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The Right Honourable
 The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley 
KG, PC
Stanley Baldwin
In office
7 June 1935 – 28 May 1937
Monarch George V
Edward VIII
George VI
Preceded by Ramsay MacDonald
Succeeded by Neville Chamberlain
In office
4 November 1924 – 5 June 1929
Monarch George V
Preceded by Ramsay MacDonald
Succeeded by Ramsay MacDonald
In office
23 May 1923 – 16 January 1924
Monarch George V
Preceded by Andrew Bonar Law
Succeeded by Ramsay MacDonald
In office
27 October 1922 – 27 August 1923
Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law
Preceded by Robert Stevenson Horne
Succeeded by Neville Chamberlain
Born 3 August 1867(1867-08-03)
Bewdley, Worcestershire, United Kingdom
Died 14 December 1947 (aged 80)
Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire, United Kingdom
Political party Conservative
Spouse Lucy Ridsdale
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Profession Industrialist
Religion Anglican

Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 – 14 December 1947) was a British statesman and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 &ndash 30 October 1923 was a Canadian -born British Conservative Party statesman and Prime Minister. James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 &ndash 30 October 1923 was a Canadian -born British Conservative Party statesman and Prime Minister. Robert Stevenson Horne 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan, GBE, PC, KC ( 28 February 1871 &ndash 3 September 1940 Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Bewdley ( pronunciation) is a small Town in Worcestershire, England, along the Severn Valley a few miles to the west of Worcestershire (ˈwʊstəʃə abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Stourport-on-Severn, often shortened to Stourport, is a Town in north Worcestershire, England, a few miles to the south of Kidderminster Worcestershire (ˈwʊstəʃə abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Lucy Baldwin Countess Baldwin of Bewdley ( née Ridsdale 1869 &ndash 17 June 1945) was the wife of British Prime Minister Stanley Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. A business magnate, sometimes referred to as a mogul, tycoon, baron, or industrialist, is a person who has reached a prominent place in The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom

Contents

Early life

Born at Lower Park House, Lower Park, Bewdley in Worcestershire, England, Baldwin was educated at St Michael's School, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Bewdley ( pronunciation) is a small Town in Worcestershire, England, along the Severn Valley a few miles to the west of Worcestershire (ˈwʊstəʃə abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Hawtreys Preparatory School was an independent boys' preparatory school first established in Slough, later moved to Westgate-on-Sea, then Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. His university career was blighted by the presence, as Master of Trinity, of a former schoolmaster who had punished him at Harrow for writing a piece of schoolboy smut. He was asked to resign from the Magpie & Stump (the Trinity College Debating Society) for never speaking, and after receiving a third-class degree in history went into the family business. The British undergraduate degree classification system is a grading scheme for Undergraduate degrees ( Bachelor's degrees and some Master's degrees As a young man he served very briefly as a Second Lieutenant in the Artillery Volunteers. Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. He married Lucy Ridsdale on 12 September 1892. Lucy Baldwin Countess Baldwin of Bewdley ( née Ridsdale 1869 &ndash 17 June 1945) was the wife of British Prime Minister Stanley Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year

He proved to be very adept at the family business of iron manufacturing, and acquired a reputation as a modernising industrialist. Later he inherited £200,000 and a directorship of the Great Western Railway upon the death of his father Alfred Baldwin in 1908. The Great Western Railway ( GWR) was a British railway company and a notable example of Civil engineering, linking London with the West Alfred Baldwin (4 June 1841 &ndash 13 February 1908 was an English businessman and Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP

Early political career

In the 1906 general election he contested Kidderminster but lost amidst the Conservative landslide defeat after the party split on the issue of free trade. The United Kingdom general election of 1906 was held from 12 January to 8 February 1906 Kidderminster was a County constituency in Worcestershire, represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. In 1908 he succeeded his father as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bewdley. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Bewdley was the name of a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1605 until 1950 During the First World War he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Conservative leader Andrew Bonar Law and in 1917 he was appointed to the junior ministerial post of Financial Secretary to the Treasury where he sought to encourage voluntary donations by the rich in order the repay the United Kingdom's war debt, notably writing to The Times under the pseudonym 'FST'. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All A Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS) is a role given to a United Kingdom Member of Parliament (MP by a senior minister in government or shadow Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 &ndash 30 October 1923 was a Canadian -born British Conservative Party statesman and Prime Minister. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In the United Kingdom, there are at five Secretaries to the Treasury, officials officially acting as secretaries to the Treasury board The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. He personally donated one fifth of his quite small fortune. He served jointly with Sir Hardman Lever, who had been appointed in 1916, but after 1919 Baldwin carried out the duties largely alone. He was appointed to the Privy Council in the 1920 Birthday Honours. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. In 1921 he was promoted to the Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade. The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007

In late 1922 dissatisfaction was steadily growing within the Conservative Party over its coalition with the Liberal David Lloyd George. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only At a meeting of Conservative MPs at the Carlton Club in October Baldwin announced that he would no longer support the coalition and famously condemned Lloyd George for being a "dynamic force" that was bringing destruction across politics. The Carlton Club is a gentlemen's club in London. It was founded in 1832 by Tory Peers, MPs and Gentlemen, as a place The meeting chose to leave the coalition, against the wishes of most of the party leadership. As a result Bonar Law, the new Conservative leader, was forced to search for new ministers for his Cabinet and so promoted Baldwin to the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer. Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 &ndash 30 October 1923 was a Canadian -born British Conservative Party statesman and Prime Minister. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial In the November 1922 general election the Conservatives were returned with a majority in their own right. The UK general election of 1922 was held on 15 November 1922 It was the first election held after most of the Irish counties left the United Kingdom to form the Irish

