For the Blackford Oakes novel, see Stained Glass (novel)

The term stained glass refers either to the material of coloured glass or to the art and craft of working with it. Heaton Butler and Bayne is the name of an English firm who produced Stained glass windows from 1855 onwards Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Throughout its thousand-year history the term "stained glass" was applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches, cathedrals and other significant buildings. Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture.

Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term "stained glass" to include domestic leadlight and objets d'art created from lead came and copper foil glasswork such as exemplified in the famous lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany. Leadlights are decorative windows made of small sections of glass supported in lead cames. In Fine art, a work of art (or artwork or work) is a creation such as a Song, Book, Film, Video game, Lead came and Copper foil glasswork are the Arts and crafts of cutting colored Glass and joining the pieces into picturesque designs Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts

As a material the term stained glass generally refers to glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture. The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together (traditionally) by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame. Painted details and yellow stain are often used to enhance the design. The term stained glass is also applied to windows in which all the colours have been painted onto the glass and then annealed in a furnace.

Stained glass, as an art and a craft, requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate workable design, and the engineering skills necessary to assemble the decorative piece, traditionally a window, so that it will fit snugly into the window frame for which it is made and also, especially in the larger windows, is capable of supporting its own weight and surviving the elements. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual A craft is a Skill, especially involving practical arts. It may refer to a Trade or particular art Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the late Middle Ages. In Western Europe they constitute the major form of pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a stained glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light but rather to control it. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as 'illuminated wall decorations'.

The design of a window may be non-figurative or figurative. It may incorporate narratives drawn from the Bible, history or literature, or represent saints or patrons. It may have symbolic motifs, in particular armorial. Windows within a building may be thematic, for example: within a church - episodes from the life of Christ; within a parliament building - shields of the constituencies; within a college hall - figures representing the arts and sciences; or within a home - flora, fauna or landscape.

Contents 1 Manufacture 1.1 Glass production 1.2 Creating stained glass windows 1.3 Technical details 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Medieval glass 2.3 Destruction and continuation 2.4 Revival 2.5 Twentieth century 2.6 Buildings incorporating stained glass windows 3 Gallery of windows 3.1 Details 4 References 5 See also 6 External links

Manufacture

Glass production

From the 10th or 11th century, when stained glass began to flourish as an art, glass factories were set up where there was a ready supply of silica, the essential product of glass manufacture. Glass was usually coloured by adding metallic oxides to the glass while in a molten state in a clay pot over a furnace. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Glass coloured in this way was known as pot metal. Copper oxides were added to produce green, cobalt for blue, and gold was added to produce red glass. Much modern red glass is produced using ingredients less expensive than gold and giving a brighter red of a more vermilion shade. Vermilion, sometimes spelled vermillion, when found naturally-occurring is an opaque orangish Red Pigment, used since antiquity originally derived

Cylinder glass This glass was collected from the pot into a molten ball and blown, while being continually manipulated until it formed a large cylindrical bottle shape of even diameter and wall-thickness. It was then cut open, laid flat and annealed to make it stable. Annealing is a process of slowly cooling Glass to relieve internal stresses after it was formed This is the type of glass most commonly used for ancient stained glass windows.

Crown glass This glass was partly blown into a hollow vessel, then put onto a revolving table which could be rapidly spun like a potter's wheel. The centrifugal force caused the molten material to flatten and spread outwards. It could then be cut into small sheets. This glass could be made coloured and used for stained glass windows, but is typically associated with small paned windows of 16th and 17th century houses. The concentric, curving ripples are characteristic of this process. The center of each piece of glass received less force during the spinning, and thus produced was a thicker piece. These centres were for the special effect created by their lumpy, refractive quality. They are known as bull's eyes and are feature of late 19th century domestic leadlight and are sometimes also used with cathedral glass or quarry glass in non-pictorial church windows of that date. Leadlights are decorative windows made of small sections of glass supported in lead cames. Cathedral glass is the name given commercially to monochromatic sheet glass which is thin by comparison with slab glass, may be coloured and is textured on one side

Table glass This glass was produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal table and sometimes rolling it with a large metal cylinder. The glass thus produced is heavily textured by the reaction of the glass with the cold metal. Glass of this appearance is commercially produced and widely used today, under the name of cathedral glass, although it was not the type of glass favoured for stained glass in ancient cathedrals. Cathedral glass is the name given commercially to monochromatic sheet glass which is thin by comparison with slab glass, may be coloured and is textured on one side It has been much used for lead lighting in churches in the 20th century. Modern glass made by this technique is often heavily patterned by the use of an engrave metal roller.

Flashed glass Red pot metal glass was often undesirably dark in colour and prohibitively expensive. Pot metal is a slang term that refers to alloys that consist of inexpensive low-melting point metals used to make fast inexpensive castings The method developed to produce red glass was called flashing. In this procedure, a semi-molten cylinder of clear glass was dipped into a pot of red glass so that the red glass formed a thin coating. The laminated glass thus formed was cut, flattened and heat annealed.

There are a number of advantages to this technique. It allows a variety in the depth of red ranging from very dark and almost opaque, through ruby red to pale and sometimes streaky red that was often used for thin border pieces. The other advantage was that the red of double-layered glass could be engraved or abraded to allow light to shine through the clear glass underneath. In the late Medieval period, this method was often employed to add rich patterns to the robes of Saints. The other advantage, much exploited by late Victorian and early 20th century artists, was that sheets could be flashed in which the depth of colour varied across the sheet. This was applied to a range of colours. Some stained glass studios, notably Lavers, Barraud and Westlake in England, made extensive use of large segments of irregularly flashed glass in robes and draperies. Lavers Barraud and Westlake were an English firm that produced Stained glass windows from 1855 until 1921

Modern production of traditional glass There are a number of glass factories, notably in Germany, USA, England, France, Poland and Russia, which produce high quality glass by traditional methods. Such glass is produced primarily for the restoration of older windows from 1920s and before. The production of new windows in traditional Victorian, Arts and Crafts and early 20th century styles often uses traditional glass. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities The Arts and Crafts Movement was a British, Canadian, and American Aesthetic movement occurring in the last years of the 19th century and the Modern stained glass windows also often use a variety of these different types of glass, or employ commercially made glass.

Creating stained glass windows

• The first stage in the production of a window is to make, or acquire from the architect or owners of the building, an accurate template of the window opening that the glass is to fit.

• The subject matter of the window is determined to suit the location, a particular theme, or the whim of the patron. A small design called a Vidimus is prepared which can be shown to the patron.

• A traditional narrative window has panels which relate a story. A figurative window could have rows of saints or dignitories. Scriptural texts or mottoes are sometimes included and perhaps the names of the patrons or the person as whose memorial the window is dedicated. In a window of a traditional type, it is usually at the discretion of the designer to fill the surrounding areas with borders, floral motifs and canopies.

• A full sized cartoon is drawn for every "light" (opening) of the window. A small church window might typically be of two lights, with some simple tracery lights above. A large window might have four or five lights. The east or west window of a large cathedral might have seven lights in three tiers with elaborate tracery. In Medieval times the cartoon was drawn straight onto a whitewashed table, which was then used for cutting, painting and assembling the window.

• The designer must take into account the design, the structure of the window, the nature and size of the glass available and his own preferred technique. The cartoon is then be divided into a patchwork as a template for each small glass piece. The exact position of the lead which holds the glass in place is part of the calculated visual effect.

• Each piece of glass is selected for the desired colour and cut to match a section of the template. An exact fit is ensured by grozing the edges with a tool which can nibble off small pieces.

• Details of faces, hair and hands can be painted onto the inner surface of the glass in a special glass paint which contains finely ground lead or copper filings, ground glass, gum arabic and a medium such as wine, vinegar or (traditionally) urine. The art of painting details became increasingly elaborate and reached its height in the early 20th century.

• Once the window is cut and painted, the pieces are assembled by slotting them into H-sectioned lead cames. The joints are then all soldered together and the glass pieces are stopped from rattling and the window made weatherproof by forcing a soft oily cement or mastic between the glass and the cames.

• Traditionally, when the windows were inserted into the window spaces, iron rods were put across at various points, to support the weight of the window, which was tied to the rods by copper wire. Some very large early Gothic windows are divided into sections by heavy metal frames called ferramenta. This method of support was also favoured for large, usually painted, windows of the Baroque period.

• From 1300 onwards, artists started using silver stain which was made with silver nitrate. It gave a yellow effect ranging from pale lemon to deep orange. It was usually painted onto the outside of a piece of glass, then fired to make it permanent. This yellow was particularly useful for enhancing borders, canopies and haloes, and turning blue glass into green glass for green grass.

• By about 1450 a stain known as Cousin's rose was used to enhance flesh tones.

• In the 1500s a range of glass stains were introduced, most of them coloured by ground glass particles. They were a form of enamel. Painting on glass with these stains was initially used for small heraldic designs and other details. By the 1600s a style of stained glass had evolved that was no longer dependent upon the skilful cutting of coloured glass into sections. Scenes were painted onto glass panels of square format, like tiles. The colours were annealed to the glass and the pieces were assembled into metal frames.

• In modern windows, copper foil is now sometimes used instead of lead. For further technical details, see Lead came and copper foil glasswork. Lead came and Copper foil glasswork are the Arts and crafts of cutting colored Glass and joining the pieces into picturesque designs

Technical details

Large late 12th-c. window in Canterbury Cathedral with recently restored early 13th-c. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a glass showing details of metal supporting frame

Detail of same window from Canterbury Cathedral, 13th c. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a , showing Thomas Becket

Window in Canterbury Cathedral showing the pot metal and painted glass, lead H-sectioned cames, modern steel rods and copper wire attachments

European panel, 1564, with typical painted details, extensive silver stain, Cousin's rose on the face, and flashed ruby glass with abraded white motif

History

Origins

Coloured glass has been produced since ancient times. St Thomas Becket (c 1118 &ndash December 29, 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170 Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a Both the Egyptians and the Romans excelled at the manufacture of small coloured glass objects. The British Museum holds two of the finest Roman pieces, the Lycurgus Cup, which is a murky mustard colour but glows purple-red to transmitted light, and the Portland vase which is midnight blue, with a carved white overlay. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London.

In Early Christian churches of the 4th and 5th centuries there are many remaining windows which are filled with ornate patterns of thinly-sliced alabaster set into wooden frames, giving a stained-glass like effect. Similar effects were achieved with greater elaboration using coloured glass rather than stone by Muslim architects in Southwest Asia. Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. In the 8th century, the Arab chemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) scientifically described 46 original recipes for producing coloured glass in Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna (The Book of the Hidden Pearl), in addition to which 12 recipes were inserted by al-Marrakishi in a later edition of the book. For the 12th century astronomer see Jabir ibn Aflah. For the anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist see Pseudo-Geber. Jabir also described the production of high quality coloured glass cut into artificial gemstones. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash ^[1]

A perfume flask from 100 BCE-200 CE

The Portland Vase, a rare example of Roman flashed glass

Stained glass in the Nasir al-Mulk mosque in Shiraz, Iran

Medieval glass

Main article: Poor Man's Bible

Stained glass, as an art form, reached its height in the Middle Ages when it became a major pictorial form and was used to illustrate the narratives of the Bible to a largely illiterate populace. Nasir al-Mulk Mosque (Nasir ol molk is a traditional Mosque in Shiraz Iran. Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. The term Poor Man's Bible has come into use in modern times to describe works of art within churches and cathedrals which either individually or collectively have been created

In the Romanesque and Early Gothic period, from about 950 AD to 1240 AD, the untraceried windows demanded large expanses of glass which of necessity were supported by robust iron frames, such as may be seen at Chartres Cathedral and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a As Gothic architecture developed into a more ornate form, windows grew larger, affording greater illumination to the interiors, but were divided into sections by vertical shafts and tracery of stone. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. The elaboration of form reached its height of complexity in the Flamboyant style in Europe and windows grew still larger with the development of the Perpendicular style in England. English Gothic is the name of the Architectural style that flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520

Integrated with the lofty verticals of Gothic cathedrals and parish churches, the glass designs became more daring. The circular form, or rose window developed in France from relatively simple windows with pierced openings through slabs of thin stone to wheel windows, as exemplified by that in the West front of Chartres Cathedral, and ultimately to designs of enormous complexity, the tracery being drafted from hundreds of different points, such as those at Sainte-Chapelle, Paris and the "Bishop's Eye" at Lincoln Cathedral. A Rose window (or Catherine window) is often used as a generic term applied to a circular Window, but is especially used for those found in churches La Sainte-Chapelle (The Holy Chapel is a Gothic Chapel on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Lincoln Cathedral (in full The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln, or sometimes St

Daniel from Augsburg Cathedral, early 12th c. Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. One of the oldest examples in situ.

Windows from Chartres Cathedral, 13th c.

The Poor Man's Bible window at Canterbury Cathedral, 13th c. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a

The rose window from Sainte-Chapelle, 15th c. La Sainte-Chapelle (The Holy Chapel is a Gothic Chapel on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France.

Destruction and continuation

At the Reformation, in England large numbers of these windows were smashed and replaced with plain glass. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII and the injunctions of Oliver Cromwell against 'abused images' (the object of veneration) resulted in the loss of thousands of windows. The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known Few remain undamaged; of them the windows in the private chapel at Hengrave Hall in Suffolk are among the finest. Hengrave Hall is a Tudor Manor house near Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk, England and was the seat of the Kytson and Gage families 1525-1887 With the latter wave of destruction the traditional methods of working with stained glass died and were not to be rediscovered in England until the early 19th century. For more details

In Europe, however, stained glass continued to be produced in the Classical style which is widely represented in Germany, Belgium and Holland, despite the rise of Protestantism. In early 19th century Britain beginning with an armorial window created by Thomas Willement in 1811-12 there was a revival of the art and craft of Stained glass Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. In France much glass of this period was produced at the Limoges factory, and at Murano in Italy, where stained glass and faceted lead crystal are often coupled together in the same window. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Limoges ( Lemòtges / Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan language) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture Murano is usually described as an Island in the Venetian Lagoon, although like Venice itself it is actually an Archipelago of islands linked Lead crystal (also called crystal) is Lead glass that has been hand- or machine-cut with facets Ultimately, in France the French Revolution brought about the neglect or destruction of many windows.

Post-Reformation window in Speyer Cathedral, Germany

Les Andelys, Normandy, 16th century

Ghent Cathedral, Belgium, 16th century

Cologne Cathedral, window using painterly technique

Revival

Main article: Stained glass - British glass, 1811-1918

The Catholic revival in England, gaining force in the early 19th century, with its renewed interest in the mediaeval church brought a revival of church building in the Gothic style, claimed by John Ruskin to be "the true Catholic style". The Speyer Cathedral is a very large and imposing Basilica of red Sandstone in Speyer, Germany. Les Andelys is a commune in the Eure department in Haute-Normandie in northern France. The St Nicholas' Church ( Dutch: Sint-Niklaaskerk) is one of the oldest and most prominent landmarks in Ghent, Belgium. Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom officially de Hohe Domkirche St In early 19th century Britain beginning with an armorial window created by Thomas Willement in 1811-12 there was a revival of the art and craft of Stained glass John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered The architectural movement was led by Augustus Welby Pugin. Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin ( 1 March 1812 – 14 September 1852) was an English Architect, designer and theorist of design now Many new churches were planted in large towns and many old churches were restored. This brought about a great demand for the revival of the art of stained glass window making.

Hardman of Birmingham

Because of the technical requirements, stained glass making was generally on an industrial scale. Firms such as Hardman & Co. of Birmingham and Clayton and Bell of London employed artists who were never known outside their particular trade but who filled English churches with their glass. Hardman & Co, otherwise John Hardman Trading Co Ltd, founded 1838 began manufacturing Stained glass in 1844 and has continued to this day as one of the world's Clayton and Bell was one of the most prolific and proficient firms of English Stained glass manufacturers during the latter half of the 19th century Initially most of Hardman's designs were by A.W.N. Pugin and were installed in buildings of which he was the architect, but on his death in 1852, his nephew John Hardman Powell (1828-1895) took over. Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin ( 1 March 1812 – 14 September 1852) was an English Architect, designer and theorist of design now A keen Catholic, Powell's work appealed to Anglo-Catholic tastes but he also had a commercial eye and exhibited his works at the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1873. Not to be confused with the Camden Society. The Cambridge Camden Society, known also as the "Ecclesiological Society" was a learned After that the firm did a good deal of work in the United States of America.

Famous manufacturers of the mid-19th century

St. Andrew's, Sydney, Hardman of Birmingham, 1861-67, typical in its elegance, the skillful arrangement of figures and the narrational quality. Hardman & Co, otherwise John Hardman Trading Co Ltd, founded 1838 began manufacturing Stained glass in 1844 and has continued to this day as one of the world's

Peterborough Cathedral, Morris & Co. The asymmetry, the tertiary colours and idiosyncratic designs are typically William Morris. Peterborough Cathedral, or the Cathedral Church of St Peter St Paul and St Andrew, is the seat of the Bishop of Peterborough, is dedicated to Saint Peter Morris Marshall Faulkner & Co (1861-1875 and its successor Morris & Co William Morris (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896 was an English Architect, Furniture and Textile designer artist writer and socialist associated

St Mary's Chilham, William Wailes. William Wailes, (1808-1881 was the proprietor of one of England’s largest and most prolific Stained glass workshops This window has the bright pastel colour, wealth of inventive ornament and stereotypical gestures of windows by this firm.

Peterborough Cathedral, Clayton and Bell. Peterborough Cathedral, or the Cathedral Church of St Peter St Paul and St Andrew, is the seat of the Bishop of Peterborough, is dedicated to Saint Peter Clayton and Bell was one of the most prolific and proficient firms of English Stained glass manufacturers during the latter half of the 19th century A magnificent narrative window with elegant forms and colour which is both brilliant and subtle in its combinations.

William Morris

Among the foremost designers were the Pre-Raphaelites, William Morris (1834-1898) and Edward Burne-Jones (1833-1898). The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters Poets, and critics founded in 1848 by William Morris (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896 was an English Architect, Furniture and Textile designer artist writer and socialist associated Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones 1st Baronet (28 August 1833 &ndash 17 June 1898 was an English Artist and Designer closely associated with the later While Burne-Jones was best known as a painter, William Morris's studios created designs for architectural and interior decorating of many sorts including paintings, furniture, tiles and textiles. As part of Morris's enterprise, he set up his own glass works, producing glass to his own and Burne-Jones designs.

Clayton and Bell, and Kempe

Clayton and Bell's output was considerable and it was said that most English churches had one of their windows and many had nothing else. Clayton and Bell was one of the most prolific and proficient firms of English Stained glass manufacturers during the latter half of the 19th century Among their designers was Charles Eamer Kempe (1837–1907) who set up his own workshop in 1869. Charles Eamer Kempe ( June 29 1837 - April 29 1907) was a well-known Victorian Stained glass designer His designs were lighter than that of his former employers: it was he who designed all the windows for the chapel of Selwyn College, Cambridge. He is credited with having produced over 3,000 windows. His cousin Walter Tower took over the business — adding a Tower to the Wheatsheaf emblem used by Kempe — and which continued until 1934.

Gallery of 19th and early 20th century windows, displaying four very different styles.

Alexander Gibbs' work is typified by the gentle-faced figures in gaudy clothes of somewhat discordant colour, with a wealth of ornate and colourful detail. Alexander Gibbs was the name of a British firm of several generations of the Gibbs family who commenced business in 1813 and in 1848 began producing Stained glass windows

Heaton, Butler and Bayne window, showing this firm's liking for tertiary colours, large areas of flashed glass and solid, naturalistic figures. Heaton Butler and Bayne is the name of an English firm who produced Stained glass windows from 1855 onwards

Burlison and Grylls window. Burlison and Grylls is the name of an English company who produced Stained glass windows from 1868 onwards The pale elaborate canopies, detailed paintwork, dark robes and magnificent leading-up are characteristic.

This 1918 panel epitomises the Edwardian obsession with technical virtuosity, displaying red and purple flashing, elaborate brocade, yellow stain and accomplished draughtsmanship. Class and society Socially the Edwardian era was a period during which the British Class system was very rigid

Ward and Hughes, William Wailes

Another important firm was Ward and Hughes which, though it had begun by following the Gothic style changed direction in the 1870s towards a style influenced by the Aesthetic Movement. Ward and Hughes was the name of an English company producing Stained glass windows This article is about aestheticism a term with a root meaning of sensuous Not to be confused with the religious practice of Asceticism: an abstinence from the sensual The firm remained operational until the late 1920s. Yet another was William Wailes (1808-1881) whose firm produced the West window of Gloucester cathedral. William Wailes, (1808-1881 was the proprietor of one of England’s largest and most prolific Stained glass workshops Wailes himself was a business man, not a designer but used designers such as Joseph Baguley (1834-1915) who eventually set up his own firm.

Tiffany and La Farge

Notable American practitioners include John La Farge (1835-1910) who invented opalescent glass and for which he received a US patent February 24, 1880, and Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848-1933), who received several patents for variations of the same opalescent process in November of the same year and is believed to have invented the copper foil method as an alternative to lead, and used it extensively in windows, lamps and other decorations. John La Farge ( March 31, 1835 &ndash November 14, 1910) was an American painter stained glass window maker decorator and Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts

Window by Tiffany with distinctive opalescent glass, asymmetric design and casual combination of flashed, painted and pot metal glass within the formal framework of supporting bars

The Holy City by Tiffany (1905). Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts This 58-panel window has brilliant red, orange, and yellow etched glass for the sunrise, with textured glass used to create the effect of moving water.

St. Walburge, Lorraine designer Gabriel Loire, mid-20th c. Gabriel Loire ( 1904 - Dec 25, 1996) was a French Stained glass artist of the twentieth century whose extensive works portraying , combines traditional pot metal and leading with modern design, achieving an overall appearance that acknowledges the Medieval origins.

Late 20th-c. window in the crypt of the Abbey of St Denis. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French The skilful adaptation of ancient tradition and modern style in a World Heritage Site. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Fair use image

Twentieth century

Many 19th century firms failed early in the twentieth century as the Gothic movement had been superseded by newer styles. A revival occurred because of the desire to restore the thousands of church windows throughout Europe, destroyed as a result of bombing during the World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including German artists led the way. Much work of the period is mundane and often is not made by its designers but industrially produced. However, there are many artists who have transformed an ancient art form into a contemporary art form, sometimes using only traditional techniques but often exploring the medium of glass in different ways and in combination with different materials. The use of slab glass set in concrete has been another 20th century innovation. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag Gemmail glass, developed in 1936, by the French artist Jean Crotti, is a type of stained glass where the pieces of glass that are adjacent to each other overlap allowing for a greater diversity and subtlety of colour. ^[2]

Today there are a academic establishments that teach the traditional skills. One of these is Florida State University's Master Craftsman Program who recently completed the world's largest secular stained-glass windows installed in Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium. Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium is the football Stadium on the Campus of the Florida State University in Tallahassee Florida

In the US, there is a 100-year-old trade organization, The Stained Glass Association of America, whose purpose is to function as a publicly recognized organization to assure survival of the craft by offering guidelines, instruction and training to craftspersons. The SGAA also sees its role as defending and protecting its craft against regulations that might restrict its freedom as an architectural art form. The current president is B. Gunar Gruenke of the Conrad Schmitt Studios. Conrad Schmitt Studios is an architectural arts studio located in New Berlin Wisconsin.

Notable stained glass artists of the period include Ervin Bossanyi, Patrick Reyntiens, Ludwig Schaffrath, Johannes Shreiter, Douglas Strachan, Judith Schaechter, Jean René Bazaine at Saint Séverin and the Loire Studio of Gabriel Loire at Chartres. Ervin Bossányi (3 March 1891 in southern Hungary – 11 July 1975 in Eastcote in Greater London in Patrick Reyntiens, OBE, (born 1925 is an English Stained glass Artist. Dr (Robert Douglas Strachan (1875-1950 was a Scottish designer of Stained glass windows Judith Schaechter is a Philadelphia -based artist known for her work in the medium of Stained glass. Jean René Bazaine ( 21 December, 1904 - 4 March 2001) was a French painter, designer of Stained glass windows The Church of Saint-Séverin (French Eglise Saint-Séverin) is a church in the Latin Quarter of Paris, located on the lively tourist street Gabriel Loire ( 1904 - Dec 25, 1996) was a French Stained glass artist of the twentieth century whose extensive works portraying Chartres is a town and commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in north-central France It is located 96 km southwest of Paris The west windows of Manchester cathedral in England by Tony Hollaway are some of the most notable examples of symbolic work.

Franciscan Church, Kraków, designer Stanisław Wyspiański

Secular glass, Montreal metro, Canada, by Marcelle Ferron

Christinae church, Alingsås, Diocese of Skara, Sweden. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Stanisław Wyspiański was born on the 15th of January 1869 and died on the 28th of November 1907 in Kraków. The Montreal Metro is a Rubber-tired metro system and the main form of Public transportation in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Marcelle Ferron, GOQ ( January 29, 1924 &ndash November 19, 2001) a Québécoise ' painter and Stained Tree of life.

Buildings incorporating stained glass windows

Churches and Cathedrals

Stained glass windows were commonly used in churches for decorative and informative purposes. Many windows are donated to churches by members of the congregation as memorials of loved ones. For more information on the use of stained glass to depict religious subjects, see Poor Man's Bible

• Churches
• Cathedrals
• Chapels

• Important examples
  • Cathedral of Chartres, in France- 11th-13th century glass
  • Canterbury Cathedral, in England- 12th-15th century plus 19th-20th century glass
  • York Minster, in England- 11th-15th century glass
  • Sainte-Chapelle, in Paris, 13th-14th century glass
  • Florence Cathedral, Italy, 15th century glass designed by Uccello, Donatello and Ghiberti
  • St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney, Australia- early complete cycle of 19th century glass, Hardman of Birmingham. The term Poor Man's Bible has come into use in modern times to describe works of art within churches and cathedrals which either individually or collectively have been created A Cathedral is a church, usually Roman Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Orthodox, housing the seat of a Bishop. A chapel is a holy place or area of Worship for Christians, which may be attached to an institution such as a large church, a College, a Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a York Minster is a Gothic Cathedral in York, England and is the second largest of its kind in Northern Europe (largest is the La Sainte-Chapelle (The Holy Chapel is a Gothic Chapel on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the Cathedral church ( Duomo) of Florence, Italy. St Andrew's Cathedral Sydney is the Cathedral church of the Anglican Diocese of Sydney in the Anglican Church of Australia.
  • Coventry Cathedral, England, mid 20th century glass by various designers
  • Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, extensive collection of windows by Louis Comfort Tiffany

Houses

Stained glass windows in houses were particularly popular in Victorian era and many domestic examples survive. Coventry Cathedral, also known as St Michael's Cathedral, is the seat of the Bishop of Coventry and the Diocese of Coventry, in Coventry England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church of Baltimore Maryland, United States, also known as Brown Memorial Park Avenue Presbyterian Church, is a large Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts House generally refers to a Shelter or Building that is a Dwelling or place for Habitation by Human beings. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities In their simplest form they typically depict birds and flowers in small panels, often surrounded with machine-made cathedral glass, which, despite what the name suggests, is pale-coloured and textured. Cathedral glass is the name given commercially to monochromatic sheet glass which is thin by comparison with slab glass, may be coloured and is textured on one side Some large homes have splendid examples of secular pictorial glass.

• See
  • Art glass
  • Beveled glass
  • Cathedral glass

• Prairie style homes
• The houses of Frank Lloyd Wright
• Stained glass lamp / Lampshades
• Tiffany lamp

Public and commercial use of stained glass

Town halls, schools, colleges and other public buildings often incorporate stained glass or leadlighting. Glass art and Glass sculpture is the use of Glass as an artistic medium to produce Sculptures or two-dimensional Artworks Specific approaches Beveled glass is usually made by taking one-quarter inch-thick clear Glass and creating a one-inch Bevel on one side around the entire periphery Cathedral glass is the name given commercially to monochromatic sheet glass which is thin by comparison with slab glass, may be coloured and is textured on one side Prairie School was a late 19th and early 20th century architectural style most common to the Midwestern United States. Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8 1867 &ndash April 9 1959 was an American (of Welsh descent Architect, Interior designer, Writer, and educator who Lead came and Copper foil glasswork are the Arts and crafts of cutting colored Glass and joining the pieces into picturesque designs A Tiffany lamp is a type of lamp with a Stained glass shade The pieces of stained glass that comprise a Tiffany shade are soldered together with copper foil

• Public houses — In Britain, traditional pubs make extensive use of stained glass and leaded lights to create a comfortable atmosphere and retain privacy.
• Sculpture

Gallery of windows

The story of the Magi from Canterbury Cathedral, 13th c. The Magi (singular Magus, from Latin via Greek μάγος; Old English: Mage; from Persian maguš and Kurdish Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a	Il Duomo, Florence, an ancient window	Stained glass inside Saint Pierre (Caen)	Arezzo, Italy, a Renaissance window in the untraceried circular shape or ocula favoured in Italy
Rose window in Strasbourg Cathedral, 13th c. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Caen (kɑ̃ is a commune in northwestern France. It is the Prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Arezzo ( Latin Arretium) is a city in central Italy, capital of the province of the same name, located in Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Strasbourg Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg is a Roman Catholic	Dramburg Church, a good example of heraldic glass	St Germain des Pres, Paris, glass in a Renaissance church	Altenberger, a colourless window in the style known as Grisaille with a small heraldic motif
West window of Lincoln Cathedral, ancient window, 19th century. Drawsko Pomorskie (Dramburg is a Town in northwestern Poland, with 17440 inhabitants Saint-Germain-des-Prés is an area of the 6th arrondissement of Paris, France, located around the church of the former Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés Grisaille (grĭ-zī' -zāl' French: gris, grey French pronunciation /ɡʁi Lincoln Cathedral (in full The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln, or sometimes St glass	Calke Abbey, Derbyshire, 19th century window	Yale University, the Education window by Tiffany	The Mucha windows in Saint Vitus Cathedral in Prague. Calke Abbey is a Country house near Ticknall, Derbyshire, England, a Grade I listed building and a property of the National Trust Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts Alphonse Maria Mucha ( 24 July, 1860 &ndash 14 July, 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative Saint Vitus's Cathedral (Katedrála svatého Víta is a Roman Catholic Cathedral in Prague, and the seat of the Archbishop of Prague.
Art Nouveau at Musée de l'École de Nancy, 1904 by Jacques Grüber.	Paris, dome of the Printemps Tea Room. pic Stephen Lea	Ins, Switzerland, modern figurative glass	Abstract stained glass, Beth El Congregation near Washington, DC by David Ascalon
Buckfast Abbey, Devon, England. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D David Ascalon is a contemporary sculptor and Stained glass artist and co-founder of Ascalon Studios. History Buckfast Abbey was founded by Earl Aylward in the reign of King Cnut in 1018 Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name 8 metres (26 ft) wide. Designed by the monks. 20th C.	Meiningen Catholic Church, 20th century glass	Soaring 64 metres (210 ft)-high glass at Rio de Janeiro Cathedral, Brazil	Maribor Cathedral, Slovenia

Details

Chapel of Eyneburg, Belgium

Detail from The Worship of the Shepherds window at Trinity Church, Boston, designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed by Morris & Co., 1882

References

1. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, The Manufacture of Coloured Glass and Assessment of Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna, History of Science and Technology in Islam. The Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese: Catedral Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro or Catedral de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro) is the seat of Maribor Cathedral ( Stolna cerkev sv Janeza Krstnika) is a Cathedral in Maribor in Slovenia,Built in the 12th-century Gothic style Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west For other churches with this name please see Trinity Church (disambiguation Trinity Church in the City of Boston, located in the Back Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones 1st Baronet (28 August 1833 &ndash 17 June 1898 was an English Artist and Designer closely associated with the later Morris Marshall Faulkner & Co (1861-1875 and its successor Morris & Co Ahmad Y Hassan أحمد يوسف الحسن(born 1925 is a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and a historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology
2. ^ Gemmail, Roger Malherbe

• Elizabeth Morris, Stained and Decorative Glass, Doubleday, ISBN 0-86824-324-8
• Sarah Brown, Stained Glass- an Illustrated History, Bracken Books, ISBN 1-85891-157-5

See also

Expanding this article

• Stained glass - British glass, 1811-1918
• Stained glass artists

Technical

Other related articles

External links

• Preservation of Stained Glass
• Church Stained Glass Window Database, covering ~2800 churches in the southeast of England
• The Stained Glass Museum (Ely, England)
• Vidimus, an on-line magazine devoted to medieval stained glass. In early 19th century Britain beginning with an armorial window created by Thomas Willement in 1811-12 there was a revival of the art and craft of Stained glass Architectural glass is glass that is used as a Building material. Arts and crafts comprise a whole host of activities and hobbies that are related to making things with one's own hands and skill Glass art and Glass sculpture is the use of Glass as an artistic medium to produce Sculptures or two-dimensional Artworks Specific approaches Beveled glass is usually made by taking one-quarter inch-thick clear Glass and creating a one-inch Bevel on one side around the entire periphery Cathedral glass is the name given commercially to monochromatic sheet glass which is thin by comparison with slab glass, may be coloured and is textured on one side Float glass is a sheet of Glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten Tin. Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating the molten glass into a bubble or parison with the aid of the blowpipe or blow tube The technology for glass beadmaking is among the oldest human arts dating back 30000 years (Dubin 1987 Lead came and Copper foil glasswork are the Arts and crafts of cutting colored Glass and joining the pieces into picturesque designs Leadlights are decorative windows made of small sections of glass supported in lead cames. Tiffany glass is the generic name used here to describe the many and varied types of glass developed and produced by Louis Comfort Tiffany, (1848-1933 one of the most In early 19th century Britain beginning with an armorial window created by Thomas Willement in 1811-12 there was a revival of the art and craft of Stained glass A Cathedral is a church, usually Roman Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Orthodox, housing the seat of a Bishop. The term Poor Man's Bible has come into use in modern times to describe works of art within churches and cathedrals which either individually or collectively have been created Venetian glass is a type of Glass object made in Venice, Italy, primarily on the island of Murano. A Rose window (or Catherine window) is often used as a generic term applied to a circular Window, but is especially used for those found in churches An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic For the graphical Logic puzzle, see Nonograms. For the album see Paint by Number (album. A suncatcher or light catcher is a small reflectve glass or mother of pearl piece that is hung indoors so that it "catches the light" from a nearby source usually The Corning Museum of Glass grants permission to Wikipedia to include text from its website in the article below Judson Studios is a fine arts studio specializing in Stained glass located in the Highland Park section (also known as Garvanza) of northeast Los Angeles
• Sacred Stained Glass. Glass. Victoria and Albert Museum. The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection Retrieved on 2007-06-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses.

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