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This article is about extreme malnutrition. Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. For other uses, see Starvation (disambiguation).
Starvation
Classification and external resources
A female child during the Nigerian-Biafran war of the late 1960s, shown suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War, 6 July 1967 &ndash 13 January 1970 was a political conflict caused by the attempted Secession
ICD-10 T73.0
ICD-9 994.2
DiseasesDB 12415
MeSH D013217
Starved Vietnamese man, who was deprived of food in a Viet Cong prison camp.
Starved Vietnamese man, who was deprived of food in a Viet Cong prison camp. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings S00-T14 - Injury (S00-S09 Head ( Superficial Injury of head ( Superficial injury of The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially

Starvation is a severe reduction in vitamin, nutrient, and energy intake, and is the most extreme form of malnutrition. A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. In humans, prolonged starvation (in excess of 1-2 months) causes permanent organ damage and, eventually, death. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, more than 25,000 people died of starvation every day in 2003,[1] and as of 2001 to 2003, about 800 million people were chronically undernourished. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. [2][1] Scientists say millions of people face starvation following an outbreak of a deadly new strain of blight, known as Ug99, which is spreading across the wheat fields of Africa and Asia. Blight refers to a specific Symptom affecting Plants in response to infection by a Pathogenic Organism. The stem, black or cereal rusts are caused by the Fungus Puccinia graminis and are a significant disease affecting cereal crops Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. [3]

Contents

Symptoms

Individuals experiencing starvation lose substantial fat (a. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water k. a. adipose) and muscle mass as the body breaks down these tissues for energy. "Adipose" redirects here For the Doctor Who monster see " Partners in Crime " Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Catabolysis is the process (medical condition) of a body breaking down muscles and other tissues in order to keep vital systems—such as the nervous system and heart muscle (myocardium) —working. Catabolysis is a Biological process in which the body will break down Fat and Muscle tissue in order to stay alive The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Myocardium is the muscular tissue of the Heart. Relationship to other layers The other tissues of the heart are the Endocardium Catabolysis will not begin until there are no usable sources of energy coming into the body. Vitamin deficiency is also a common result of starvation, often resulting in anemia, beriberi, pellagra, and scurvy. Avitaminosis is any Disease caused by chronic or long-term Vitamin deficiency or caused by a defect in metabolic conversion such as tryptophan to niacin Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative Beriberi (pronounced Berry-berry) is a Nervous system ailment caused by Thiamine (vitamin B1 deficiency Pellagra is a Vitamin Deficiency disease caused by dietary lack of Niacin (B3 and Protein, especially proteins containing the Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans These diseases collectively may cause diarrhea, skin rashes, edema, and heart failure. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea A rash is a change of the Skin which affects its color appearance or Texture. Oedema (or Edema in American English formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of Interstitial fluid in any organ &mdash swelling Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply Individuals are often irritable and lethargic as a result. Irritation or exacerbation, in Biology and Physiology, is a state of Inflammation or painful reaction to Allergy or cell-lining damage

Atrophy (wasting away) of the stomach weakens the perception of hunger, since the perception is controlled by the percentage of the stomach that is empty. Atrophy is the partial or complete Wasting away of a part of the Body. Victims of starvation are often too weak to sense thirst, and therefore become dehydrated. Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object

All movements become painful due to atrophy of the muscles, and due to dry, cracked skin caused by severe dehydration. With a weakened body, diseases are commonplace. Fungi, for example, often grows under the esophagus, making swallowing unbearably painful. The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in

The energy defiency inherent in starvation causes fatigue and renders the victim more apathetic over time. Interaction with one's surroundings diminishes as the starving person becomes too weak to move or even eat.

Recovery

Low-volume, high-density food is provided slowly to sufferers of severe malnutrition, concurrently with water and control of diseases. Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. The atrophic stomach is unable to accept large quantities of food. Organs and tissues weakened by starvation may, in a manner similar to that of a heart attack, rupture if food is provided too quickly. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply This can potentially cause death.

Biochemistry of starvation

The glycogen storage is used up and the level of insulin in the circulation is low and the level of glucagon is very high. Glycogen is a Polysaccharide of Glucose (Glc which functions as the secondary short term energy storage in Animal cells Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance Glucagon is an important Hormone involved in Carbohydrate metabolism. The main means of energy production is lipolysis. Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells During this process Free fatty acids are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body The TCA cycle helps the gluconeogenesis convert glycerol and fatty acids the acetyl CoA produces the energy used. The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (or rarely the Szent-Györgyi–Krebs cycle In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Two systems of energy enter the gluconeogenesis, proteolysis provides alanine and Lactate produced from pyruvate. Proteolysis is the directed degradation ( digestion) of Proteins by cellular Enzymes called Proteases or by intramolecular digestion Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2CH3 Lactic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid) also known as milk acid, is a Chemical compound that plays a role Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H is an alpha-keto acid. The Carboxylate Anion of pyruvic acid is known as pyruvate. Too much Acetyl CoA produces ketone bodies, which can be detected in an urine exam. Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when Fatty acids are broken down for energy in the Liver and Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. The brain starts to use ketone bodies as a source of energy. Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when Fatty acids are broken down for energy in the Liver and

Psychological effects of starvation

Through several reports and studies, scientists have discovered that starvation has many psychological effects on a person, in addition to its physiological effects. [4] The most extensive and informative study on starvation's psychological effects is called the Minnesota Starvation-Rehabilitation Experiment, which was carried out from 1944-1946. The Minnesota Starvation Experiment, also known as the Minnesota Semi-Starvation Experiment the Minnesota Starvation-Recovery Experiment and the Starvation Study was a clinical study The subjects of this experiment were thirty-two healthy conscientious objectors, ages twenty to thirty-three. [4] Subjects experienced three phases of the experiment: twelve weeks of control period, twenty four weeks of semistarvation, and then twelve weeks of rehabilitation. During the control experiments the subjects were given 3,492 calories, during the period of semistarvation the calories were decreased to 1,570, and during the period of rehabilitation they were re-increased to normal levels. During the period of semistarvation, subjects were fed foods most likely consumed in European famine areas. [4] The results of the starvation experiment were tested in many ways. According to Josef Brozek, author of Psychology of Human Starvation and Nutritional Rehabilitation, studies "ranged from intelligence and personality tests through ratings to purely descriptive material, provided by the experimenters' notes and diaries kept by the subjects". [4] According to subjects of the semistarvation experiment, tiredness was the worst effect of the low calorie intake, followed by appetite, muscle soreness, irritability, apathy, sensitivity to noise, and hunger pain. [4] Standard personality tests revealed that the starving individuals experienced a large rise in the "neurotic triad" -- hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria. Hypochondriasis (or hypochondria, sometimes referred to as health phobia) refers to an excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious illness In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe Hysteria in its colloquial use describes a state of Mind, one of unmanageable Fear or Emotional excesses Also, the subjects of the experiment noticed a marked decrease in the drive for activity, and a remarkable decrease in sex drive. [4] In peer evaluations, other experiment subjects noted great changes in subjects' personalities during the period of semistarvation. In interviews years later, subjects reported that they felt that they had not returned to normal by the end of the three month recovery period. [5] Subjects' own estimates of the time it took for recovery ranged from two months to two years. [5] Many subjects reported that they grossly overate and put on fat after the experiment due to the urge to eat. [5]

Organizations Working to End Starvation

Many organizations have been highly effective at reducing starvation in different regions. Aid agencies give direct assistance to individuals, while political organizations pressure political leaders to enact policies that will reduce famine and provide aid.

Common causes of starvation

Child victim of the Holodomor.
Child victim of the Holodomor. The Holodomor (Голодомор is the famine that took place in Soviet Ukraine during the 1932-1933 agricultural season

Capital punishment

The starving Livilla refusing food.From a drawing by André Castagne
The starving Livilla refusing food. Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric Diagnosis that describes an Eating disorder characterized by low Body weight and Body image distortion Bulimia nervosa is an Eating disorder characterized by recurrent Binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors referred to as "purging" Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness. A crash diet is a diet which is extreme in its nutritional deprivations typically severely restricting Calorie intake Peer Pressure is a term describing the pressure exerted by a Peer group in encouraging a person to change their Attitude, Behavior and/or Morals Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc All diseases that pertain to the Gastrointestinal tract are labelled as digestive diseases. A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and
From a drawing by André Castagne

Starvation has also historically been used as a death sentence. From the beginning of civilization through to the Middle Ages people were immured, or starved to death. Immurement is a form of Execution where a person is walled up within a building and left to die from Starvation or Dehydration.

In ancient Greco-Roman societies, starvation was sometimes used to dispose of guilty upper class citizens, especially erring female members of patrician families. For instance, in the year 31, Livilla, the niece and daughter-in-law of Tiberius, was discreetly starved to death by her mother for her adulterous relationship with Sejanus and for her complicity in the murder of her own husband, Drusus the Younger. Year 31 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. (Claudia Livia Julia ( Classical Latin: LIVIA•IVLIA most commonly known by her family nickname of Livilla (the "little Livia" Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman Lucius Aelius Seianus (20 BC &ndash October 18 31 AD commonly known as Sejanus, was an ambitious soldier friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius Nero Claudius Drusus, later Drusus Julius Caesar (his adoptive name (13 BC- September 14 23) was the only child of Roman Emperor Tiberius

Another daughter-in-law of Tiberius, named Agrippina the Elder (a granddaughter of Augustus and the mother of Caligula) also died of starvation, in 33 (however, it is not clear if she voluntary starved herself to death or if she was forced to). Julia Vipsania Agrippina ( Classical Latin: AGRIPPINA•GERMANICI (14 BC – 18 October 33) most commonly known as Agrippina Major Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor Year 33 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.

A son and a daughter of Agrippina were also executed by starvation for political reasons; Drusus Caesar, her second son, was put in prison in 33 and starved to death on the orders of Tiberius (he managed to stay alive for nine days by chewing the stuffing of his bed); Agrippina's youngest daughter, called Julia Livilla, was exiled on an island in 41 by her uncle, the emperor Claudius, and not much later, her death by starvation was arranged by the empress Messalina. Drusus Julius Caesar, also referred to as Drusus III (7 &ndash 33 was a member of a noble family of Ancient Rome. Julia Livilla ( Classical Latin: IVLIA•LIVILLA or IVLIA•GERMANICI•FILIA ( Lesbos, early 18 - Pandateria (modern Ventotene Year 41 was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to

Execution by starvation was also a possible punishment for Vestal Virgins found guilty of breaking their vows. In Ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins ( sacerdos Vestalis) were the virgin Holy female Priests of Vesta, the Goddess of the

Maximilian Kolbe, a Polish friar, offered his life to save another inmate sentenced to death in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Biography Maximilian Kolbe was born in January 1894 in Zduńska Wola, which was at that time part of the Russian Empire. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany He was starved along with another nine inmates. After two weeks of starvation he and three other inmates were still alive and executed with injections of phenol. Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell"

Ugolino della Gherardesca, his sons and other members of his family were immured in the Muda, a tower of Pisa, and starved to death in the thirteenth century. Ugolino della Gherardesca (c 1220 &ndash March 1289 count of Donoratico was an Italian noble and naval commander head of the powerful family of della The Torre dei Gualandi or Muda Tower was a tower in Pisa, Italy and now forms part of the Palazzo dell'Orologio. Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. Dante, his contemporary, wrote about Gherardesca in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. The Divine Comedy

In Sweden in 1317, the king Birger of Sweden had his two brothers locked up in the prison. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Birger Magnusson (1280 &ndash May 31, 1321) was hailed king of Sweden when he was four years old They died a few weeks later because of starvation; their sentence was a punishment for a coup they staged several years earlier. This was called the Nyköping Banquet. The Nyköping banquet (Swedish Nyköpings gästabud) was king Birger of Sweden 's Christmas celebration December 11 1317

In Cornwall in 1671, there is a recorded case of a man by the name of John Trehenban from St Columb Major who was condemned to be starved to death in a cage at Castle An Dinas for the murder of two girls. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar John Trehenban (pronounced TREM-on (1650 - 1671 of St Columb Major in Cornwall, United Kingdom was a murderer sentenced to imprisonment in a cage St Columb Major (Sen Kolomm Veur often simply called St Columb, is a town in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, to the south west of

Treatment

Severe starving patients may be treated, but they must be treated cautiously or shock may happen. Patients should be started on small quantities of sugared water, followed by diluted milk, and then whole milk. Only when they are able to digest these liquids, then simple foods may be given.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kirby, Alex (2003-03-05). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a UN warns of future water crisis. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
  2. ^ The spectrum of malnutrition (pdf). Food and Agricultural Organization (2001-10-05). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
  3. ^ "Billions at risk from wheat super-blight" (2007-04-03). New Scientist Magazine (issue 2598).  
  4. ^ a b c d e f Brozek, Josef. "Psychology of Human Starvation and Nutritional Rehabilitation. " The Scientific Monthly 70 (1950): 270-274.
  5. ^ a b c Kalm LM, Semba RD (2005), They starved so that others be better fed: remembering Ancel Keys and the Minnesota experiment. Journal of Nutrition, Volume 135, Issue 6, Pages 1347-1352. Retrieved on September 13, 2007. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  6. ^ Australian Idol Starlet: Shocking Anorexic Revelations

External links

Dictionary

starvation

-noun

  1. a condition of severe suffering due to a lack of nutrition.

-adjective

  1. likely to cause starving
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