Standardization

This article is about technical standards. For other uses, see Standard (disambiguation).

Standardization (or standardisation) is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards. A technical standard is an established norm or requirement It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria methods processes and practices A standard is a document that establishes uniform engineering or technical specifications, criteria, methods, processes, or practices. Some standards are mandatory while others are voluntary. Some standards are de facto, meaning a norm or requirement which has an informal but dominant status. Some standards are de jure, meaning formal legal requirements. Formal standards bodies such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the American National Standards Institute are independent of the manufacturers of the goods for which they publish standards.

The goals of standardization can be to help with independence of single suppliers (commodification), compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or quality. Commodification (or commoditization) is the transformation of goods and services (or things that may not normally be regarded as goods or services into a Commodity Interoperability is a property referring to the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operate Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf) the condition of being protected against physical social spiritual financial political Repeatability is the Variation in Measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same item and under the same conditions In the vernacular quality can mean a high degree of excellence (“a quality product” a degree of excellence or the lack of it (“work of average quality” or a property of

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. In Game theory, coordination games are a class of games with multiple Pure strategy Nash equilibria in which players choose the same or corresponding Standardization is defined as best technical application consentual wisdom inclusive of processes for selection in making appropriate choices for ratification coupled with consistent decisions for maintaining obtained standards. Ratification is the act of giving official sanction or approval to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution This view includes the case of "spontaneous standardization processes", to produce de facto standards. A de facto standard is a Standard (formal or informal that has achieved a dominant and accepted position

1 Usage
2 Other uses
3 Types
4 See also
5 References

Usage

Standardization is the process of establishing a technical standard, which could be a standard specification, standard test method, standard definition, standard procedure (or practice), etc. A technical standard is an established norm or requirement It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria methods processes and practices A test method is a definitive procedure that produces a test result A definition is a statement of the meaning of a Word or Phrase. It can also be viewed as a mechanism for optimising economic use of scarce resources such as forests, which are threatened by paper manufacture. As an example, all of Europe now uses 240 volt 50 Hz AC mains grids and GSM mobile phones, and measures lengths in metres. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. An alternating current ( AC) is an Electric current whose direction reverses cyclically as opposed to Direct current, whose direction remains constant Mains is the general-purpose Alternating current (AC Electric power supply (as in "I've connected the appliance to the mains" GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The United Kingdom has officially accepted metres for business purposes but feet and inches are still widely used by the general public. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches.

The existence of a published standard does not necessarily imply that it is useful or correct. Just because an item is stamped with a standard number does not, by itself, indicate that the item is fit for any particular use. The people who use the item or service (engineers, trade unions, etc) or specify it (building codes, government, industry, etc) have the responsibility to consider the available standards, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use the item correctly. Validation of suitability is necessary.

In the context of social criticism and social sciences, standardization often means the process of establishing standards of various kinds and improving efficiency to handle people, their interactions, cases, and so forth. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Examples include formalization of judicial procedure in court, and establishing uniform criteria for diagnosing mental disease. Standardization in this sense is often discussed along with (or synonymously to) such large-scale social changes as modernization, bureaucratization, homogenization, and centralization of society.

In the context of business information exchanges, standardization refers to the process of developing data exchange standards for specific business processes using specific syntaxes. These standards are usually developed in voluntary consensus standards bodies such as the United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT), the World Wide Web Consortium W3C, and the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS). The United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business, ( UN/CEFACT) has a mission to improve the ability of business trade and administrative organizations The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards ( OASIS) is a Global consortium that drives the development convergence and adoption

Standards can be:

de facto standards which means they are followed by informal convention or dominant usage. A de facto standard is a Standard (formal or informal that has achieved a dominant and accepted position
de jure standards which are part of legally binding contracts, laws or regulations.
Voluntary standards which are published and available for people to consider for use

In general, each country or economy has a single recognized National Standards Body (NSB). Examples include ABNT, ANSI, BSI, DGN, DIN, IRAM, JISC, KATS, SABS, SAC, SCC, SIS, SNZ. DGN ( Design) is the name used for CAD File formats supported by Bentley Systems ' MicroStation and Intergraph 's Interactive Graphics Deutsches Institut für Normung eV ( DIN; in English, the German Institute for Standardization) is the German national organization for The Argentine Normalization and Certification Institute ( Spanish: Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación, IRAM is the International Organization The Joint Information Systems Committee ( JISC) supports United Kingdom post-16 and Higher education and Research by providing leadership in the For the town in Armenia see Astghadzor. Kats ( is a town in the Dutch province of Zeeland. About the SCC The Standards Council of Canada (SCC is a federal Crown corporation with the mandate to promote efficient and effective voluntary standardization The Squirrel Nut Zippers are a band formed in 1993 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina by James "Jimbo" Mathus (vocals and guitar Katharine An NSB is likely the sole member from that economy in ISO.

NSBs may be either public or private sector organizations, or combinations of the two. For example, the three NSBs of Canada, Mexico and the United States are respectively the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), the General Bureau of Standards (Dirección General de Normas, DGN), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). About the SCC The Standards Council of Canada (SCC is a federal Crown corporation with the mandate to promote efficient and effective voluntary standardization SCC is a Canadian Crown Corporation, DGN is a governmental agency within the Mexican Ministry of Economy, and ANSI is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization with members from both the private and public sectors. In the Commonwealth realms a Crown corporation is a State-controlled company or enterprise 501(c is a provision of the United States Internal Revenue Code ( listing 28 types of Non-profit organizations exempt from some federal The determinates of whether an NSB for a particular economy is a public or private sector body may include the historical and traditional roles that the private sector fills in public affairs in that economy or the development stage of that economy.

