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This article is about dyeing organic matter in the laboratory. For the wood treatment, see wood staining. A Wood stain, is a sub-category of Paint, consists of a Pigment suspended in a "vehicle" of Solvent and binding agent ( Alkyd, For the village in Lancashire, see Staining, Lancashire.
Light microscope and a stained specimen mounted on a glass slide
Light microscope and a stained specimen mounted on a glass slide

Staining is a biochemical technique of adding a class-specific (DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most It is similar to fluorescent tagging. In Molecular biology and Biotechnology, a fluorescent tag is a part of a Molecule that researchers have attached chemically to aid in detection of the molecule

Stains and dyes are frequently used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues (highlighting, for example, muscle fibers or connective tissue), cell populations (classifying different blood cells, for instance), or organelles within individual cells. Skeletal muscle is a type of Striated muscle, which usually attaches to tendons Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, Muscle, and Nervous tissue) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called A blood cell (also called blood corpuscle) is any cell of any type normally found in Blood. In Cell biology, an organelle (pronunciation /ɔː(rgəˡnɛl/ is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is usually separately enclosed

Biological staining is also used to mark cells in flow cytometry, and to flag proteins or nucleic acids in gel electrophoresis. Flow cytometry is a technique for counting examining and sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information

Contents

In vitro staining

In vitro staining involves colouring cells or structures that are no longer living. In vitro ( Latin: within the glass refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living Organism Certain stains are often combined to reveal more details and features than a single stain alone. Combined with specific protocols for fixation and sample preparation, scientists and physicians can use these standard techniques as consistent, repeatable diagnostic tools. In the fields of Histology, Pathology, and Cell biology, fixation is a chemical process by which Biological tissues are preserved from decay A counterstain is stain that makes cells or structures more visible, when not completely visible with the principal stain. A counterstain is a stain with color contrasting to the principal stain making the stained structure more easily visible For example, crystal violet stains only Gram-positive bacteria in Gram staining. Methyl violet is the name given to a group of similar Chemicals used as PH indicators and Dyes Methyl violets are mixtures of tetramethyl pentamethyl and Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. Gram staining (or Gram's method) is an empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups ( Gram-positive and A safranin counterstain is applied which stains all cells, allowing the identification of Gram-negative bacteria as well. Safranin (also Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in Histology and Cytology.

Preparation

The preparatory steps involved depend on the type of analysis planned; some or all of the following procedures may be required.

Permeabilization involves treatment of cells with (usually) a mild surfactant. Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids This treatment will dissolve the cell membranes, and allow larger dye molecules access to the cell's interior. The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer

Fixation–which may itself consist of several steps–aims to preserve the shape of the cells or tissue involved as much as possible. In the fields of Histology, Pathology, and Cell biology, fixation is a chemical process by which Biological tissues are preserved from decay Sometimes heat is used to kill, adhere, and alter the specimen so it will accept stains. Most chemical fixatives (chemicals causing fixation) generate chemical bonds between proteins and other substances within the sample, increasing their rigidity. A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Common fixatives include formaldehyde, ethanol, methanol, and/or picric acid. Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound "TNP" redirects here For the airport with the IATA airport code TNP see Twentynine Palms Airport. Pieces of tissue may be embedded in paraffin wax to increase their mechanical strength and stability and to make them easier to cut into thin slices. In chemistry paraffin is the common name for the Alkane Hydrocarbons with the general formula C n H2 n +2

Mounting usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide for observation and analysis. In some cases, cells may be grown directly on a slide. For samples of loose cells (as with a blood smear or a pap smear) the sample can be directly applied to a slide. The Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used in Gynecology For larger pieces of tissue, thin sections (slices) are made using a microtome; these slices can then be mounted and inspected. A microtome is a mechanical instrument used to cut biological specimens into transparent thin sections for microscopic examination

Staining

At its simplest, the actual staining process may involve immersing the sample (before or after fixation and mounting) in dye solution, followed by rinsing and observation. Many dyes, however, require the use of a mordant: a chemical compound which reacts with the stain to form an insoluble, coloured precipitate. A mordant is a substance used to set Dyes on fabrics by forming an insoluble compound with the dye Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. When excess dye solution is washed away, the mordanted stain remains.

Negative staining

A simple staining method for bacteria which is usually successful even when the "positive staining" methods detailed below fail, is to employ a negative stain. Negative staining is an established method often used in Diagnostic microscopy, for contrasting a thin specimen with an optically opaque fluid This can be achieved simply by smearing the sample on to the slide, followed by an application of nigrosin (Indian ink). Nigrosin or Indian ink is a type of Dye used for negative staining technique After drying, the microorganisms may be viewed in bright field microscopy as lighter inclusions well-contrasted against the dark environment surrounding them. Note: negative staining is a mild technique which may not destroy the microorganisms therefore it is unsuitable for studying pathogens.

Gram staining

Gram staining is used to determine gram status to classify bacteria broadly. Gram staining (or Gram's method) is an empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups ( Gram-positive and It is based on the composition of their cell wall. A cell wall is a tough flexible and sometimes fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the Cell membrane, which provides the cell with structural Gram staining uses crystal violet to stain cell walls, iodine as a mordant, and a fuchsin or safranin counterstain to mark all bacteria. Methyl violet is the name given to a group of similar Chemicals used as PH indicators and Dyes Methyl violets are mixtures of tetramethyl pentamethyl and Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Fuchsine or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta Dye with Chemical formula C20H19N3·HCl Safranin (also Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in Histology and Cytology. Gram status is important in medicine; the presence or absence of a cell wall will change the bacterium's susceptibility to some antibiotics. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa

Gram-positive bacteria stain dark blue or violet. Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. Their cell wall is typically rich with peptidoglycan and lacks the secondary membrane and lipopolysaccharide layer found in Gram-negative bacteria. A cell wall is a tough flexible and sometimes fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the Cell membrane, which provides the cell with structural Not to be confused with Glycoprotein. Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a Polymer consisting of sugars and amino Lipopolysaccharides ( LPS) are large Molecules consisting of a Lipid and a Polysaccharide joined by a Covalent bond; they are found

On most Gram-stained preparations, Gram-negative organisms will appear red or pink because they are counterstained;due to presence of higher lipid content, after alcohol-treatment, the porosity of the cell wall increases & hence the CVI complex (Crystal violet -Iodine) can pass through. Gram-negative bacteria are those Bacteria that do not retain Crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol Thus, the primary stain is not retained. Also, in contrast to most Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria have only a few layers of peptidoglycan and a secondary cell membrane made primarily of lipopolysaccharide.

Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining

Histologic specimen of human lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Histologic specimen of human lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive Haematoxylin, hematoxylin, Natural Black 1, or CI 75290 is extracted from the wood of the Logwood tree Eosin is a Fluorescent red Dye resulting from the action of Bromine on Fluorescein.

Haematoxylin and eosin staining protocol is used frequently in histology to examine thin sections of tissue. H&E stain, HE stain or hematoxylin and eosin stain, is a popular Staining method in Histology. Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and Haematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, while eosin stains cytoplasm, connective tissue and other extracellular substances pink or red. Haematoxylin, hematoxylin, Natural Black 1, or CI 75290 is extracted from the wood of the Logwood tree Eosin is a Fluorescent red Dye resulting from the action of Bromine on Fluorescein. Eosin is strongly absorbed by red blood cells, colouring them bright red. Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood

Papanicolaou staining

Papanicolaou staining, or Pap staining, is a frequently used method for examining cell samples from various bodily secretions. Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain) is a multichromatic Staining histological technique developed by George Papanikolaou It is frequently used to stain thkhpige Pap smear specimens. The Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used in Gynecology It uses a combination of haematoxylin, Orange G, eosin Y, Light Green SF yellowish, and sometimes Bismarck Brown Y. Haematoxylin, hematoxylin, Natural Black 1, or CI 75290 is extracted from the wood of the Logwood tree Orange G, Acid Orange 10, or CI 16230, is a synthetic Azo dye used in Histology in many Staining formulations Eosin is a Fluorescent red Dye resulting from the action of Bromine on Fluorescein. Light Green SF yellowish', or Light Green, Acid Green, Lissamine green SF, Acid Green 5, Food Green 2, FD&C Green no Bismarck brown Y, or Bismarck brown, Manchester brown, Phenylene brown, Basic Brown 1, or C

PAS staining

Periodic acid-Schiff staining is used to mark carbohydrates (glycogen, glycoprotein, proteoglycans). Periodic acid-Schiff ( PAS) is a Staining method used in Histology and Pathology. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Glycogen is a Polysaccharide of Glucose (Glc which functions as the secondary short term energy storage in Animal cells Not to be confused with Peptidoglycan. Glycoproteins are proteins that contain Oligosaccharide chains ( Glycans) covalently attached Proteoglycans represent a special class of Glycoproteins that are heavily glycosylated. It is used to distinguish different types of glycogen storage diseases.

Masson's trichrome

Masson's trichrome is (as the name implies) a three-colour staining protocol. Masson's trichrome is a three-color staining protocol used in Histology. The recipe has evolved from Masson's original technique for different specific applications, but all are well-suited to distinguish cells from surrounding connective tissue. Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, Muscle, and Nervous tissue) Most recipes will produce red keratin and muscle fibers, blue or green staining of collagen and bone, light red or pink staining of cytoplasm, and black cell nuclei. Keratins are a family of fibrous structural proteins; tough and insoluble they form the hard but nonmineralized structures found in Reptiles Birds Collagen is the main Protein of Connective tissue in Animals and the most abundant protein in Mammals making up about 50% of the whole-body protein Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed

Romanowsky stains

The Romanowsky stains are all based on a combination of eosinate (chemically reduced eosin) and methylene blue (sometimes with its oxidation products azure A and azure B). Romanowsky staining was a prototypical staining technique that was the forerunner of several distinct but similar methods including Giemsa, Jenner, Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Eosin is a Fluorescent red Dye resulting from the action of Bromine on Fluorescein. Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic Chemical compound with Molecular formula: C 16 H 18 Cl[[nitrogen Common variants include Wright's stain, Jenner's stain, Leishman stain and Giemsa stain. Wright's stain is a Histologic stain that facilitates the differentiation of Blood cell types Jenner's Stain ( Methylene blue eosinate) is used in Microscopy for Staining Blood smears Leishman's stain, also Leishman stain, is used in Microscopy for Staining Blood smears It provides excellent stain quality Giemsa stain, named after Gustav Giemsa, an early malariologist is used for the histopathological diagnosis of Malaria and other Parasites It is a mixture

All are used to examine blood or bone marrow samples. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of Bones In adults marrow in large bones produces new Blood cells It constitutes 4% of They are preferred over H&E for inspection of blood cells because different types of leukocytes (white blood cells) can be readily distinguished. All are also suited to examination of blood to detect blood-borne parasites like malaria. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including

Silver staining

Silver staining is the use of silver to stain histologic sections. Silver staining is the use of Silver to stain Histologic sections This kind of staining is important especially to show Proteins (for example type III Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Histological section refers to thin slices of tissue applied to a Microscopic slide, usually around 5 to 10 Micrometres thick which are viewed This kind of staining is important especially to show proteins (for example type III collagen) and DNA. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Collagen is the main Protein of Connective tissue in Animals and the most abundant protein in Mammals making up about 50% of the whole-body protein Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known It is used to show both substances inside and outside cells. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Silver staining is also used in temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ( TGGE) and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE are forms of Electrophoresis where there is a temperature

Some cells are argentaffin. These reduce silver solution to metallic silver after formalin fixation. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl In the fields of Histology, Pathology, and Cell biology, fixation is a chemical process by which Biological tissues are preserved from decay This method was discovered by Italian Camillo Golgi, by using a reaction between silver nitrate and potassium dichromate, thus precipitating silver chromate in some cells (see Golgi's method). Camillo Golgi ( July 7, 1843 &ndash January 21, 1926) was an Italian Physician and Scientist. Silver nitrate also known as lunar caustic is a soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula Ag[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 is a common inorganic chemical reagent most commonly used as an Oxidizing agent in various laboratory Golgi's method is a Nervous tissue Staining technique discovered by Italian Physician and Scientist Camillo Golgi (1843-1926 Other cells are argyrophilic. These reduce silver solution to metallic silver after being exposed to the stain that contains a reductant, for example hydroquinone or formalin. A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is the element or a compound in a Redox (reduction-oxidation reaction (see Electrochemistry Hydroquinone, also benzene-14-diol or quinol, is an Aromatic Organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the Chemical

Sudan staining

Sudan staining is the use of Sudan dyes to stain sudanophilic substances, usually lipids. Sudan staining is the use of Sudan dyes to stain sudanophilic' substances usually Lipids Sudan Lysochromes ( Sudan II, Sudan III Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble Sudan III, Sudan IV, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black B are often used. Sudan III is a Lysochrome (fat-soluble dye Diazo dye used for staining of Triglycerides in frozen sections and some protein bound Sudan IV (C24H20N4O is a Lysochrome (fat-soluble dye Diazo dye used for the staining of Lipids, Oil Red O ( Solvent Red 27, Sudan Red 5B, CI 26125, C26H24N4O is a Lysochrome (fat-soluble dye Diazo Sudan Black B (C26H24N4O is a Lysochrome (fat-soluble dye Diazo dye used for staining of neutral Triglycerides Sudan staining is often used to determine the level of fecal fat to diagnose steatorrhea. In Medicine, the fecal fat test is a diagnostic test for Fat Malabsorption conditions which lead to excess fat in the feces ( Steatorrhea) Steatorrhea is the presence of excess fat in Feces. Stools may also float due to excess gas have an oily appearance and be foul smelling

Conklin's staining

Special technique designed for staining true endospores with the use of malachite green dye, once stained, they do not decolourize.

In vivo staining

In vivo staining is the process of dyeing living tissues—in vivo means "in life" (compare with in vitro staining). By causing certain cells or structures to take on contrasting color(s), their form (morphology) or position within a cell or tissue can be readily seen and studied. The usual purpose is to reveal cytological details that might otherwise not be apparent; however, staining can also reveal where certain chemicals or specific chemical reactions are taking place within cells or tissues.

Often these stains are called vital stains. They are introduced to the organism while the cells are still living. However, these stains are eventually toxic to the organism, some more so than others. To achieve desired effects, the stains are used in very dilute solutions ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:500,000 (Howey, 2000). Note that many stains may be used in both living and fixed cells.

Basic biological stains

Different stains react or concentrate in different parts of a cell or tissue, and these properties are used to advantage to reveal specific parts or areas. Some of the most common biological stains are listed below. Unless otherwise marked, all of these dyes may be used with fixed cells and tissues; vital dyes (suitable for use with living organisms) are noted.

Acridine orange

Acridine orange (AO) is a nucleic acid selective fluorescent cationic dye useful for cell cycle determination. Acridine orange is a Nucleic acid selective Fluorescent Cationic Dye useful for cell cycle determination It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions. When bound to DNA, it is very similar spectrally to fluorescein.

Bismarck brown

Bismarck brown (also Bismarck brown Y or Manchester brown) imparts a yellow colour to acid mucins. Bismarck brown Y, or Bismarck brown, Manchester brown, Phenylene brown, Basic Brown 1, or C Mucins are a family of large heavily glycosylated Proteins ( Glycoconjugates. Bismarck brown may be used with live cells.

Carmine

Carmine is an intensely red dye which may be used to stain glycogen, while Carmine alum is a nuclear stain. Glycogen is a Polysaccharide of Glucose (Glc which functions as the secondary short term energy storage in Animal cells Carmine stains require the use of a mordant, usually aluminum. WikipediaNaming

Coomassie blue

Coomassie blue (also brilliant blue) nonspecifically stains proteins a strong blue colour. Coomassie dyes (also known as Coomassie Brilliant Dyes are a family of dyes commonly used to stain proteins in Sodium dodecyl sulfate and blue native Polyacrylamide It is often used in gel electrophoresis.

Crystal violet

Crystal violet, when combined with a suitable mordant, stains cell walls purple. Methyl violet is the name given to a group of similar Chemicals used as PH indicators and Dyes Methyl violets are mixtures of tetramethyl pentamethyl and A cell wall is a tough flexible and sometimes fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the Cell membrane, which provides the cell with structural Crystal violet is an important component in Gram staining.

DAPI

DAPI is a fluorescent nuclear stain, excited by ultraviolet light and showing strong blue fluorescence when bound to DNA. DAPI or 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole is a fluorescent stain that binds strongly to DNA. Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known DAPI is not visible with regular transmission microscopy. It may be used in living or fixed cells.

Eosin

Eosin is most often used as a counterstain to haematoxylin, imparting a pink or red colour to cytoplasmic material, cell membranes, and some extracellular structures. Eosin is a Fluorescent red Dye resulting from the action of Bromine on Fluorescein. The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer It also imparts a strong red colour to red blood cells. Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood Eosin may also be used as a counterstain in some variants of Gram staining, and in many other protocols. There are actually two very closely related compounds commonly referred to as eosin. Most often used is eosin Y (also known as eosin Y ws or eosin yellowish); it has a very slightly yellowish cast. The other eosin compound is eosin B (eosin bluish or imperial red); it has a very faint bluish cast. The two dyes are interchangeable, and the use of one or the other is more a matter of preference and tradition.

Ethidium bromide

Ethidium bromide intercalates and stains DNA, providing a fluorescent red-orange stain. Ethidium bromide (sometimes abbreviated as "EtBr", the abbreviation also confusingly used for Bromoethane) is an intercalating agent In Chemistry, intercalation is the reversible inclusion of a Molecule (or group between two other molecules (or groups Although it will not stain healthy cells, it can be used to identify cells that are in the final stages of apoptosis - such cells have much more permeable membranes. MembraneA biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating Amphipathic layer that acts as a barrier within or around a cell. Consequently, ethidium bromide is often used as a marker for apoptosis in cells populations and to locate bands of DNA in gel electrophoresis. The stain may also be used in conjunction with acridine orange (AO) in viable cell counting. Acridine orange is a Nucleic acid selective Fluorescent Cationic Dye useful for cell cycle determination This EB/AO combined stain causes live cells to fluoresce green whilst apoptotic cells retain the distinctive red-orange fluorescence.

Fuchsin

Fuchsin may be used to stain collagen, smooth muscle, or mitochondria. Fuchsine or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta Dye with Chemical formula C20H19N3·HCl In Cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

Acid fuchsin is commonly used in Masson's trichrome and van Gieson's picro-fuchsin, and was used in an older method to stain mitochondria.

Haematoxylin

Haematoxylin (hematoxylin in North America) is a nuclear stain. Haematoxylin, hematoxylin, Natural Black 1, or CI 75290 is extracted from the wood of the Logwood tree Used with a mordant, haematoxylin stains nuclei blue-violet or brown. It is most often used with eosin in H&E (haematoxylin and eosin) staining—one of the most common procedures in histology. Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and

Hoechst stains

Hoechst is a bis-benzimidazole derivative compound which binds to the minor groove of DNA. The Hoechst stains are part of a family of Fluorescent stains for labelling DNA in Fluorescence microscopy. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Often used in fluorescence microscopy for DNA staining, Hoechst stains appear yellow when dissolved in aqueous solutions and emit blue light under UV excitation. There are two major types of Hoechst: Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342. The Hoechst stains are part of a family of Fluorescent stains for labelling DNA in Fluorescence microscopy. The two compounds are functionally similar, but with a little difference in structure. Hoechst 33258 contains a terminal hydroxyl group and is thus more soluble in aqueous solution, however this characteristics reduces its ability to penetrate the plasma membrane. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer Hoechst 33342 contains a ethyl substitution on the terminal hydroxyl group (i. e. an ethylether group) making it more hydrophobic for easier plasma membrane passage.

Iodine

Iodine is used in chemistry as an indicator for starch. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide When starch is mixed with iodine in solution, an intensely dark blue color develops, representing a starch/iodine complex. Starch is a substance common to most plant cells and so a weak iodine solution will stain starch present in the cells. Iodine is one component in the staining technique known as Gram staining, used in microbiology. Gram staining (or Gram's method) is an empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups ( Gram-positive and Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία

Lugol's solution or Lugol's iodine (IKI) is a brown solution that turns black in the presence of starches and can be used as a cell stain, making the cell nuclei more visible. Lugol's iodine, also known as Lugol's solution, first made in 1829 is a solution of elemental Iodine and potassium iodide in water named after the French In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed

Malachite green

Malachite green (also known as diamond green B or victoria green B) can be used as a blue-green counterstain to safranin in the Gimenez staining technique for bacteria. Malachite green, also called aniline green, basic green 4, diamond green B, or victoria green B, IUPAC name 4--NN-dimethyl-aniline The Gimenez staining technique uses biological stains to detect and identify bacterial Infections in tissue samples It also can be used to directly stain spores. An endospore is a dormant, tough and non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of Bacteria from the Firmicute phylum

Methyl green

Methyl green is chemically related to crystal violet, sporting an extra methyl or ethyl group.

Methylene blue

Methylene blue is used to stain animal cells, such as human cheek cells, to make their nuclei more observable. Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic Chemical compound with Molecular formula: C 16 H 18 Cl[[nitrogen

Neutral red

Neutral red (or toluylene red) stains nuclei red. Neutral Red (or toluylene red, Basic Red 5, or CI 50040) is a Eurhodin dye used for Staining in Histology. It is usually used as a counterstain in combination with other dyes.

Nile blue

Nile blue (or Nile blue A) stains nuclei blue. Nile blue (or Nile blue A) is a stain used in Biology and Histology. It may be used with living cells.

Nile red

Nile red (also known as Nile blue oxazone) is formed by boiling Nile blue with sulfuric acid. Nile red (also known as Nile blue oxazone) is a lipophilic stain Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. This produces a mix of Nile red and Nile blue. Nile red is a lipophilic stain; it will accumulate in lipid globules inside cells, staining them red. Lipophilicity, fat-liking, refers to the ability of a Chemical compound to dissolve in fats oils lipids and non-polar solvents such as Hexane or Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble Nile red can be used with living cells.

Osmium tetroxide

Osmium tetroxide is used in optical microscopy to stain lipids. Osmium tetroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OsO4 Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance. Because it is a heavy metal that absorbs electrons, it is perhaps the most common stain used for morphology in biological electron microscopy.

Rhodamine

Rhodamine is a protein specific fluorescent stain commonly used in fluorescence microscopy. Rhodamine (ˈroʊdəmiːn is a family of related chemical compounds Fluorone dyes

Safranin

Safranin (or Safranin O) is a nuclear stain. Safranin (also Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in Histology and Cytology. It produces red nuclei, and is used primarily as a counterstain. Safranin may also be used to give a yellow colour to collagen.

Electron microscopy

Similar to light microscopy, stains can be used to selectively highlight cellular structures in transmission electron microscopy. Electron-dense compounds of heavy metals are typically used. For example, phosphotungstic acid is a common negative stain for viruses, nerves, polysaccharides, and other biological tissue materials. Phosphotungstic acid ( PTA) tungstophosphoric acid ( TPA) is a Heteropoly acid with the chemical formula 3 1240 Negative staining is an established method often used in Diagnostic microscopy, for contrasting a thin specimen with an optically opaque fluid A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. Polysaccharides are relatively complex Carbohydrates They are Polymers made up of many Monosaccharides joined together by Glycosidic bonds

Other chemicals used in electron microscopy staining include ammonium molybdate, cadmium iodide, carbohydrazide, ferric chloride, hexamine, indium trichloride, lanthanum nitrate, lead acetate, lead citrate, lead(II) nitrate, osmium tetroxide, periodic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, Ruthenium Red, silver nitrate, sodium chloroaurate, thallium nitrate, thiosemicarbazide, uranyl acetate, uranyl nitrate, and vanadyl sulfate. Ammonium Molybdate is an odourless crystalline compound ranging in colour from white to yellow-green Cadmium iodide, CdI2 is a chemical compound of Cadmium and Iodine. Carbohydrazide is used as an Oxygen scavenger in water treatment for boilers Iron chloride redirects here For Iron(II chloride see Iron(II chloride. Hexamine, also called hexamethylenetetramine or methenamine ( INN) is a heterocyclic Organic compound that can be prepared by the reaction Indium(III chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula In[[Chlorine Cl3]] Lead(II acetate is a Chemical compound, a white crystalline substance with a Sweetish taste Lead(II nitrate is an Inorganic compound with the Chemical formula Pb ( NO 32 Osmium tetroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OsO4 Periodic acid is HIO4 or H5IO6 In dilute solution periodic acid exists as H+ and IO4− Phosphomolybdic acid, also known as dodeca molybdophosphoric acid or PMA is a component of Masson's trichrome stain. Potassium ferricyanide is the Chemical compound with the formula K3 Potassium ferrocyanide, also known as yellow prussiate of potash or potassium hexacyanoferrate(II is a coordination compound of formula K4·3H2O Silver nitrate also known as lunar caustic is a soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula Ag[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Uranyl acetate (UO2(CH3COO2·2H2O is a yellow free-flowing crystalline solid of yellow rhombic Crystals with a slight acetic odor Uranyl nitrate ( U[[oxygen O]]2( N[[oxygen O]]32 is a Water Soluble yellow Uranium salt Vanadyl(IV sulfate, VOSO4 is a blue crystalline solid that is normally stable in room conditions [1]

See also

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Dictionary

staining

-verb

  1. Present participle of stain.
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