Prime Minister (1923–1924)

In May 1923 Bonar Law was diagnosed with terminal cancer and retired immediately. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. With many of the party's senior leading figures standing aloof and outside of the government, there were only two candidates to succeed him: Lord Curzon, the Foreign Secretary, and Baldwin. George Nathaniel Curzon 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC ( 11 January 1859 &ndash 20 March The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the The choice formally fell to King George V acting on the advice of senior ministers and officials. It is not entirely clear what factors proved most crucial, but some Conservative politicians felt that Curzon was unsuitable for the role of Prime Minister because he was a member of the House of Lords (though this did not stop other lords being seriously considered for the premiership on subsequent occasions). The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" Curzon's lack of experience in domestic affairs, his personal character (found objectionable), and his aristocratic background at a time when the Conservative Party was seeking to shed its patrician image were all deemed impediments. Much weight at the time was given to the intervention of Arthur Balfour. Arthur James Balfour 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC (25 July 1848 - 19 March 1930 was a British Conservative politician and

The King turned to Baldwin to become Prime Minister. Initially Baldwin was also Chancellor of the Exchequer whilst he sought to recruit the former Liberal Chancellor Reginald McKenna to join the government. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Reginald McKenna ( 6 July 1863 &ndash 6 September 1943) was a Liberal British statesman When this failed he appointed Neville Chamberlain. Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The Conservatives now had a clear majority in the House of Commons and could govern for five years before holding a general election, but Baldwin felt bound by Bonar Law's pledge at the previous election that there would be no introduction of tariffs without a further election. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary With the country facing growing unemployment in the wake of free-trade imports driving down prices and profits, Baldwin decided to call an early general election in December 1923 to seek a mandate to introduce protectionist tariffs and thus drive down unemployment. The UK general election of 1923 was held on 6 December 1923 The Conservatives, led by Stanley Baldwin, won the most seats but Labour, led by For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party [1] Protection was not universally popular in the Conservative Party: "one must speak of the election being fought by a divided party. "[2] The election outcome was inconclusive: the Conservatives had 258 MPs, Labour 191 and the reunited Liberals 159. Whilst the Conservatives retained a plurality in the House of Commons, they had been clearly defeated on the central election issue of tariffs. Baldwin remained Prime Minister until the opening session of the new Parliament in January 1924, at which time the government was defeated in a motion of confidence vote. A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or He resigned immediately.

Leader of the Opposition

Baldwin successfully held onto the party leadership despite calls for his resignation by some in the party. [3] For the next ten months, an unstable minority Labour government under Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald held office. James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United On 13 March the Labour government was defeated for the first time in the Commons, although the Conservatives decided to vote with Labour later that day against the Liberals. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. [4] During a debate on the naval estimates the Conservatives opposed Labour but supported them on 18 March in a vote on cutting expenditure on the Singapore military base. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor [5] Baldwin also cooperated with MacDonald over Irish policy in order to stop it becoming a party political issue. [6][7]

The Labour government were negotiating with the Soviet government over what was called the Russian Treaties: a commercial treaty with most favoured nation privileges and diplomatic status for their trade delegation; and a treaty that would settle the claims of pre-revolutionary British bondholders and holders of confiscated property, after which the British government would guarantee a loan to the Soviet Union. Most favoured nation (MFN also called Normal Trade Relations in the United States, is a status awarded by one Nation to another in International [8] Baldwin decided to vote against the government over the Russian Treaties, which brought the government down on 8 October. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses [9]

The general election held in October 1924 brought a landslide majority of 223 for the Conservative party, primarily at the expense of the now terminally declining Liberals. The 1924 UK general election was held on 29 October 1924 The Conservatives, led by Stanley Baldwin performed dramatically better in electoral terms than in Baldwin campaigned on the "impracticability" of socialism, the Campbell Case, the Zinoviev Letter (which Baldwin thought was genuine) and the Russian Treaties. The Campbell Case of 1924 was instrumental in bringing down the first Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald. The " Zinoviev Letter " is a 1924 letter that was allegedly addressed from Grigori Zinoviev, president of the presidium of the Executive Committee of the Communist [10] In a speech during the campaign Baldwin said:

It makes my blood boil to read of the way which Mr. Zinoviev is speaking of the Prime Minister today. Though one time there went up a cry, "Hands off Russia", I think it's time somebody said to Russia, "Hands off England". [11]

Prime Minister (1924–1929)

Baldwin's new Cabinet now included many former political associates of Lloyd George: former Coalition Conservatives Austen Chamberlain (as Foreign Secretary), Lord Birkenhead (Secretary for India) and Arthur Balfour (Lord President after 1925), and the former Liberal Winston Churchill as Chancellor of the Exchequer. This period included the General Strike of 1926, a crisis that the government managed to weather, despite the havoc it caused throughout the UK. The UK General Strike of 1926 was a General strike that lasted nine days from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Baldwin created the Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies, a volunteer body of those opposed to the srike which was intended to complete essential work. Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies was a government based scheme that was created in order to aid the people of Britain during the General Strike of 1926. [12]

At Baldwin's instigation Lord Weir headed a committee to "review the national problem of electrical energy". William Douglas Weir 1st Viscount Weir GCB (1877 - 1959 was a Scottish industrialist born in Glasgow. A committee (some of which are titled instead as a "Commission" or other terms discussed below in) is a type of small Deliberative assembly that is usually intended It published its report on 14 May 1925 and in it Weir recommended the setting up of a Central Electricity Board, a state monopoly half-financed by the Government and half by local undertakings. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom Central Electricity Board was set up under The Electricity (Supply Act 1926 to standardise the nation's electricity supply. Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at Baldwin accepted Weir's recommendations and they became law by the end of 1926. The Board was a success. By 1939 electrical output was up fourfold and generating costs had fallen. Consumers of electricity rose from three-quarters of a million in 1920 to nine million in 1938, with annual growth of 7–800,000 a year (the fastest rate of growth in the world). [13]

Leader of the Opposition

In 1929 Labour returned to office, the largest party in the House of Commons (although without an overall majority) despite obtaining fewer votes than the Conservatives. The 1929 UK general election was held on 30 May 1929 and resulted in a Hung parliament. In opposition, Baldwin was almost ousted as party leader by the press barons Lords Rothermere and Beaverbrook, whom he accused of enjoying "power without responsibility, the prerogative of the harlot throughout the ages".

