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Rail gauge
Broad gauge
Standard gauge
Scotch gauge
Narrow gauge
Minimum gauge
List of rail gauges
Dual gauge
Gauge conversion
Break-of-gauge
Rail tracks
Tramway track
[edit]
The dominant rail gauge in each country shown
The dominant rail gauge in each country shown

The standard gauge (also named the Stephenson gauge after George Stephenson) is a widely-used rail gauge. Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. Broad gauge Railways use a Rail gauge (distance between the rails greater than the Standard gauge of. Scotch gauge was the name given to a Rail gauge, the distance between the inner sides of the rails that was adopted by early 19th century railways mainly in the Lanarkshire A narrow gauge railway (or narrow gauge railroad) is a Railway that has a Track gauge narrower than the of Standard gauge railways Minimum Gauge Railways have a gauge of less than or, most commonly,, or. Named gauges Broad gauge railways by gauge and country Standard gauge railways, by country This is the Standard or international Dual-gauge or mixed-gauge Railway is a special configuration of railway track, allowing trains of different gauges to use the same track With railways a break-of-gauge is where a line of one gauge meets a line of a different gauge Tramway track is used on tramways or Light rail operations Grooved rails (or girder rails are often used in order to make street running feasible George Stephenson ( 9 June 1781 &ndash 12 August 1848) was an English Civil engineer and mechanical engineer Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. Approximately 60% of the world's existing railway lines are built to this gauge (see the list of countries that use the standard gauge). Named gauges Broad gauge railways by gauge and country Standard gauge railways, by country This is the Standard or international The distance between the inside edges of the rails of standard gauge track is 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in).

Contents

History

As railways developed and expanded one of the key issues to be decided was that of the rail gauge (the distance, or width, between the inner sides of the rails) that should be used. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. Length is the long Dimension of any object The length of a thing is the distance between its ends its linear extent as measured from end to end The eventual result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a "standard gauge" of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in), allowing inter-connectivity and the inter-operability of trains. A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another In England some early lines in colliery areas in the north east of the country were built to a gauge of 4 ft 8 in (1,422 mm); and in Scotland some early lines were 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm) (Scotch gauge). England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Scotch gauge was the name given to a Rail gauge, the distance between the inner sides of the rails that was adopted by early 19th century railways mainly in the Lanarkshire By 1846, in both countries, these lines were widened to standard gauge. Parts of the United States rail system, mainly in the northeast, adopted the same gauge because some early trains were purchased from Britain. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the However, until well into the second half of the 19th century Britain and the USA had several different track gauges. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The American gauges slowly converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became more and more apparent; the destruction of much of the South's 5 ft (1,524 mm) broad gauge system in the American Civil War hastened this trend. Broad gauge Railways use a Rail gauge (distance between the rails greater than the Standard gauge of. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

Origins

A popular legend traces the origin of the 4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm) gauge even further back than the coalfields of northern England, pointing to the evidence of rutted roads marked by chariot wheels dating from the Roman Empire. The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of Carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial This legend has been debunked. [1] The historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 ft (1,524 mm) apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. In addition, while road-traveling vehicles are typically measured from the outermost portions of the wheel rims (and there is some evidence that the first railroads were measured in this way as well), it became apparent that for vehicles traveling on rails, it was better to have the wheel flanges located inside the rails, and thus the distance measured on the inside of the wheels (and, by extension, the inside faces of the rail heads) was the important one. Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. A flange is an external or internal Rib, or Rim (lip for strength, as the flange of an Iron beam or I-beam A Rail profile is a Hot rolled Steel profile of a specific Shape or cross section (an asymmetrical I-beam) designed

There was no standard gauge for horse railways, but there were rough groupings: in the north of England none were less than 4ft. [2] Wylam collery's system, built before 1763, was 5ft 0in; as was John Blenkinsop's Middleton Railway, the old 4ft plateway was relaid to 5ft so that Blenkinsop's engine could be used. John Blenkinsop (1783-1831 was an English mining engineer and an Inventor in the area of Steam locomotives who designed the first practical railway locomotive The Middleton Steam Railway is the world's oldest continuously working railway [2] Others were 4ft 4in Beamish or 4ft 7. 5in (Bigges Main and Kenton and Coxlodge). [2]

The English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. George Stephenson ( 9 June 1781 &ndash 12 August 1848) was an English Civil engineer and mechanical engineer He favoured 4ft 8in for waggonways in Northumberland and Durham and used it on his Killingworth line. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west Durham (ˈdʌrəm in RP, locally ˈdʏrəm is a small city and main settlement of the City of Durham district of County Durham, England Killingworth, formerly Killingworth Township, is a town north of Newcastle Upon Tyne, in North Tyneside, United Kingdom. [2] The Hetton and Springwell waggonways also used the gauge.

Stephenson's Stockton and Darlington railway (S&DR) was built primarily to transport coal from several mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR which opened in 1825 was the world's first permanent Steam locomotive hauled public Railway. Shildon is a town in County Durham, in England. It is situated to the 2 miles south east of Bishop Auckland and 11 miles north of Darlington Stockton-on-Tees is a market town in North East England. It is the major settlement in the unitary authority area and Borough of Stockton-on-Tees. The S&DR's initial track gauge of 4 ft 8 in (1,422 mm) was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. Wagonways are the horses equipment and tracks used for hauling wagons which preceded steam powered railways There are two styles of waggonway and two spellings It was built and used at this gauge for fifteen years before being changed to 4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm) gauge. [2][3]

The beginnings of the 4ft 8½in gauge

George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm) gauge (with an extra half-inch of free movement to reduce binding on curves[3]) for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR was the world's first inter-city passenger Railway in which all the trains were timetabled and were hauled for most of the distance Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display The success of this project led to George Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Robert Stephenson FRS (16 October 1803 &ndash 12 October 1859 was an English Civil engineer. However, the Chester and Birkenhead Railway, authorised on 12 July 1837, was 4ft 9in; [4] the Eastern Counties Railway, authorised on 4 July 1836, was 5ft 0in; [5] London and Blackwall Railway, authorised on 28 July 1836, was 5ft 0in; [6] the London and Brighton Railway, authorised on 15 July 1837, was 4ft 9in; [7] the Manchester and Birmingham Railway, authorised on 30 June 1837, was 4ft 9in; [8] the Manchester and Leeds Railway, authorised on 4 July 1836, was 4ft 9in [9] the Northern and Eastern Railway, authorised on 4 July 1836, was 5ft 0in. The Chester and Birkenhead Railway ran from Birkenhead to Chester. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Eastern Counties Railway (ECR was an English railway company which began operating on 20 June 1839 with a train service running from a temporary terminus Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Originally called the Commercial Railway, the London & Blackwall Railway was a Railway line that originally ran from the Minories to Blackwall Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The London and Brighton Railway (L&B was incorporated in 1837. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Manchester and Birmingham Railway was built between Manchester and Crewe and opened in stages from 1840 Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Manchester and Leeds Railway was a railway company in the United Kingdom which opened in 1839 connecting Manchester with Leeds via the North Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The Northern & Eastern Railway (N&ER operated one of the two main lines which eventually became the Great Eastern Railway: the other being the Eastern Counties Railway Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap [10] The 4ft 9in railways were intended to take 4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm) gauge vehicles and allow a running tolerance.

The influence of the Stephensons appears to be the main reason that the 4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm) gauge became the standard, and its usage became more widespread than any other gauge. .

The Royal Commission

In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, a Royal Commission in 1845 reported in favour of a standard gauge. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The term Royal Commission may also be used in the United Kingdom to describe the group of Lords Commissioners who may act in the stead of the In Great Britain, Stephenson's gauge was chosen as the standard gauge on the grounds that lines built to this gauge were eight times longer than that of the rival 7 ft 0¼ in (2,140 mm) gauge, adopted principally by the Great Western Railway. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The subsequent Gauge Act of 1846 ruled that new passenger-carrying railways in Great Britain should be built to a standard gauge of 4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm); and those in Ireland to a standard gauge 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm). See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world It allowed the broad gauge companies in Great Britain to continue repairing their tracks and expanding their networks within the Limits of Deviation and the exceptions defined in the Act. After an intervening period of mixed-gauge operation (tracks were laid with three running-rails), the Great Western Railway finally converted its entire network to standard gauge in 1892. Dual-gauge or mixed-gauge Railway is a special configuration of railway track, allowing trains of different gauges to use the same track

Ideal gauge

Subsequently, engineers have shown that a narrow gauge is less than ideal: despite usually offering cheaper construction, a smaller gauge restricts speeds due to a reduced load stability. A narrow gauge railway (or narrow gauge railroad) is a Railway that has a Track gauge narrower than the of Standard gauge railways Broader gauges are theoretically more stable at speed and allow larger, wider, heavier loads. According to Isambard Kingdom Brunel's studies the optimum gauge for a rail system (and the one he originally used on his Great Western Railway) is 7 ft (2100 mm). Isambard Kingdom Brunel, FRS (9 April 1806 &ndash 15 September 1859 (ˈɪzəmbɑrd ˈkɪŋdəm brʊˈnɛl was a British Engineer. The Great Western Railway ( GWR) was a British railway company and a notable example of Civil engineering, linking London with the West

There has been much controversy about what constitutes the "ideal gauge". From a design point of view, a train can travel faster around a given radius of track if the gauge is wider, as the centre of gravity of the train is further displaced from the wheels, which in turn lowers the angle between the wheel's lower contact surface to the centre of gravity, and horizontal. Given that one can tailor either the track radius for train speed, or the train speed for track radius, gauge in some cases may not be as important as interoperability.

There are many examples of high speed and high mass applications on narrow gauges throughout the world, suggesting that gauge is less important than the original supporters of either broad gauge or narrower gauges held it to be:

With the benefit of hindsight, little was gained by building railway systems too narrow (down to about 3 ft (914 mm)) or too broad (up to about 7 ft (2100 mm)) gauges, and this was at the cost of limited interoperability. For an example of the difficulties of interoperability see the ramsey car transfer apparatus and the variable gauge axles used to transfer cars between different gauges of track. In railroad industry the Ramsey Car Transfer Apparatus ( Ramsey Transfer) was a proposed device to replace Bogies on Railroad cars to permit Variable gauge axles (VGA are Axles that allow railway vehicles to pass from tracks of one Rail gauge to a different gauge A railroad car or railway carriage is a Vehicle on a rail transport system (railroad or railway that is used for the carrying of Cargo or

Only in gauges of less than 3 ft (914 mm) can a railway be built significantly more cheaply than is possible with standard gauge, and only then in mountainous terrain, or where a low capacity line is required, or with industrial railways where through running is not required.

It can be argued therefore, that the original uniform gauge adopted by Stephenson in 1830 can serve most of the tasks performed by gauges from 3 to 7 ft (900 to 2100 mm), albeit with a narrow gauge of about 2 ft (610 mm) for cane tramways, underground mine, mountain, construction, temporary and military railways, plus children's railways. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display

As the advantages of interchange of equipment between lines became clear, so did standardization of gauge become attractive. Where these advantages are not compelling, use of non-standard gauges continue today.

Sharper curves

Narrow gauge rolling stock tends to be smaller in all directions, so that they can cope with sharper curves. Broad and standard gauge rolling stock may have problems with the same sharp curves because:

One might also add that if a too heavy train is pulled around a sharp curve, intermediate wagons may be pulled off the rails and cause a derailment.

For example, the sharpest curve on the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge Queensland Railways is 200 feet (61 m), while the sharpest curve on the 4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm) New South Wales Railways is 330 feet (100 m). QR Limited is the company government-owned corporation responsible for the operation and maintenance of the railway system in the State of Queensland The New South Wales Government Railways (NSWGR was the government department that operated the New South Wales Government's railways until the establishment of the Public Transport

Experience on the narrow gauge Toronto and Nipissing Railway suggests that 4- and 6-wheel wagons should be avoided and bogie wagons substituted. The Toronto and Nipissing Railway was chartered in 1868 to build a narrow gauge railway in Ontario, Canada from Toronto to Lake Nipissing A bogie (ˈboʊgi (BŌ-gē is a Wheeled wagon or trolley In mechanics terms a bogie is a Chassis or framework carrying wheels attached to a vehicle

Steam locomotives have problems with sharp curves because they may need many driving wheels to spread their weight which lengthens the wheelbase. Eventually flexible driving wheels such as on a Garratt locomotive were devise to tackle this problem. Having two small locomotives instead of one large one is not really a solution as this requires two crew instead of one. The Australian Standard Garratt had flangeless leading driving wheels to cope with sharp curves, but these proved to be derailment-prone. The Australian Standard Garratt (ASG was a Garratt steam-engine locomotive designed in Australia during the Second World War, which was utilised on

A possible solution to the sharp curve problem is to build cheaply to begin with, to get the railway open; and, should traffic increase, expect deviations to ease these sharp curves, for example Cameroon. Railways Railways in Cameroon are operated by Camrail, a Subsidiary of French investment group Bolloré. A really intelligent design will plan a cheaper and nasty short-term route with the long-term deviation planned at the same time so as to share expensive items such as viaducts and tunnels. This is easier said than done, as shown with the Cascade Tunnel which proved to be too steep. The Cascade Tunnel was a 26-mile (42 km long single track railroad tunnel at Stevens Pass through the Cascade Mountains approximately to the east Queensland Railways built many of its original timber viaducts 20 m off the final alignment, so that a replacement steel bridge would be completely straight.

Wind

Wind can and does blow trains over on occasion, and the wider the gauge the better. However, this problem is rare, and with weather forecasts and warning devices, precautions can be taken. Monsoon winds were a factor in the choice of Broad Gauge in India, and for the lightweight BART trains in San Francisco. Broad gauge Railways use a Rail gauge (distance between the rails greater than the Standard gauge of. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city A train was famously blown over on a narrow gauge railway in Ireland. A narrow gauge railway (or narrow gauge railroad) is a Railway that has a Track gauge narrower than the of Standard gauge railways Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The narrow gauge trains of the island of Newfoundland, when stranded in severe winter weather, were once chained to the rails to prevent overturning. Newfoundland may refer to Newfoundland and Labrador, a Canadian province (known simply as Newfoundland from 1949 to 2001 Eastern part of Canada The Capital of Newfoundland A double stack container train on the standard gauge railway was suspected of having had a few cars blown over during a storm near Tarcoola. [11][12] The second Tay Bridge is fitted with a device to warn of excessive wind speed. There are historic bridges over the River Tay at Perth, Dunkeld, Aberfeldy and Kenmore.

Piggyback operation

One method of achieving interoperability between rolling stock of different gauges, is to piggyback stock of one gauge on special transporter wagons. Rolling Stock was a Newspaper of ideas and a chronicle of the 1980s published in Boulder, Colorado This enables rolling stock to reach workshops and other lines of the same gauge to which they are not otherwise connected. Piggyback operation by the trainload occurred as a temporary measure between Port Augusta and Marree during gauge conversion works in the 1950s, to bypass steep gradients in the Flinders Ranges. Port Augusta (post code 5700 ( is the fifth most populous City in South Australia after Adelaide, Mount Gambier, Whyalla and Marree ( is a small town located in the north of South Australia. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The Flinders Ranges is South Australia 's largest Mountain range which starts approximately 200 km north west of Adelaide.

Narrow gauge railways were favoured in the underground slate quarries of North Wales, as tunnels could be smaller. North Wales (Gogledd Cymru is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales, bordered to the south by Mid Wales and to the east by England. The Padarn Railway operated transporter wagons on their 4 ft (1,219 mm) gauge railway, each carrying four 1 ft 10¾ in (578 mm) slate trams. The Padarn Railway was a narrow gauge Railway line in Wales, built to the unusual gauge of. When the Great Western Railway acquired one of the narrow gauge lines in Blaenau Ffestiniog, they used a similar type of transporter wagon in order to use the quarries' existing slate wagons. The Great Western Railway ( GWR) was a British railway company and a notable example of Civil engineering, linking London with the West Blaenau Ffestiniog is a small Town in Gwynedd, north-west Wales. [13]

Transporter wagons are most commonly used to transport narrow gauge stock over standard gauge lines. More rarely, standard gauge vehicles are carried over narrow gauge tracks using adaptor vehicles; examples include the Rollbocke transporter wagon arrangements in Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic and the milk transporter wagons of the Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway in England. A transporter wagon, in Railway terminology is a wagon (UK or Railroad car (US designed to carry other railway equipment The Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway (L&MVLR was a Narrow gauge railway in Staffordshire, Great Britain that operated between 1904 and 1934

Break of gauge

Main article: Break-of-gauge

When a railway line of one gauge meets another railway line of a different gauge, there is a break of gauge. With railways a break-of-gauge is where a line of one gauge meets a line of a different gauge A break of gauge adds cost and inconvenience to traffic that must pass from one system to another.

An example of this is on the Transmanchurian Railway, where Russia and Mongolia use broad gauge while China uses the standard gauge. The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad (Транссибирская магистраль Транссиб in Russian, or Transsibirskaya magistral' Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Broad gauge Railways use a Rail gauge (distance between the rails greater than the Standard gauge of. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National At the border, each carriage has to be lifted in turn to have its bogies changed. A bogie (ˈboʊgi (BŌ-gē is a Wheeled wagon or trolley In mechanics terms a bogie is a Chassis or framework carrying wheels attached to a vehicle The whole operation, combined with passport and customs control, can take several hours. A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder Customs is an Authority or agency in a Country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods

Other examples include any crossing into or out of the former Soviet Union: Ukraine/Slovakia border on the Bratislava-L'viv train, and from the Romania/Moldova border on the Chisinau-Bucharest train. [14]

This can be avoided however by implementing a system similar to that used in Australia, where lines between states using different gauges are built as dual gauge. Dual-gauge or mixed-gauge Railway is a special configuration of railway track, allowing trains of different gauges to use the same track Thus the lines have 3 rails, one set of two forming a standard gauge line, with the third rail either inside or outside the standard set forming rails at either narrow or broad gauge. As a result, trains built to either gauge can use the line.

Standard gauge in model railways

Main article: Rail transport modelling

In American model railroading, standard gauge was originally an effort by Lionel Corporation to corner the U. Model railroading (US or Railway modelling (UK Australia and Canada is a Hobby in which Rail transport systems are modeled at a reduced scale Lionel Corporation was an American toy manufacturer and retailer that did business from 1900 to 1993 S. market in the early years of the 20th century. Lionel standardized its offerings on three-rail track with a gauge of 2 1/8 in (54 mm) between the outer rails, making it incompatible with Gauge 1 offerings from European manufacturers. The use of a Third rail in Model railroading is a technique that is sometimes applied in order to facilitate easier wiring Gauge 1 is a model railroading and Toy train standard popular in the early 20th century particularly with European manufacturers Lionel then registered a trademark on Standard Gauge. Other American companies followed Lionel's lead, standardizing on Lionel's new standard but calling it Wide gauge in order to avoid infringing on Lionel's trademark. Wide Gauge was an early Model railway and Toy train Rail gauge, introduced in the United States in 1906 by Lionel Corporation

Standard gauge fell out of favour in the 1930s because of its high cost, and Lionel discontinued its Standard gauge offerings in 1940. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Although scale modeling was not of primary concern, standard gauge's scale is generally accepted at 1:26. 59, making it somewhat smaller than G scale. G scale is a scale for Model railways and because of its size and durability G scale is often used outdoors

More recently, standard gauge has come to mean scale modelling in which the track is accurately scaled to real-world standard gauge. This is opposed to narrow gauge modeling, which models real-world narrow gauge, or off-scale modeling, where track is not true to scale, such as in O gauge and OO gauge. A narrow gauge railway (or narrow gauge railroad) is a Railway that has a Track gauge narrower than the of Standard gauge railways 0 scale (or 0 gauge) is a scale commonly used for Toy trains and model railroading.

See also

  • List of rail gauges
  • Dual gauge. Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. Broad gauge Railways use a Rail gauge (distance between the rails greater than the Standard gauge of. Scotch gauge was the name given to a Rail gauge, the distance between the inner sides of the rails that was adopted by early 19th century railways mainly in the Lanarkshire A narrow gauge railway (or narrow gauge railroad) is a Railway that has a Track gauge narrower than the of Standard gauge railways Named gauges Broad gauge railways by gauge and country Standard gauge railways, by country This is the Standard or international Dual-gauge or mixed-gauge Railway is a special configuration of railway track, allowing trains of different gauges to use the same track
  • Rail transport by country
  • Transport in present-day nations and states

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Urban Legends Reference Pages: Railroad Gauges and Roman Chariots
  2. ^ a b c d e Baxter (1966: P 56)
  3. ^ a b Vaughan, A. This page provides an index of articles on Rail transport by country. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another (1997). Railwaymen, Politics and Money. London: John Murray.  
  4. ^ Whishaw (1842): Page 54
  5. ^ Whishaw (1842): Page 91
  6. ^ Whishaw (1842): Page 260
  7. ^ Whishaw (1842): Page 273
  8. ^ Whishaw (1842): Page 303.
  9. ^ Whishaw (1842): Page 319.
  10. ^ Whishaw (1842): Page 363
  11. ^ ARHS Railway Digest May 2008, p18
  12. ^ Australian Transportation Safety Bureau
  13. ^ Gray, Adrian (Winter 1994). The Australian Railway Historical Society (ARHS was founded in Sydney in 1933 as The Australasian Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Railway Digest (ISSN 0157 243 1 is a monthly Magazine covering the Railways of New South Wales, and in more recent times the railways of "G. W. R. Slate Tram Transporter Wagons". British Railway Journal (50): 17-24.  
  14. ^ Beyond Thunderdome: Iron Curtain 2k6. Retrieved on 2007-10-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated

Sources

Further reading

External links

Dictionary

standard gauge

-noun

  1. A specification of the width of railway tracks of 56.5 inches (1435 mm)
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