the Palestinian Diaspora in Europe". 'The Palestinian Diaspora in Europe: Challenges of Dual Identity and Adaptation'. Institute of Jerusalem Studies.  

See also

External links

Further reading

A stateless person is someone with no Citizenship or Nationality. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a Surrounding Events The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. The problem of statelessness Common ways people may become stateless and which are addressed by this Convention are Renunciation of Nationality Bidun jinsiya (or bidoon jinsiya) is an Arabic term meaning "without nationality Non-citizens or aliens (nepilsoņi in Latvian law are individuals who are not citizens of Latvia or any other country but who in accordance with the Latvian Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The Office International Nansen pour les Réfugiés, was an organization of the League of Nations, which was internationally in charge of Refugees from war areas from According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Refugee law is the branch of International law which deals with the rights and protection of related to but distinct from International human rights law and

Dictionary

statelessness

-noun

  1. The property of being stateless.
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