Lord President of the Council

By 1931 Baldwin and the Conservatives entered into a coalition with Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. This decision led to MacDonald's expulsion from his own party, and Baldwin, as Lord President of the Council became de facto Prime Minister deputising for the increasingly senile MacDonald, until he once again officially became Prime Minister in 1935. The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Treasurer and above Dementia (from Latin de- "apart away" + Mens ( genitive mentis) "mind" is the progressive decline His government then secured with great difficulty the passage of the landmark Government of India Act 1935, in the teeth of opposition from Winston Churchill, whose views enjoyed much support among rank-and-file Conservatives. The Government of India Act 1935 ( 26 Geo 5 & 1 Edw 8 c 2) was the last pre-independence constitution of the British Raj.

Disarmament

Baldwin did not advocate total disarmament but believed that "great armaments lead inevitably to war". [14] However he came to believe that, as he put it on 9 November, 1932: "the time has now come to an end when Great Britain can proceed with unilateral disarmament". [15] On 10 November 1932 Baldwin said:

I think it is well also for the man in the street to realise that there is no power on earth that can protect him from being bombed. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Whatever people may tell him, the bomber will always get through, The only defence is in offence, which means that you have to kill more women and children more quickly than the enemy if you want to save yourselves. The bomber will always get through was a phrase used by Stanley Baldwin in a speech to the British Parliament in 1932 I find myself at the close of a most . . If the conscience of the young men should ever come to feel, with regard to this one instrument [bombing] that it is evil and should go, the thing will be done; but if they do not feel like that – well, as I say, the future is in their hands. But when the next war comes, and European civilisation is wiped out, as it will be, and by no force more than that force, then do not let them lay blame on the old men. Let them remember that they, principally, or they alone, are responsible for the terrors that have fallen upon the earth. [16]

This speech was often used against Baldwin as allegedly demonstrating the futility of rearmament or disarmament, depending on the critic. [17]

With the second part of the Disarmament Conference starting in January 1933, Baldwin attempted to see through his hope of air disarmament. [18] However he became alarmed at Britain's lack of defence against air raids and German rearmament, saying it "would be a terrible thing, in fact, the beginning of the end". [19] In April 1933 the Cabinet agreed to follow through with the construction of the Singapore military base. Singapore [20] On 15 September 1933 the German delegate at the Disarmament Conference refused to return to the Conference and Germany left altogether in October. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On 6 October Baldwin, in a speech to the Conservative Party Conference in Birmingham, pleaded for a Disarmament Convention and then said:

. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus . . when I speak of a Disarmament Convention I do not mean disarmament on the part of this country and not on the part of any other. I mean the limitation of armaments as a real limitation. . . and if we find ourselves on some lower rating and that some other country has higher figures, that country has to come down and we have to go up until we meet. [21]

On 14 October Germany left the League of Nations. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces The Cabinet decided on 23 October that Britain should still attempt to cooperate with other states, including Germany, in international disarmament. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - [22] However between mid-September 1933 and the beginning of 1934 Baldwin's mind changed from hoping for disarmament to favouring rearmament, including parity in aircraft. [23] In late 1933 and early 1934 he rejected an invitation from Hitler to meet him, believing that visits to foreign capitals were the job of Foreign Secretaries. [24] On 8 March 1934 Baldwin defended the creation of four new squadrons for the Royal Air Force against Labour criticisms and said of international disarmament:

If all our efforts for an agreement fail, and if it is not possible to obtain this equality in such matters as I have indicated, then any Government of this country—a National Government more than any, and this Government—will see to it that in air strength and air power this country shall no longer be in a position inferior to any country within striking distance of our shores. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [25]

On 29 March 1934 Germany published its defence estimates' which showed a total increase of one-third and an increase of 250% in its air force. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [26]

A series of by-elections with massive swings against government candidates—most famous was Fulham East with a 26. The Fulham East By-election, in Fulham, on 25 October 1933 was held after Conservative Member of Parliament 5% swing—in late 1933 and early 1934 convinced Baldwin that the British public was profoundly pacifist. [27] Baldwin also rejected the "belligerent" views of those like Churchill and Robert Vansittart because he believed that the Nazis were rational men who would appreciate the logic of mutual and equal deterrence. Robert Gilbert Vansittart 1st Baron Vansittart, GCB, GCMG (1881 - 1957 was a senior British diplomat in the period before and during World War II [28] He also believed war to be "the most fearful terror and prostitution of man's knowledge that ever was known". [29]

Prime Minister (1935–1937)

With MacDonald's physical powers failing him, he and Baldwin changed places in June 1935; Baldwin was now Prime Minister, MacDonald Lord President of the Council. [30] In October that year Baldwin called a general election. Results |} Total votes cast 20991488 All parties shown Conservatives include Ulster Unionists Seats won by the Independent Labour Party (ILP are Neville Chamberlain advised Baldwin to appeal to the country on a defence programme against Labour, and to make it the leading issue in the election because to announce a rearmament programme after the election would be more damaging due to it being perceived as deceiving the people. [31] However Baldwin did not make rearmament the central issue in the election. He said he would support the League of Nations, modernise Britain's defences and remedy deficiencies but also said: "I give you my word that there will be no great armaments". [32] The main issues in the election were housing, unemployment and the special areas of economic depression. [33] The election gave 430 seats to National government supporters (386 of these Conservative) and 154 seats to Labour.

Rearmament

On 31 July 1934 the Cabinet approved a report that called for expansion of the Royal Air Force to the 1923 standard by creating 40 new squadrons over the following five years. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [34] Six days after receiving the news that the German air force would be as large as the RAF within one year the Cabinet decided on 26 November 1934 to speed up air rearmament from four years to two. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [35] In April 1935 the Air Secretary reported that although Britain's strength in the air would be ahead of Germany for at least three years, air rearmament needed to be increased so the Cabinet agreed to the creation of an extra 39 squadrons for home defence by 1937. [36] However, on 8 May 1935 the Cabinet heard that it was estimated that the RAF was inferior to the Luftwaffe by 370 aircraft and that in order to reach parity the RAF must have 3,800 aircraft by April 1937—an extra 1,400 on the existing air programme. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. It was learnt that Germany was easily able to outbuild this revised programme as well. [37] On 21 May 1935 the Cabinet agreed to expanding the home defence force of the RAF to 1,512 aircraft (840 bombers and 420 fighters). Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [38]

On 25 February 1936 the Cabinet approved a report calling for expansion of the Royal Navy and the re-equipment of the British Army (though not its expansion), along with the creation of "shadow factories" built by public money and managed by industrial companies. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. These factories came into operation in 1937. In February 1937 the Chiefs of Staff reported that by May 1937 the Luftwaffe would have 800 bombers compared to the RAF's 48. [39]

On 28 November 1934 Churchill moved an amendment to the vote of thanks for the King's Speech, which read: ". For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. . . the strength of our national defences, and especially our air defences, is no longer adequate". [40] His motion was known eight days before it was moved and a special Cabinet meeting decided how to deal with this motion and it dominated two other Cabinet meetings. [41] Churchill said Germany was rearming; requested that the money spent on air armaments be doubled or trebled in order to deter an attack; and that the Luftwaffe was nearing equality with the RAF. [42] Baldwin responded by denying that the Luftwaffe was approaching equality and that it was "not 50 per cent" of the RAF. He added that by the end of 1935 the RAF would still have "a margin of nearly 50 per cent" in Europe. [43] After Baldwin said the government would ensure the RAF had parity with the future German air force Churchill withdrew his amendment. On 22 May 1935 Baldwin confessed in the Commons: "I was wrong was in my estimate of the future. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. There I was completely wrong. "[44]

In the debate in the Commons on 12 November 1936 Churchill attacked the government on rearmament as being "decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all-powerful to be impotent. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. So we go on, preparing more months and years – precious, perhaps vital, to the greatness of Britain – for the locusts to eat". Baldwin replied:

I put before the whole House my own views with an appalling frankness. From 1933, I and my friends were all very worried about what was happening in Europe. You will remember at that time the Disarmament Conference was sitting in Geneva. You will remember at that time there was probably a stronger pacifist feeling running through the country than at any time since the War. I am speaking of 1933 and 1934. You will remember the election at Fulham in the autumn of 1933. . . That was the feeling of the country in 1933. My position as a leader of a great party was not altogether a comfortable one. I asked myself what chance was there. . . within the next year or two of that feeling being so changed that the country would give a mandate for rearmament? Supposing I had gone to the country and said that Germany was rearming and we must rearm, does anybody think that this pacific democracy would have rallied to that cry at that moment! I cannot think of anything that would have made the loss of the election from my point of view more certain. . . We got from the country – with a large majority – a mandate for doing a thing that no one, twelve months before, would have believed possible. [45]

Churchill wrote to a friend: "I have never heard such a squalid confession from a public man as Baldwin offered us yesterday". [46] In 1935 Baldwin wrote to J. C. C. Davidson (now lost) saying of Churchill: "If there is going to be a war – and no one can say that there is not – we must keep him fresh to be our war Prime Minister". John Colin Campbell Davidson 1st Viscount Davidson GCVO CH CB PC ( 23 February 1889 &ndash 11 December [47] Thomas Dugdale also claimed Baldwin said to him: "If we do have a war, Winston must be Prime Minister. Thomas Lionel Dugdale 1st Baron Crathorne PC ( 20 July 1897 &ndash 26 March 1977) known as Sir Thomas Dugdale 1st Baronet If he is in [the Cabinet] now we shan't be able to engage in that war as a united nation". [48] The General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress, Walter Citrine, recalled on 5 April 1943 a conversation he had had with Baldwin: "Baldwin thought his [Churchill's] political recovery was marvellous. The Trades Union Congress (TUC is a national trade union centre, a federation of Trade unions in the United Kingdom, representing the majority of trade Walter McLennan Citrine 1st Baron Citrine GBE, PC ( August 22, 1887, Wallasey - January 22, 1983, Brixham Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He, personally, had always thought that if war came Winston would be the right man for the job". [49]

The Labour Party strongly opposed the rearmament programme. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Clement Attlee said on 21 December 1933: "For our part, we are unalterably opposed to anything in the nature of rearmament". Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [50] On 8 March 1934 Attlee said, after Baldwin defended the Air Estimates, "we on our side are out for total disarmament". Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [51] On 30 July 1934 Labour moved a motion of censure against the government because of its planned expansion of the RAF. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Attlee spoke for it: "We deny the need for increased air arms. . . and we reject altogether the claim of parity". [52] Sir Stafford Cripps also said on this occasion that it was fallacy that Britain could achieve security through increasing air armaments. Sir Richard Stafford Cripps ( 24 April 1889 &ndash 21 April 1952) was a British Labour politician and Chancellor [53] On 22 May 1935, the day after Hitler had made a speech claiming that German rearmament offered no threat to peace, Attlee asserted that Hitler's speech gave "a chance to call a halt in the armaments race". Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [54] Attlee also denounced the Defence White Paper of 1937: "I do not believe the Government are going to get any safety through these armaments". [55]

Abdication of Edward VIII

He faced the abdication crisis of King Edward VIII. The Edward VIII abdication crisis occurred in the British Empire in 1936 when the desire of King-Emperor Edward VIII to marry his mistress Wallis With the abdication successfully weathered he retired after the coronation of King George VI and was created Earl Baldwin of Bewdley.

Later life

Baldwin supported the Munich Agreement and said to Chamberlain on 26 September 1938: "If you can secure peace, you may be cursed by a lot of hotheads but my word you will be blessed in Europe and by future generations". The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [56] Baldwin made a rare speech in the House of Lords on 4 October where he said he could not have gone to Munich but praised Chamberlain's courage and said the responsibility of a Prime Minister was not to commit the country to war until he was sure that it was ready to fight. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas If there was a 95% chance of war in the future he would still choose peace. He also said he would put industry on a war footing tomorrow as the opposition to such a move had disappeared. [57] Churchill said in a speech: "He says he would mobilise tomorrow. I think it would have been much better if Earl Baldwin had said that two and a half years ago when everyone demanded a Ministry of Supply". [58]

Two weeks after Munich Baldwin said in a conversation with Lord Hinchingbrooke: "Can't we turn Hitler East? Napoleon broke himself against the Russians. Hitler might do the same". [59]

Baldwin's years in retirement were quiet. With Chamberlain dead, Baldwin's perceived part in pre-war appeasement made him an unpopular figure during and after World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [60] With a succession of British military failures in 1940 Baldwin started to receive critical letters: "insidious to begin with, then increasingly violent and abusive; then the newspapers; finally the polemicists who, with time and wit at their disposal, could debate at leisure how to wound the deepest. "[61] He did not have a secretary and so was not shielded from the often unpleasant letters sent to him. [62] After a bitterly critical letter was sent to him by a member of the public Baldwin wrote: "I can understand his bitterness. He wants a scapegoat and the men provided him with one". His biographers Middlemas and Barnes claim that "the men" almost certainly meant the authors of Guilty Men. Guilty Men was a Polemic Book published in the summer of 1940 in the United Kingdom, which attacked the leading politicians of the 1930s [63]

In September 1941 Baldwin's old enemy Lord Beaverbrook asked all local authorities to survey their area's iron and steel railings and gates that could be used for the war effort. Owners of such materials could appeal for an exemption on grounds of artistic or historic merit, which would be decided by a panel set up by local authorities. Baldwin applied for exemption for the iron gates of his country homeon artistic grounds and his local council sent an architect to assess them. In December the architect advised that they be exempt, but in February 1942 the Ministry of Supply overruled this and said all his gates must go, except the ones at the main entrance. [64] A newspaper campaign hounded him for not donating the gates to war production. The Daily Mirror columnist Cassandra denounced Baldwin:

Here was the country in deadly peril with half the Empire swinging in the wind like a busted barn door hanging on one hinge. The Daily Mirror, often referred to simply as The Mirror, is a British Tabloid daily Newspaper founded in 1903 Sir William Neil Connor ( 26 April, 1909 - 6 April, 1967) was a left-wing journalist for The Daily Mirror who wrote under Here was Old England half smothered in a shroud crying for steel to cut her way out, and right in the heart of beautiful Worcestershire was a one-time Prime Minister, refusing to give up the gates of his estate to make guns for our defence – and his. Here was an old stupid politician who had tricked the nation into complacency about rearmament for fear of losing an election. . . . Here is the very shrine of stupidity. . . This National Park of Failure. . . [65]

There were fears that if the gates were not taken by the proper authorities, "others without authority might". So months before any other collections were made, Baldwin's gates were removed except for those at the main entrance. Two of Beaverbrook's friends after the war claimed that this was Beaverbrook's decision, despite Churchill saying "Lay off Baldwin's gates". [66] At Question Time in the House of Commons the Conservative MP Captain Alan Graham said: "Is the honourable Member aware that it is very necessary to leave Lord Baldwin his gates in order to protect him from the just indignation of the mob?"[67]

During the war Winston Churchill consulted him only once, in February 1943, on the advisability of his speaking out strongly against the continued neutrality of Éamon de Valera's Ireland. Question Time in a Parliament occurs when Backbenchers (members of the parliament who are not Ministers) ask questions of the Prime Minister which Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Baldwin saw the draft of Churchill's speech and advised against it, which advice Churchill followed. [68]

In private Baldwin defended his conduct in the 1930s:

. . . the critics have no historical sense. I have no Cabinet papers by me and do not want to trust my memory. But recall the Fulham election, the peace ballot, Singapore, sanctions, Malta. The English will only learn by example. When I first heard of Hitler, when Ribbentrop came to see me, I thought they were all crazy. I think I brought Ramsay and Simon to meet Ribbentrop. Remember that Ramsay's health was breaking up in the last two years. He had lost his nerve in the House in the last year. I had to take all the important speeches. The moment he went, I prepared for a general election and got a bigger majority for rearmament. No power on earth could have got rearmament without a general election except by a big split. Simon was inefficient. I had to lead the House, keep the machine together with those Labour fellows. [69]

In December 1944, strongly advised by friends, Baldwin decided to respond to criticisms of him through a biographer. He asked G. M. Young, who accepted, and asked Churchill to grant permission to Young to see Cabinet papers. George Malcolm Young (1882 Greenhithe, Kent – 1959 was an English Historian, most famous for his long essay on Victorian times Baldwin wrote:

I am the last person to complain of fair criticism, but when one book after another appears and I am compared, for example, to Laval, my gorge rises; but I am crippled and cannot go and examine the files of the Cabinet Office. Could G. M. Young go on my behalf?[70]

In June 1945 Baldwin's wife Lucy died. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Lucy Baldwin Countess Baldwin of Bewdley ( née Ridsdale 1869 &ndash 17 June 1945) was the wife of British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin himself by now suffered with arthritis and needed a stick to walk. Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation plural arthritides is a group of conditions involving damage to the Joints of the body When he made his final public appearance in London in October 1947 at the unveiling of a statue of King George V a crowd of people recognized and cheered him, but by this time he was deaf and asked: "Are they booing me?"[71] Having been made Chancellor of Cambridge University in 1930, he continued in this capacity until his death in his sleep at Astley Hall, near Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire, on 14 December 1947. The Chancellors of the University of Cambridge, from about 1246 to the present day are and were Hugh de Hotton, c Stourport-on-Severn, often shortened to Stourport, is a Town in north Worcestershire, England, a few miles to the south of Kidderminster Worcestershire (ˈwʊstəʃə abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was cremated and his ashes buried in Worcester Cathedral. Worcester Cathedral is an Anglican Cathedral in Worcester, England situated on a bank overlooking the River Severn.

His estate was probated at £280,971.

Legacy

Baldwin was essentially a One Nation Conservative. One Nation, One Nation Conservatism, or Tory Democracy is a term used in political debate in the United Kingdom to refer to the left wing of the Conservative Upon his retirement in 1937 he had indeed received a great deal of praise; the onset of the Second World War would change his public image for the worse. Rightly or wrongly, Baldwin, along with Chamberlain and MacDonald, was held responsible for the United Kingdom's military unpreparedness on the eve of war in 1939.

Peter Howard, writing in the Sunday Express (3 September 1939), accused Baldwin of deceiving the country of the dangers that faced it in order not to re-arm and so win the 1935 general election. Peter Dunsmore Howard (1908-1965 was a British Journalist, Playwright, captain of the England national rugby union team and the head of the spiritual Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Howard would late have a reconciliation with Baldwin and tried to get Baldwin to support Moral Re-Armament. Moral Re-Armament ( MRA) was an international religious movement that in 1938 grew out of the Reverend Frank N [72] During the ill-fated Battle of France, in May 1940, Lloyd George in conversation with Winston Churchill and General Ironside railed against Baldwin and said "he ought to be hanged". In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 [73] In July 1940 the famous book Guilty Men appeared, which blamed Baldwin for failing to re-arm enough. Guilty Men was a Polemic Book published in the summer of 1940 in the United Kingdom, which attacked the leading politicians of the 1930s In May 1941 Hamilton Fyfe wrote an article ("Leadership and Democracy") for Nineteenth Century and After which also laid these charges against Baldwin. In 1941 A. L. Rowse criticised Baldwin for lulling the people into a false sense of security; as a practitioner in "the art of taking the people in":

. Alfred Leslie Rowse, CH FBA ( December 4, 1903 &ndash October 3, 1997) known professionally as A . . what can this man think in the still watches of the night, when he contemplates the ordeal his country is going through as the result of the years, the locust years, in which he held power?[74]

Churchill firmly believed that Baldwin's conciliatory stance toward Hitler gave the German dictator the impression that Britain would not fight if attacked. Though known for his magnanimity toward political opponents such as Chamberlain, Churchill had none to spare for Baldwin. Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom "I wish Stanley Baldwin no ill," Churchill said when declining to send him 80th birthday greetings in 1947, "but it would have been much better had he never lived. " Churchill also believed that Baldwin, rather than Chamberlain, would be most blamed by subsequent generations for the policies that led to "the most unnecessary war in history". An index entry in the first volume of Churchill's "History of the Second World War" (The Gathering Storm) records Baldwin "admitting to putting party before country" for his alleged admission that he would not have won the 1935 election if he had pursued a more aggressive policy of rearmament. Churchill selectively quoted a speech in the Commons by Baldwin that gave the false impression that Baldwin was speaking of the general election when he was speaking of the Fulham by-election in 1933, and omits Baldwin's actual comments about the 1935 election: "We got from the country, a mandate for doing a thing [a substantial rearmament programme] that no one, twelve months before, would have believed possible". [75] In his speech on Baldwin's death, Churchill paid him a double-edged yet respectful tribute: "He was the most formidable politician I ever encountered".

In 1948 Reginald Bassett published an essay disputing the claim that Baldwin "confessed" to putting party before country, and claimed that Baldwin was referring to 1933/34 when a general election on rearmament would have been lost. [76]

In 1952 G. M. Young published a biography of Baldwin, which Baldwin had asked him to write. George Malcolm Young (1882 Greenhithe, Kent – 1959 was an English Historian, most famous for his long essay on Victorian times He asserted that Baldwin united the nation and helped moderate the policies of the Labour Party. However he accepted the criticism of Baldwin; that he failed to re-arm early enough and that he put party before country. Young contends that Baldwin should have retired in 1935. In response to this biography, D. C. Somervell published Stanley Baldwin: An examination of some features of Mr. G. M. Young's biography in 1953 with a foreword by Ernest Brown. Alfred Ernest Brown CH ( August 27 1881 &ndash February 16 1962) was a British politician who served as leader of the Liberal This attempted to defend Baldwin against the charges made by Young. Both Young and Somervell were criticised by C. L. Mowat in 1955, who claimed they both failed to rehabilitate Baldwin's reputation. Charles Loch Mowat (1911 &ndash 1970 was a British -born American historian [77]

In 1956 Baldwin' son A. W. Baldwin published a biography entitled My Father: The True Story. Arthur Windham Baldwin 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (22 March 1904 &ndash 5 July 1976 was a British Insurance company director and World War II It has been written that his son "evidently could not decide whether he was answering the charge of inanition and deceit which grew out of the war, or the radical "dissenters" of the early 1930s who thought the Conservatives were warmongers and denounced them for rearming at all". [78]

In an article written to commemorate the centenary of Baldwin's birth, in The Spectator ("Don't Let's Be Beastly to Baldwin", 14 July 1967) Rab Butler defended Baldwin's moderate policies which, he claimed, helped heal social divisions. For other uses see Spectator. The Spectator is a weekly British Magazine first published on 6 July Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 In 1969 the first major biography of Baldwin appeared, of over 1,000 pages, written by Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, both Conservatives who wished to defend Baldwin.

In 1999 Philip Williamson published a collection of essays on Baldwin which attempted to explain his beliefs and defended his policies as Prime Minister. Williamson asserted that Baldwin had helped create "a moral basis for rearmament in the mid 1930s" that contributed greatly to "the national spirit of defiance after Munich". [79]

His defenders counter that the moderate Baldwin felt he could not start a programme of aggressive re-armament without a national consensus on the matter. Certainly, pacifist appeasement was the dominant mainstream political view of the time in Britain, France, and the United States.

First Government, May 1923 - January 1924

Changes

Second Cabinet, November 1924 - June 1929

Changes

Third Cabinet, June 1935 - May 1937

Changes

In film and television

Baldwin has been portrayed in the following film and television productions:

Miscellaneous

Notes

  1. ^ A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 206.
  2. ^ Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Labour. 1920–1924. The Beginnings of Modern British Politics (Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 329.
  3. ^ Cowling, The Impact of Labour, p. 383.
  4. ^ Cowling, The Impact of Labour, p. 410.
  5. ^ Cowling, The Impact of Labour, p. 410.
  6. ^ Cowling, The Impact of Labour, p. 411.
  7. ^ Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin: A Biography (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), pp. 269-70.
  8. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 271-2.
  9. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 273-4.
  10. ^ Cowling, The Impact of Labour, pp. 408-9.
  11. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 275.
  12. ^ Bookwatch: The General Strike
  13. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 393-4.
  14. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 722.
  15. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 735.
  16. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 735.
  17. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 736.
  18. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 736-7.
  19. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 738.
  20. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 739.
  21. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 741.
  22. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 742.
  23. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 743.
  24. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 748-51.
  25. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 754.
  26. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 756.
  27. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 745-6.
  28. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 757.
  29. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 759.
  30. ^ Taylor, p. 378.
  31. ^ Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Hitler. British Politics and British Policy, 1933–1940 (Chicago University Press, 1977), p. 92.
  32. ^ Taylor, p. 383.
  33. ^ Taylor, p. 383.
  34. ^ Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (London: Methuen, 1972), p. 412.
  35. ^ Barnett, p. 413.
  36. ^ Barnett, p. 413.
  37. ^ Barnett, p. 414.
  38. ^ Barnett, p. 413.
  39. ^ Barnett, p. 414-15.
  40. ^ R. A. C. Parker, Churchill and Appeasement (Macmillan, 2000), p. 45.
  41. ^ Parker, p. 45.
  42. ^ Martin Gilbert, Churchill. A Life (Pimlico, 2000), pp. 536-7.
  43. ^ Gilbert, pp. 537-8.
  44. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 818.
  45. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 970, p. 972.
  46. ^ Gilbert, p. 567.
  47. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 872.
  48. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 872.
  49. ^ Lord Citrine, Men and Work. An Autobiography (London: Hutchinson, 1964), p. 355.
  50. ^ Barnett, p. 422.
  51. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 754.
  52. ^ Barnett, p. 422.
  53. ^ Barnett, p. 422.
  54. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 819.
  55. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1030.
  56. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1045.
  57. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1046.
  58. ^ Cato, Guilty Men (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1940), p. 84.
  59. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1047.
  60. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1055.
  61. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1055.
  62. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1054, p. 1057.
  63. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1058 and note 1.
  64. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 1059-60.
  65. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 1056-7.
  66. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1061.
  67. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1060.
  68. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 1065-6.
  69. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1063.
  70. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1063.
  71. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1070.
  72. ^ Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1062.
  73. ^ Colonel Roderick Macleod and Denis Kelly (eds. ), Time Unguarded. The Ironside Diaries. 1937–1940 (New York: David McKay Company, 1963), p. 311.
  74. ^ A. L. Rowse, 'Reflections on Lord Baldwin', Political Quarterly, XII (1941), pp. 305-17. Reprinted in Rowse, End of an Epoch (1947).
  75. ^ Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: A Study in Failure (Pelican, 1973), p. 343.
  76. ^ Reginald Bassett, 'Telling the truth to the people: the myth of the Baldwin 'confession',' Cambridge Journal, II (1948), pp. 84-95.
  77. ^ C. L. Mowat, 'Baldwin Restored?', The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 27, No. 2. (June, 1955), pp. 169-174.
  78. ^ Barbara C. Malament, 'Baldwin Re-restored?', The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Mar. , 1972), p. 88.
  79. ^ Philip Williamson, Stanley Baldwin. Conservative Leadership and National Values (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 361.
  80. ^ Oxbridge rivalry#Indirect competition between the two universities
  81. ^ Simon Winchester, The Meaning of Everything (Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. Oxbridge was originally a fictional composite of the University of '''Ox'''ford and the University of Cam'''bridge''' in England, and the term is now xxiv-xxv.

References

External links


Political offices
Preceded by
Sir Hardman Lever		 Joint Financial Secretary to the Treasury
1917 – 1921
with Sir Hardman Lever		 Succeeded by
Edward Hilton Young
Preceded by
Sir Robert Horne		 President of the Board of Trade
1921 – 1922		 Succeeded by
Sir Philip Lloyd-Greame
Chancellor of the Exchequer
1922 – 1923		 Succeeded by
Neville Chamberlain
Preceded by
Andrew Bonar Law		 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
23 May 1923 – 16 January 1924		 Succeeded by
Ramsay MacDonald
Leader of the House of Commons
1923 – 1924
Preceded by
Ramsay MacDonald		 Leader of the Opposition
1924
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
4 November 1924 – 5 June 1929
Leader of the House of Commons
1924 – 1929
Leader of the Opposition
1929 – 1931		 Succeeded by
Arthur Henderson
Preceded by
The Lord Parmoor		 Lord President of the Council
1931 – 1935		 Succeeded by
Ramsay MacDonald
Preceded by
The Viscount Snowden		 Lord Privy Seal
1932 – 1934		 Succeeded by
Anthony Eden
Preceded by
Ramsay MacDonald		 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
7 June 1935 – 28 May 1937		 Succeeded by
Neville Chamberlain
Leader of the House of Commons
1935 – 1937
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Alfred Baldwin		 Member of Parliament for Bewdley
1908 – 1937		 Succeeded by
Roger Conant
Party political offices
Preceded by
Andrew Bonar Law		 Leader of the British Conservative Party
1923 – 1937		 Succeeded by
Neville Chamberlain
Academic offices
Preceded by
David Lloyd George		 Rector of the University of Edinburgh
1923 – 1926		 Succeeded by
Sir John Gilmour
Preceded by
Austen Chamberlain		 Rector of the University of Glasgow
1928 – 1931		 Succeeded by
Compton Mackenzie
Preceded by
The Viscount Haldane		 Chancellor of the University of St Andrews
1929 – 1947		 Succeeded by
The Duke of Hamilton
Preceded by
The Earl of Balfour		 Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
1930 – 1947		 Succeeded by
Jan Smuts
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Earl Baldwin of Bewdley
1937 – 1947		 Succeeded by
Oliver Baldwin
Financial Secretary to the Treasury is a junior Ministerial post in the UK Treasury. Edward Hilton Young 1st Baron Kennet, GBE ( 20 March 1879 &ndash 11 July 1960) was a British politician and writer Robert Stevenson Horne 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan, GBE, PC, KC ( 28 February 1871 &ndash 3 September 1940 The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 Philip Cunliffe-Lister 1st Earl of Swinton, GBE, CH, MC, PC (1884 &ndash 1972 known as Philip Lloyd-Greame until 1924 and as The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 &ndash 30 October 1923 was a Canadian -born British Conservative Party statesman and Prime Minister. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United The Leader of the Opposition (sometimes known as the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons) in the United Kingdom is the politician who leads The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons The Leader of the Opposition (sometimes known as the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons) in the United Kingdom is the politician who leads Arthur Henderson (13 September 1863 – 20 October 1935 was a British union leader politician Disarmament advocate and the 1934 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Charles Alfred Cripps 1st Baron Parmoor KCVO, QC, PC ( 3 October 1852 &ndash 30 June 1941) was a British The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Treasurer and above James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United Philip Snowden 1st Viscount Snowden ( July 18, 1864 – May 15, 1937) was a British politician and the first Labour The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom ranking beneath the Robert Anthony Eden 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 &ndash 14 January 1977 was a British Conservative Politician James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Alfred Baldwin (4 June 1841 &ndash 13 February 1908 was an English businessman and Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Bewdley was the name of a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1605 until 1950 Sir Roger John Edward Conant 1st Baronet ( 28 May 1899 &ndash 30 March 1973) was a Conservative Party politician in the Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 &ndash 30 October 1923 was a Canadian -born British Conservative Party statesman and Prime Minister. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only The Lord Rector of the University of Edinburgh is elected every three years by the students and staff at the University of Edinburgh. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Gilmour 2nd Baronet DSO PC ( 27 May 1876 &ndash 30 March 1940) was a Scottish Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain KG ( 16 October 1863 &ndash 17 March 1937) was a British Statesman, The position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow is elected every three years by the students at the University of Glasgow. Sir Edward Montague Compton Mackenzie ( January 17, 1883, West Hartlepool, England – November 30, 1972 in Edinburgh Richard Burdon Sanderson Haldane 1st Viscount Haldane, KT, OM, PC, FRS, FSA ( 30 July 1856 - 19 August The Chancellor is the titular head of the University of St Andrews. Air Commodore Douglas Douglas-Hamilton 14th Duke of Hamilton and 11th Duke of Brandon, KT, GCVO, AFC, PC, DL, Arthur James Balfour 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC (25 July 1848 - 19 March 1930 was a British Conservative politician and The Chancellors of the University of Cambridge, from about 1246 to the present day are and were Hugh de Hotton, c Field Marshal Jan Christiaan Smuts, OM, CH, PC, ED, KC, FRS (24 May 1870 &ndash 11 September 1950 was a prominent The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most Peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Act of Union in 1801 when Earl Baldwin of Bewdley is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Oliver Ridsdale Baldwin 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley ( March 1, 1899 &ndash August 10, 1958) known as Viscount Corvedale from 1937
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