A state of matter is a class of materials, usually solid, liquid, and gas. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Ionized Plasma, Quark-gluon plasma, Bose-Einstein condensate and fermionic condensate are other less commonly known states of matter. In Physics and Chemistry, plasma is an Ionized Gas, in which a certain proportion of Electrons are free rather than being bound A quark-gluon plasma (QGP is a phase of Quantum chromodynamics (QCD which exists at extremely high Temperature and/or Density. A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC is a State of matter of Bosons confined in an external Potential and cooled to Temperatures very near to A fermionic condensate is a Superfluid phase formed by Fermionic particles at low Temperatures It is closely related to the Bose-Einstein A state of matter is also referred to as a physical state and often erroneously described as a phase. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties There is a classic general science description of each of the phases: A solid is a material that maintains its shape and its volume; a liquid maintains its volume but takes on the shape of its container; A gas takes on both the shape and volume of its container. Bose-Einstein condensate and fermionic condensate are currently achievable at near absolute zero temperatures in laboratory settings. Absolute zero is the point at which molecules do not move (relative to the rest of the body more than they are required to by a quantum mechanical effect called Zero-point Both kinds of plasma are achieved at very high temperatures, and behave as gases. Quark-gluon plasmas exist at such high temperatures and pressures that they are unlikely to exist outside of laboratory conditions since shortly after the Big Bang. The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation.
Contents |
Solids
Materials that are solids have a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. In a solid, the particles are packed closely together, they cannot move freely, they can only vibrate. The movement energy and temperature are very low. Solids can only change their shape by force, such as breaking or cutting a solid object.
Liquids
Materials that are liquids do not have a definite shape. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of The shape of a liquid is determined by the container in which it is contained. The volume is definite. In a liquid, the particles are farther apart, and they can slide past each other easily. The movement energy and temperature, in comparison to a solid, are higher.
Gases
Materials that are gases have an indefinite, unstable shape. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter The volume is determined by the container that is closely sealed. In a gas, the particles are far apart from each other, and they can move around quickly. The movement energy and temperature are the higher than those of both solids and liquids.
Plasmas
Plasmas are known as the fourth state of matter. In Physics and Chemistry, plasma is an Ionized Gas, in which a certain proportion of Electrons are free rather than being bound They are "hotter" than gas. A plasma occurs when the temperature is between 1000 degrees C and 1,000,000,000 degrees C. Some examples of plasma are flames, lightning, aurora (northern lights), neon lights, and stars, including our own sun. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System.
Ions are chemical species that contain unequal number of electrons and protons, and therefore possess an electrical charge. Chemical species are Atoms Molecules molecular fragments Ions etc As plasmas are heated, electrons begin to leave the charged species, resulting in the presence of free electrons, which are not bound to an atom or molecule. The free electric charges make the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields. At very high temperatures, such as those present in stars, it is assumed that essentially all electrons are "free," and that a very high energy plasma is essentially bare nuclei swimming in a sea of electrons. The most common state of matter in the universe is believed to be plasma.
Bose-Einstein condensate
In 1924, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted the "Bose-Einstein condensate," the fifth state of matter. A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC is a State of matter of Bosons confined in an external Potential and cooled to Temperatures very near to Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Satyendra Nath Bose (/sɐθjinðrɐ nɑθ bos/ সত্যেন্দ্র নাথ বসু ( January 1, 1894 &ndash February 4, 1974 An example is helium-4 close to absolute zero in the superfluid state, in which it will attempt to 'climb' out of its container. Superfluidity is a phase of matter or description of Heat capacity in which unusual effects are observed when Liquids, typically of Helium-4 [1]
In the gas phase, the Bose-Einstein condensate remained an unverified theoretical prediction for many years. Finally in 1995, Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students produced such a condensate experimentally. A Bose-Einstein condensate is "colder" than a solid. It occurs when atoms have very similar (or the same) quantum levels. Quantum levels are fixed levels with a logarithmic, descending Quantum pattern in the visible spectrum of Light that can be observed through a Spectrometer Temperatures close to absolute zero (-273 °C) will exhibit the Bose-Einstein condensate. Absolute zero is the point at which molecules do not move (relative to the rest of the body more than they are required to by a quantum mechanical effect called Zero-point
Changes in states of matter
a solid → a liquid = melting (heat energy added) e. g. ice melts to water
a liquid → a gas = evaporation (heat energy added) e. g. water to water vapour
a solid → a gas = sublimation (heat energy added) e. g. dried ice (frozen CO2) to carbon dioxide
a gas → a liquid = condensation (heat energy removed) e. g. cloud to rain
a liquid → a solid = solidification (heat energy removed) e. g. water to ice
a gas → a solid = deposition (heat energy removed) e. g. water vapour to frost
Other examples of states of matter
Under extremely high pressure, ordinary matter undergoes a transition to a series of exotic states of matter collectively known as degenerate matter. This is a list of the different States of matter (including the more exotic Degenerate matter is matter which has sufficiently high Density that the dominant contribution to its Pressure rises from the Pauli Exclusion These are of great interest to astrophysics, because these high-pressure conditions are believed to exist inside stars that have used up their nuclear fusion "fuel", such as white dwarves and neutron stars. Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth In Physics and Nuclear chemistry, nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple- like charged atomic nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus A white dwarf, also called a degenerate dwarf, is a small Star composed mostly of Electron-degenerate matter. A neutron star is a type of remnant that can result from the Gravitational collapse of a massive Star during a Type II, Type Ib or Type
When in a normal solid state, the atoms of matter align themselves in a grid pattern, so that the spin of any electron is the opposite of the spin of all electrons touching it. But in a string-net liquid, atoms are arranged in some pattern which would require some electrons to have neighbors with the same spin. String-net liquid is the phrase used for a hypothetical State of matter in which the atoms do not line up in opposing "spins" but in a more erratic order as This gives rise to some curious properties, as well as supporting some unusual proposals about the fundamental conditions of the universe, itself.
One of the metastable states of strongly non ideal plasma is Rydberg matter which forms upon condensation of excited atoms. Rydberg matter is a metastable state of highly excited atoms (see Rydberg atom) which are condensed in a solid- or liquid-like very low density matter These atoms can also turn into ions and electrons if they reach a certain temperature.
See also
References
- ^ The QI Book of General Ignorance, 3. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties Condensed matter physics is the field of Physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of Matter. A cooling curve is a line Graph that represents the change of phase of Matter, typically from either a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid See Superheater for the device used in Steam engines In Physics, superheating (sometimes referred to as boiling retardation
External links
- 2005-06-22, MIT News: MIT physicists create new form of matter Citat: ". . . They have become the first to create a new type of matter, a gas of atoms that shows high-temperature superfluidity. "
- 2003-10-10, Science Daily: Metallic Phase For Bosons Implies New State Of Matter
- 2004-01-15, ScienceDaily: Probable Discovery Of A New, Supersolid, Phase Of Matter Citat: ". . . We apparently have observed, for the first time, a solid material with the characteristics of a superfluid. . . but because all its particles are in the identical quantum state, it remains a solid even though its component particles are continually flowing. . . "
- 2004-01-29, ScienceDaily: NIST/University Of Colorado Scientists Create New Form Of Matter: A Fermionic Condensate
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic