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This article is about the cathedral church of the diocese of London. For other cathedrals consecrated to Saint Paul, see Cathedral of Saint Paul.
St Paul's Cathedral
Photo of St. Paul's from the Millennium Bridge
Dedication Paul the Apostle
Denomination Church of England, earlier buildings Roman Catholic
Administration
Diocese London
Province Canterbury
Clergy
Dean Graeme Paul Knowles
Other
Organist/Director of Music Andrew Carwood
Website http://www.stpauls.co.uk
Great West Door.
Great West Door. The London Millennium Footbridge is a pedestrian-only steel Suspension bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England, linking Dedication (Lat dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim to announce is to immerse oneself with sincerity into a certain subject or properly the setting apart Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Denominationalism|List of Christian denominations|Church (disambiguation A Christian denomination is an identifiable religious body under a common name structure and doctrine within The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. The Diocese of London forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England. An ecclesiastical province is a large jurisdiction of religious government so named by analogy with a secular Province, existing in certain hierarchical Christian The Province of Canterbury, also called the Southern Province, is one of two Ecclesiastical provinces making up the Church of England. A dean, in a church context is a Cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy Graeme Paul Knowles was installed as Dean of St Paul's Cathedral London on 1 October 2007 after Letters Patent were issued on 20 September 2007 An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. An organist may play solo organ works, play with an ensemble or Orchestra, or accompany Andrew Carwood is one of the most versatile musicians of his generation dividing his time between solo and consort singing and directing his own group at an international level A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages
Interior of St. Paul's, looking towards the east.
Interior of St. Paul's, looking towards the east.

St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral Ludgate Hill is a hill in the City of London, near the old Ludgate, a gate to the City that was taken down with its attached jail in 1780 For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. The present building dates from the 17th century, and is generally reckoned to be London's fifth St Paul's Cathedral, although the number is higher if every major mediæval reconstruction is counted as a new cathedral. The cathedral is one of London's most visited sites. The cathedral sits on the edge of London's oldest region, the City. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The City originated as a Roman trading post along the edge of the River Thames. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC A trading post is a place where the trading of goods takes place The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England.

Contents

Previous cathedrals

Pre-Norman

There had been a late-Roman See in London, but the first Saxon cathedral was built out of wood, probably by Mellitus or another of the Augustinian missionaries, on the see's re-foundation in AD 604 on Ludgate Hill in the western part of the old Roman city and the eastern part of Lundenwic. An episcopal see is the ecclesiastical domain of authority of a Bishop. The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Saint Mellitus (died 24 April 624 was the first Bishop of London and the third Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine of Canterbury OSB (born c first third of the 6th century - died 26 May 604 was a Benedictine Monk who became the first Archbishop Ludgate Hill is a hill in the City of London, near the old Ludgate, a gate to the City that was taken down with its attached jail in 1780 This article covers the history of London during the Roman period from around 47 AD when the Roman city of Londinium was founded This article deals with the history of London during the Anglo-Saxon period from the ending of the Roman period in the 5th century to the It was these missionaries' habit, as in mainland Europe, to build cathedrals within old Roman city-walls. This building is traditionally said to have been on the site of an ancient megalith, or stone circle, and a temple dedicated to the goddess Diana, in alignment with the Apollo Temple that once stood at Westminster, although Christopher Wren found no evidence of this (Kruger, 1943). In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of the hunt, being associated with wild animals and woodland and also of the Moon. Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. Sir Christopher Wren ( 20 October 1632 &ndash 25 February 1723) was a 17th century English Designer, Astronomer This would have only been a modest chapel at first and may well have been destroyed after Mellitus was briefly expelled from the city by Saeberht's pagan successors. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world It burned down in 675.

The cathedral was rebuilt in stone, in 685. In it was buried King or Saint Sebbi of Essex. Sebbi (also known as Saint Sebbi) was the joint King of Essex from 664 to 683 along with his brother Sighere. It was sacked by the Vikings in 961, as cited in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons.

The third cathedral was begun in 962, again in stone. In it was buried Ethelred the Unready. Ethelred II ( c. 968 – 23 April 1016 also known as Æthelred II, Aethelred II, Ethelred the Unready, Æthelred the Unready It burnt, with the whole city, in a fire in 1087 (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). In common with all old cities London has experienced numerous serious fires in the course of its history

'Old St Paul's'

Main article: Old St Paul's Cathedral
Old St Paul's prior to 1561, with intact spire
Old St Paul's prior to 1561, with intact spire

The fourth St Paul's (known as Old St Paul's, a 19th-century coinage, or the pre-Great Fire St Paul's) was begun by the Normans after the 1087 fire. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Work took over 200 years, and a great deal was lost in a fire in 1136. The roof was once more built of wood, which was ultimately to doom the building. The church was consecrated in 1240, but a change of heart led to the commencement of an enlargement programme in 1256. This 'New Work' was completed in 1314 - the cathedral had been consecrated in 1300. It was the third-longest church in Europe. Excavations in 1878 by Francis Penrose showed it was 585 feet (178 m) long and 100 feet (30 m) wide (290 feet or 87 m across the transepts and crossing), and had one of Europe's tallest spires, at some 489 feet (149 m). Full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are found at the entry Cathedral diagram. A crossing, in ecclesiastical architecture, is the junction of the four arms of a Cruciform (cross-shaped church

By the 16th century the building was decaying. Under Henry VIII and Edward VI, the Dissolution of the Monasteries and Chantries Acts led to the destruction of interior ornamentation and the cloisters, charnels, crypts, chapels, shrines, chantries and other buildings in the churchyard. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded Chantry is the English term for the establishment of an institutional Chapel on private land or within a greater church where a priest would chant masses A cloister (from Latin claustrum) is a part of Cathedral, Monastic and Abbey architecture A charnel house is a vault or building where Corpses and/or bones are stored In terms of European architecture a crypt (from the Latin crypta and the Greek κρυπτη, kryptē) is a stone chamber or A chapel is a holy place or area of Worship for Christians, which may be attached to an institution such as a large church, a College, a A shrine, from the Latin scrinium (‘box’ also used as a desk like the French bureau) was originally a container usually made of precious materials used Chantry is the English term for the establishment of an institutional Chapel on private land or within a greater church where a priest would chant masses Many of these former religious sites in St Paul's Churchyard, having been seized by the crown, were sold as shops and rental properties, especially to printers and booksellers, who were often evangelical Protestants. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Buildings that were razed often supplied ready-dressed building material for construction projects, such as the Lord Protector's city palace, Somerset House. Somerset House is a large building situated on the south side of the Strand in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo

Crowds were drawn to the northeast corner of the Churchyard, St Paul's Cross, where open-air preaching took place. In 1561 the spire was destroyed by lightning and it was not replaced; this event was taken by both Protestants and Catholics as a sign of God's displeasure at the other faction's actions. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity.

England's first classical architect, Sir Inigo Jones, added the cathedral's west front in the 1630s, but there was much defacement and mistreatment of the building by Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War, when the old documents and charters were dispersed and destroyed (Kelly 2004). The term Classical architecture has a specific Archaeological meaning relating to the architecture of Classical Greece Iñigo Jones ( July 15, 1573 &ndash June 21, 1652) is regarded as the first significant British architect, and the first to bring " Roundheads " was the Nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. "Old St Paul's" was gutted in the Great Fire of London of 1666. This article is about the Great Fire of 1666 For other great fires in London see Early fires of London or Second Great Fire of London. While it might have been salvageable, albeit with almost complete reconstruction, a decision was taken to build a new cathedral in a modern style instead. Indeed this had been contemplated even before the fire.

Wren's St Paul's

Design and construction

Wren's Greek Cross design

Wren's warrant design

Wren's cathedral as built

The task of designing a replacement structure was assigned to Christopher Wren in 1668, along with over 50 other City churches. Sir Christopher Wren ( 20 October 1632 &ndash 25 February 1723) was a 17th century English Designer, Astronomer His first design, to build a replacement on the foundations of the old cathedral, was rejected in 1669. The second design, in the shape of a Greek cross (circa 1670-1672), was rejected as too radical, as was a revised design that resulted in the 1:24 scale "Great Model", on display in the crypt of the cathedral. A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other dividing one or two of the lines in half [1] The 'warrant' design was accepted in 1675, and building work began in June. The first stone of the cathedral was laid in 1677 by Thomas Strong, Wren's master stonemason. [2] The 'warrant' design included a small dome with a spire on top, but King Charles II had given Wren permission to make "ornamental" changes to the approved design, and Wren took the liberty to radically rework the design to the current form, including the large central dome and the towers at the west end. A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

The cathedral was completed on 20 October 1708, Wren's 76th birthday. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1708 ( MDCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a On Thursday, 2 December 1697, thirty-two years and three months after a spark from Farryner's bakery caused London to burst into flames, St Paul's Cathedral came into use. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire The event proved to be well worth the wait. The widower King William III had been scheduled to appear but, uncomfortable in crowds and public displays, had bowed out at the last minute. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" The crowd of both the great and the small was so big, and their attitude towards William so indifferent, that he was scarcely missed. The Reverend Henry Compton, Bishop of London, preached the sermon. Henry Compton (1632 – July 7, 1713) English bishop was the sixth and youngest son of the second earl of Northampton. It was based on the text of Psalm 122, "I was glad when they said unto me: Let us go into the house of the LORD. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included " The first regular service was held on the following Sunday. The consensus was as with all such works: some loved it ("Without, within, below, above the eye/ Is filled with unrestrained delight. "[3]; some hated it (". . . There was an air of Popery about the giled capitals, the heavy arches. . . They were unfamiliar, un-English. . "[4]; while most, once their curiosity was satisfied, didn't think about it one way or another.

The clock tower on the west end of the cathedral
The clock tower on the west end of the cathedral
Sir Christopher Wren
Said, "I am going to dine with some men.
If anyone calls,
Say I am designing St Paul's. "
A clerihew by Edmund Clerihew Bentley

Artists and craftsmen

The construction and decoration of the Cathedral involved many of the foremost artists and craftsmen in England; these were:

Description

The cathedral is built of Portland stone in a late Renaissance style that is England's sober Baroque. Portland stone is a Limestone from the Jurassic period quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Its impressive dome was inspired by St Peter's Basilica in Rome. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 It rises 365 feet (108 m) to the cross at its summit, making it a famous London landmark. Wren achieved a pleasing appearance by building three domes: the tall outer dome is non-structural but impressive to view, the lower inner dome provides an artistically balanced interior, and between the two is a structural cone that supports the apex structure and the outer dome. Wren was said to have been hauled up to the rafters in a basket during the building of its later stages to inspect progress.

Plan
Plan

The nave has three small chapels in the two adjoining aisles – All Souls and St Dunstan's in the north aisle and the Chapel of the Order of St Michael and St George in the south aisle. In Romanesque and Gothic Christian Abbey, Cathedral Basilica and church Architecture, the nave is the An aisle is in general a space for walking with rows of seats on either side or with rows of seats on one side and a wall on the other The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George Prince Regent (later George The main space of the cathedral is centred under the Dome; it rises 108. 4 metres from the cathedral floor and holds three circular galleries – the internal Whispering Gallery, the external Stone Gallery, and the external Golden Gallery.

The Whispering Gallery runs around the interior of the Dome and is 99 feet (30. A whispering gallery is a Gallery beneath a Dome or vault or enclosed in a circular or elliptical area in which whispers can be heard clearly 2 m) above the cathedral floor. It is reached by 259 steps from ground level. It gets its name because a whisper against its wall at any point is audible to a listener with their ear held to the wall at any other point around the gallery. This works only for whispered speech - normal voiced speech is not focused in this way.

West end clock tower
West end clock tower

The base of the inner dome is 173 feet (53. 4 m) above the floor. The top of the inner dome is about 65 m above the floor, making this the height of the enclosed space. The cathedral is some 574 feet (175 m) in length (including the portico of the Great West Door), of which 223 feet (68 m) is the nave and 167 feet (51 m) is the choir. The width of the nave is 121 feet (37 m) and across the transepts is 246 feet (75 m). [13] The cathedral is thus slightly shorter but somewhat wider than Old St Paul's.

The quire extends to the east of the dome and holds the stalls for the clergy and the choir and the organ. Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each To the north and south of the dome are the transepts of the North Choir and the South Choir.

Details of the towers at the west end (illustration, left) and their dark voids are boldly scaled, in order to read well from the street below and from a distance, for the towers have always stood out in the urban skyline. They are composed of two complementary elements, a central cylinder rising through the tiers in a series of stacked drums, and paired Corinthian columns at the corners, with buttresses above them, which serve to unify the drum shape with the square block plinth containing the clock. The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman Architecture, characterized A buttress is an architectural structure built against (a counterfort) or projecting from a Wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall The main entablature breaks forward over the paired columns to express both elements, tying them together in a single horizontal band. The cap, like a bell-shaped miniature dome, supports a gilded finial, a pinecone supported on four scrolling angled brackets, the topmost expression of the consistent theme. The north-west tower contains 13 bells and the south-west contains four, including Great Paul, cast in 1881, and Great Tom (the hour bell), recast twice, after being moved from the old Palace of Westminster.

Post-Wren history

This cathedral has survived despite being targeted during the Blitz - it was struck by bombs on 10 October 1940 and 17 April 1941. The Blitz was the sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941 in World War II. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On 12 September 1940 a time-delayed bomb that had struck the cathedral was successfully defused and removed by a Bomb Disposal detachment of Royal Engineers under the command of Temporary Lieutenant Robert Davies. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bomb disposal is the process by which hazardous explosive devices are rendered safe The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually just called the Royal Engineers ( RE) and commonly known as the Sappers, is one of the corps Lieutenant Robert Davies ( October 3 1900 &ndash September 27 1975) distinguished himself during the Second World War with the Had this bomb detonated, it would have totally destroyed the Cathedral, as it left a 100-foot (30 m) crater when it was later remotely detonated in a secure location. [14] As a result of this action, Davies was awarded the George Cross, along with Sapper George Cameron Wylie. The George Cross ( GC) is the highest Civil decoration of the Commonwealth of Nations. A sapper is an individual engineer soldier usually in British or Commonwealth military service Sapper George Cameron Wylie ( 25 December 1908 – 1 February 1987 of the Royal Engineers was awarded the George Cross for [15]. On 29 December 1940 the cathedral had another close call when an incendiary bomb became lodged in the lead shell of the dome but fell outwards onto the Stone Gallery and was put out before it had the chance to ignite the dome timbers. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Memorials

The cathedral has a very substantial crypt, holding over 200 memorials, and serves as both the Order of the British Empire Chapel and the Treasury. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The cathedral has very few treasures: many have been lost, and in 1810 a major robbery took almost all of the remaining precious artefacts. Christopher Wren was the first person to be interred, in 1723: on the wall above his tomb in the crypt is written, "Lector, si monumentum requiris, circumspice" (Reader, if you seek his monument, look around you). Sir Christopher Wren ( 20 October 1632 &ndash 25 February 1723) was a 17th century English Designer, Astronomer

St Paul's is home to other plaques, carvings, statues, memorials and tombs of famous British figures including:

Most of the memorials commemorate the British military, including several lists of servicemen who died in action, the most recent being the Gulf War. Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986 was an English artist and sculptor. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 A sarcophagus is a Funeral receptacle for a Corpse, most commonly carved or cut from stone Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 &ndash 11 March 1955 was a Scottish Biologist and Pharmacologist. Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO (13 May 1842 &ndash 22 November 1900 was an English composer of Irish and Italian descent best known for his operatic Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC (in her own pronunciation ˈflɒɾəns ˈnaɪtɪŋgeɪl 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910 who came to be known as "The Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 1775 &ndash 19 December 1851 was an English Romantic landscape painter, Watercolourist and Sir Joshua Reynolds RA FRS FRSA (16 July 1723 &ndash 23 February 1792 was the most important and influential of 18th century English painters Samuel Johnson (often referred to as Dr Johnson) (18 September David Ivor Davies (15 January 1893 &ndash 6 March 1951 better known as Ivor Novello, was a Welsh Composer, Singer and Actor, who Charles Cornwallis 1st Marquess Cornwallis ( 31 December 1738 &ndash 5 October 1805) was a British military commander and colonial There are special monuments to Lord Nelson in the south transept and to the Duke of Wellington in the north aisle; both are buried here. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c Also remembered are poets, painters, clergy and residents of the local parish. There are lists of the Bishops and cathedral Deans for the last thousand years. The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury.

The apse of the cathedral is home to the American Memorial Chapel. APSE standing for Ada Programming Support Environment is a program or set of programs to support Software development in the Ada programming language. It honours American servicemen and women who died in World War II, and was dedicated in 1958. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including It was paid for entirely by donations from British people, and was designed, as a modern exercise in the Wren style, by Godfrey Allen and Stephen Dykes Bower. Stephen Ernest Dykes Bower (1903-1994 was a British church architect and Gothic Revival designer best known for his work at Westminster Abbey. [16] The roll of honour contains the names of more than 28,000 Americans who gave their lives while on their way to, or stationed in, the United Kingdom during the Second World War. It is in front of the chapel's altar. An altar is any structure upon which Sacrifices or other offerings are made for religious purposes or some other sacred place where ceremonies take place The three chapel windows date from 1960; they feature themes of service and sacrifice, while the insignia around the edges represent the American states and the US armed forces. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The limewood panelling incorporates a rocket - a tribute to America's achievements in space. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program [17]

The cathedral has been the site of many famous funerals, including those of Horatio Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill and George Mallory. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 George Herbert Leigh Mallory ( 18 June 1886  &ndash 8 June / 9 June 1924) was an English Mountaineer who took

Modern-day

The Royal Family holds most of their important marriages, christenings and funerals at Westminster Abbey, but St Paul's was used for the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer. The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church The religious service for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee was also celebrated there. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

St Paul's from across the Thames, over the top of surrounding postwar construction
St Paul's from across the Thames, over the top of surrounding postwar construction

In 2001, Britain's memorial service to honour the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks was held at the cathedral, attended by the Royal Family and then-U. S. ambassador William Farish. William Stamps Farish III (born March 17, 1939 in Houston, Texas) is an American Businessman and a former U Prince Philip spoke, as did Farish, and Farish said in 2004 in The Times just before he resigned as ambassador that this service showed the strong relationship between the US and Britain. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. On 1 November 2005 it held a memorial service for the 7 July bombings. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Following the events of the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the United Kingdom and other nations have devised many ways to honour the dead and missing

The cathedral is open to the public, with a charge for non-worshipping visitors. It is possible to climb the 530 steps to the golden gallery, where there is a fine view of London. In 2000, the cathedral began a major restoration programme, scheduled for completion in 2008, to celebrate the 300th anniversary of its opening. Building restoration describes the process of the renewal and refurbishment of the fabric of a Building. A ceremony to celebrate the anniversary was directed by Patrick Garland. Patrick Garland (born April 10, 1935) is an actor and a director of British theatre television and film and a writer The restoration programme is expected to cost £40 million, and involves repair and cleaning of the building, and improvement of visitor facilities, such as accessibility for the disabled, and provision of additional educational facilities. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency

In 2007, the World Monuments Fund and American Express awarded St Paul's a grant as part of their Sustainable Tourism initiative. The World Monuments Fund (WMF is a New York -based private Non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of historic Architecture and American Express ( sometimes known as " AmEx " or " Amex " is a diversified global Financial services company headquartered in The project will open up rarely seen areas, relieve crowding in the nave - which suffers heavily from foot traffic and fluctuations in humidity - and fund a new Exploration Centre in the crypt. This centre will provide insight into a variety of topics relating to the cathedral, including architecture, history, science, music, and, of course, religion. A lapidarium of recovered medieval stones and the room containing Wren's "Great Model" (currently only seen by appointment) will also be opened to the public. [18]

Cultural references

Model at Legoland Windsor
Model at Legoland Windsor

Because of its prominent form on the skyline, a view that is protected from many vantage points,[19] St Paul's is often used in movies as part of an establishing shot to place the viewers in London. Legoland Windsor is a child-oriented Theme park in Windsor Berkshire in England, themed around the Lego toy system A protected view is the legal requirement within Urban planning to preserve the view of a specific place or historic building from another location

It also features in:

Fire Watch by Connie Willis, a Hugo- and Nebula-winning short story, is set mostly in and around the cathedral during the final months of 1940, when it was targeted in the Blitz. Constance Elaine Trimmer Willis (born 31 December 1945) is an American Science fiction writer

The idiom "rob Peter to pay Paul" has a folk etymology of using the funds of Westminster Abbey for the cathedral. An idiom is a Phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal Definition, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church

There is a scale model of the cathedral at LEGOLAND Windsor. A scale model is a representation or copy of an object that is larger or smaller than the actual size of the object. Legoland Windsor is a child-oriented Theme park in Windsor Berkshire in England, themed around the Lego toy system

Organ and Organists

Organ

The organ was commissioned in 1694: the current instrument is the third-biggest in Britain with 7,189 pipes and 108 stops, enclosed in an impressive case by Grinling Gibbons. An organ pipe is a sound-producing element of the Pipe organ that resonates at a specific pitch when pressurized air (commonly referred to as wind An organ stop (or just stop) is a component of a Pipe organ which admits pressurized air (known as wind) to a set of Organ pipes Its name Master Wood carver Grinling Gibbons ( 4 April 1648 - 3 August 1721) was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands

Details of the organ from the National Pipe Organ Register

Organists

  • 1528 Bernad Sibsalem Fembesas
  • 1530 John Redford
  • 1549 Thomas Giles
  • 1591 Thomas Morley
  • 1622 John Tomkins
  • 1624 Adrian Batten
  • 1638 Aibertus Bryne
  • 1687 Isaac Blackwell

Images

Present day

The cathedral dome from Paternoster Square

St Paul's, north-east side. Thomas Morley (1557 or 1558 &ndash October 1602 was an English Composer, theorist, editor and organist of the Renaissance, and the Adrian Batten (c1591 - c1637 was an English organist and Anglican church composer. Jeremiah Clarke (c 1674 - 1 December 1707 was an English baroque Composer. Maurice Greene (12 August 1696 - 1 December 1755 was an English Composer and organist. Sir John Goss ( December 27, 1800 - May 10, 1880) was an English Organist and Composer, perhaps best known for Sir John Stainer (London 6 June 1840 &ndash Verona, 31 March 1901 was an English composer and organist whose music though not greatly admired today was much performed during John Gavin Scott LVO (born June 18, 1956) is an English-born Organist and choirmaster. Malcolm Archer (born 1952 is an English Organist, conductor and Composer. Andrew Carwood is one of the most versatile musicians of his generation dividing his time between solo and consort singing and directing his own group at an international level Paternoster Square is an urban development owned by the Mitsubishi Estate Co

St Paul's, west side.

Visitors view London from the cathedral’s Golden Gallery

A view of central London and the River Thames from the cathedral

St Paul's Cathedral from Ludgate Hill during cleaning in 2004

The dome from Tate Modern

West side at dusk

The Cathedral from the London Millennium Bridge during cleaning in 2005

South side from across the river during work in 2007

The London Millennium Bridge and South London Skyline viewed from the Golden Gallery

The vantage point of the previous photograph as seen from underneath the London Millennium Bridge

The cathedral and the Millennium Bridge from the Thames riverside

View from the top of dome (looking down)

An unusual and temporary view from Cheapside, due to the demolition of No. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Ludgate Hill is a hill in the City of London, near the old Ludgate, a gate to the City that was taken down with its attached jail in 1780 The Tate Modern in London is Britain 's national museum of international Modern art and is with Tate Britain, Tate Liverpool, The London Millennium Footbridge is a pedestrian-only steel Suspension bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England, linking The London Millennium Footbridge is a pedestrian-only steel Suspension bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England, linking The London Millennium Footbridge is a pedestrian-only steel Suspension bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England, linking The London Millennium Footbridge is a pedestrian-only steel Suspension bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England, linking 1 New Change

Historical

St Paul's seen across the Thames in the early 19th century

The interior in 1860

St Paul's in 1896

St Paul's during The Blitz. The Blitz was the sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941 in World War II.

See also

References

  1. ^ pages 12 to 26, Sir Christopher Wren: The Design of St Paul's Cathedral, Kerry Downes Trefoil Press 1988
  2. ^ The Worshipful Company of Masons: Company History
  3. ^ Wright, James, The Choire,(London, 1693)
  4. ^ Tinniswood, Adrain, His Invention so Furtile: A Life of Christopher Wren, (Oxford Press, London 2001) p. List of former cathedrals in the United Kingdom This article lists the Cathedrals former cathedrals and intended cathedrals in the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies London is the location of many famous churches chapels and cathedrals, in a density unmatched anywhere else in England. Paternoster Square is an urban development owned by the Mitsubishi Estate Co This list of the tallest buildings and structures in London ranks Skyscrapers and Towers in the city of London, United Kingdom by height The Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral, London, whose origins predate the Norman conquest of England, unusually were independent of the senior canons For the film see The Light of the World (film. For the Oratorio, see The Light of the World (Sullivan. 315
  5. ^ page 252, Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London, Jane Lang 1956 O. U. P.
  6. ^ page 166, Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London, Jane Lang 1956 O. U. P.
  7. ^ page 209, Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London, Jane Lang 1956 O. U. P.
  8. ^ page 169, Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London, Jane Lang 1956 O. U. P.
  9. ^ page 171, