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Standard German is the standard varieties of the German language used as a written language, in formal contexts, and for communication between different dialect areas. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A written language is the representation of a Language by means of a Writing system. Since German is a pluricentric language, there are different varieties of Standard German. A pluricentric language is a Language with several standard versions both in spoken and in written forms.

Standard German has originated not as a traditional dialect of a specific region, but as a written language, developed over a process of several hundred years, in which writers tried to write in a way that was understood in the largest area. A written language is the representation of a Language by means of a Writing system. Until about 1800 Standard German was almost entirely a written language. In this time, people in northern Germany, who spoke Low Saxon dialects very different from Standard German, learnt it almost like a foreign language. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Later the Northern pronunciation was considered standard and spread southward; in some regions (such as around Hanover) the local dialect completely died out. Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen It is thus the spread of Standard German as a language taught at school that defines the German Sprachraum, i. Sprachraum is a linguistic term used to designate a geographical area where a Language, Dialect, group or family of languages is spoken e. a political decision rather than a direct consequence of dialect geography, allowing areas with dialects of very limited mutual comprehensibility to participate in the same cultural sphere (literature, and more recently mass media). Dialectology (from Greek grc διάλεκτος dialektos, "talk dialect" and grc -λογία -logia) is a sub-field of Historical

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Terminology

In German linguistics, only the traditional regional varieties of German are called dialects, not the different varieties of standard German. German studies is the field of Humanities that researches documents and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms German dialect is dominated by the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift, and the Dialect continuum that connects the German with A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of The latter are known as Umgangssprachen and on the territory of Germany have begun to replace the traditional dialects from the 19th century. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar They constitute a mixture of old dialectal elements with Standard German.

In German, Standard German is often called Hochdeutsch, a misleading term since it collides with the linguistic term High German. The High German languages (in German, Hochdeutsch) are any of the varieties of standard German, Luxembourgish and Hoch "high" in the term for the standard language refers to "high" in a cultural or educational sense, while in the linguistic term it simply refers to the Geography of Germany, High German of the Southern uplands and the Alps contrasting with Low German spoken in the lowlands stretching towards the North Sea. This article describes the Geography of Germany. Germany is a large country in Central Europe, stretching from the Alps, across Low German or Low Saxon (in Germany: Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch; in Netherlands: Nedersaksisch or Nederduuts The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. To avoid this confusion, Standard German is increasingly referred to as Standarddeutsch 'standard German', deutsche Standardsprache 'German standard language', or if the context of the German language is clear, simply Standardsprache 'standard language'. Traditionally, though, the language spoken in the high mountainous areas of southern Germany is referred to as Oberdeutsch 'Upper German. '

Pluricentricity

Standard German differs regionally. The most accepted distinction is between different national varieties of standard German: Austrian Standard German, Germany Standard German and Swiss Standard German. Austrian German ( Österreichisches Deutsch, Austrian Standard German) is the national standard variety of the German language spoken in Swiss Standard German is one out of four official languages in Switzerland, besides Romansh, French and Italian. Additionally, there are linguists who think that there are different varieties of standard German within Germany. Linguistic research of the different varieties of standard German has for the most part only begun in the 1990s, and especially in Austria and in Switzerland. During the existence of the German Democratic Republic, there have been occasional studies about whether there were differences between the standard varieties of the Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (

The different varieties of standard German (Austrian, Swiss and Germany Standard) differ only in a few features, especially in vocabulary and pronunciation, but even in some instances of grammar and orthography. The vocabulary of a person is defined either as the set of all Words that are understood by that person or the set of all words likely to be used by that person when constructing Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language In the written language, it may be hard or even impossible to tell what variety of standard German has been used, though in the spoken language, the different varieties of standard German are easily recognized by most speakers.

The variation of the standard German varieties must not be confused with the variation of the local German dialects. German dialect is dominated by the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift, and the Dialect continuum that connects the German with Even though the standard German varieties are to a certain degree influenced by the local dialects, they are very distinct. All varieties of standard German are based on the common tradition of the written German language, whereas the local dialects have their own historical roots that go further back than the unification of the written language.

Continuum between standard German and German dialects

In most regions, the speakers use a continuum of mixtures from more dialectical varieties to more standard varieties according to situation. However, there are two exceptions:

Phonology

Main article: German phonology

Pronunciation of Standard German was first prescribed in 1898 in the Deutsche Bühnenaussprache of Theodor Siebs. German phonology describes the Phonology of Standard German. Since German is a Pluricentric language, there are a number of different pronunciations Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In Siebs' pronunciation, the phoneme /r/ was given a pronunciation of [r], while regional variants are permissible in contemporary Standard German.

Grammar

Main article: German grammar

Orthography

Main article: German orthography

A first standardization, although non-prescriptive, of Early Modern High German was introduced by Luther Bible of 1534. This page outlines the Grammar of the German language. Grammar Genders In German all of the three genders of the Proto-Indo-European German orthography, although largely phonemic, shows many instances of spellings that are historic or analogic to other spellings rather than phonemic Early New High German (ENHG is a term for the period in the history of the German language, generally defined following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 The Luther Bible is a German Bible translation by Martin Luther, first printed with both testaments in 1534 In consequence, the written language of the chancery of Saxony-Wittenberg rose in importance in the course of the 17th century, and the 1665 revision of the Zürich Bible abandoned its Alemannic idiom in favour of this standard. Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a Town in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, on the Elbe The Zürich Bible ( Zürcher Bibel, also Zwinglibibel) is a Bible translation historically based on the translation by Huldrych Zwingli.

The First Orthographical Conference (I. Orthographische Konferenz) was called in 1876 by the government of Prussia. Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Since Prussia was by far the largest state in the German Empire, its regulations also influenced spelling elsewhere. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification

Konrad Duden published the first edition of his dictionary, later simply known as the Duden, in 1880. Konrad Alexander Friedrich Duden ( January 3, 1829 – August 1, 1911) was a Gymnasium (high school teacher who became a philologist The Duden ( is a German Dictionary, first published by Konrad Duden in 1880 Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The first spelling reform, based on Duden's work, came into effect in 1901. Many languages have undergone spelling reform, where a deliberate often officially sanctioned or mandated change to spelling takes place Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The orthographical standards predating 1901 are now known as "classical orthography" (Klassische deutsche Rechtschreibung), while the conventions in effect from 1901 to 1998 are summarized as "old orthography" (Alte deutsche Rechtschreibung). A failed attempt at another reform dates to 1944, delayed on the order of Hitler and not taken back up after the end of the World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In the following decades German spelling was essentially decided de facto by the editors of the Duden dictionaries. After the war, this tradition was followed with two different centers: Mannheim in West Germany and Leipzig in East Germany. Mannheim is a City in Germany. With 327318 inhabitants it is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg after the capital Stuttgart West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state By the early 1950s, a few other publishing houses had begun to attack the Duden monopoly in the West by putting out their own dictionaries, which did not always hold to the "official" spellings prescribed by Duden. In response, the Ministers of Culture of the federal states in West Germany officially declared the Duden spellings to be binding as of November, 1955. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar)

From 1996, another reform was attempted, based on an international agreement signed by the governments of the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The German spelling reform of 1996 ( Rechtschreibreform) is based on an international agreement signed in Vienna in July 1996 by the governments of the German -speaking The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The acceptance of the reform was limited. While, as of 2004, most German print media use rules that to a large extent comply with the reform, some newspapers, such as Die Zeit, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, or Süddeutsche Zeitung, created their own in-house orthographies. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " DIE ZEIT (diː tsait in German literally The Time more idiomatically The Times) is a German nationwide weekly Newspaper that The Neue Zürcher Zeitung ( NZZ) is a major German language Swiss daily newspaper based in Zürich. The Süddeutsche Zeitung is one of the largest German Newspapers It is published in Munich.

In 2006 there was another spelling reform because there were disagreements like capitalizing or separating German words. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Also reformed were the rules governing punctuation marks.

See also

A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that High German Old High German See also Old High German The earliest testimonies of Old High German are from scattered Elder Futhark
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