Many specifications that govern the operation and interaction of devices and software on the Internet are in use. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks To preserve the word "standard" as the domain of relatively disinterested bodies such as ISO, the W3C, for example, publishes "Recommendations", and the IETF publishes "Requests for Comments" (RFCs). In Computer network Engineering, a Request for Comments (RFC is a Memorandum published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF describing These publications are sometimes referred to as being standards. Drafts and working documents should not be considered as formal published standards.

In a military context, standardization can be defined as: The development and implementation of concepts, doctrines, procedures and designs to achieve and maintain the required levels of compatibility, interchangeability or commonality in the operational, procedural, material, technical and administrative fields to attain interoperability.

Note: there are at least four levels of standardization: compatibility, interchangeability, commonality and reference. In general a reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates by linking to another object These standardization processes create compatibility, similarity, measurement and symbol standards.

Other uses

In herbal medicine standardization refers to providing processed plant material that meets a specified concentration of a specific marker constituent. Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as However plant constituents have synergy and even active constituent concentrations may be misleading measures of potency if cofactors are not present. Synergy (from the Greek el-Latn syn-ergo, el συνεργός meaning working together is the term used to describe a situation where the final outcome A further problem is that the important constituent is often unknown. For instance St. Johnswort is often standardized to hypericin which is now known not to be the "active ingredient'. St John's wort (pronounced) used alone refers to the species Hypericum perforatum, also known as Tipton's Weed or Klamath weed, but with qualifiers is Hypericin is a red-coloured Anthraquinone -derivative which is together with Hyperforin one of the principal active constituents of Hypericum ( An active ingredient ( AI) also active pharmaceutical ingredient ( API) or bulk active, is the substance in a drug that is Pharmaceutically Other companies standardize to hyperforin or both, although there may be some 24 known possible constituents. Hyperforin is one of the principal constituents identified in St John's wort. Different companies use different markers, or different levels of the same markers, or different methods of testing for marker compounds. Herbalist and manufacturer David Winston points out that whenever different compounds are chosen as "active ingredients" for different herbs, there is a chance that suppliers will get a substandard batch (low on the chemical markers) and mix it with a batch higher in the desired marker to compensate for the difference. David Winston RH(AHG (born 1956 is an American herbalist and ethnobotanist who since 1977 has practiced and taught herbal medicine in United States ^[1]
In statistics, standardization refers to conversion to standard scores. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. In Statistics, a standard score is a dimensionless quantity derived by subtracting the Population mean from an individual raw score and then dividing
In test theory, standardization refers to measurements or assessments conducted under exact, specified, and repeatable conditions. In Experimental physics, a test theory tells experimenters how to perform particular Comparisons between specific theories or between specific classes of theory
In supply chain management, standardization refers to approaches for increasing commonality of either part, process, product or procurement. Supply chain management (SCM is the process of Planning, implementing and Controlling the operations of the Supply chain as efficiently as possible Such change will enable delayed making of manufacturing or procurement decisions, thus reducing variability found in having many non-standard components.
From a New institutional economics point of view, standardization process starts with a social problem known as "coordination dilemma". New institutional economics (NIE is an Economic perspective that attempts to extend economics by focusing on the social and Legal norms and Standards, as "voluntary norms", serve to facilitate the resolution of coordination dilemmas and realize mutual gains; then standard refer also to a kind of social dilemma solution. In Game theory, coordination games are a class of games with multiple Pure strategy Nash equilibria in which players choose the same or corresponding

Types

Types of standardization process:

Emergence as de facto standard: tradition, market domination, etc. A de facto standard is a Standard (formal or informal that has achieved a dominant and accepted position The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of
Written by a Standards organization:
- in an impositive process: written by edict by a regulator, etc. A standards organization, standards body, standards development organization or SDO is any entity whose primary activities are developing coordinating
- in a closed consensus process: Restricted membership (for example, a trade association) and having formal procedures for due-process among voting members
- in a full consensus process: usually open to all interested and qualified parties and with formal procedures for due-process considerations.

References

^ Tillotson Institute of Natural Health - Growth, Manufacture, Quality

The 762x51mm NATO is a Rifle cartridge developed in the 1950s as a standard firearm cartridge among NATO countries ASTM International ( ASTM) originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials is an international Standards organization that develops and publishes Conformity assessment is any activity to determine directly or indirectly that a process product or service meets relevant Standards and fulfills relevant requirements " Embrace extend and extinguish," also known as " Embrace extend and exterminate," is a phrase that the U An environmental standard is a policy guideline that regulates the effect of human activity upon the environment International standards are Standards developed by international Standards organisations International standards are available for consideration and use worldwide In Economics and Business, a network effect (also called network externality) is the effect that one user of a good or service has An open format is a published specification for storing digital data usually maintained by a Standards organization, which basically can be used and implemented by anyone An open standard is a Standard that is publicly available and has various rights to use associated with it Open systems are Computer systems that provide some combination of Interoperability, portability, and open software standards (It can also mean The OpenDocument format (ODF is a File format for electronic office documents such as Spreadsheets Charts presentations and A technical standard is an established norm or requirement It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria methods processes and practices The standard gauge (also named the Stephenson gauge after George Stephenson, or Normal gauge) is a widely-used Rail gauge. A standards organization, standards body, standards development organization or SDO is any entity whose primary activities are developing coordinating Transportation systems are inherently distributed systems with complex information requirements In Economics, vendor lock-in, also known as proprietary lock-in, or customer lock-in, makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products

Dictionary

-noun

The process of complying (or evaluate by comparing) with a standard.
The process of establishing a standard.

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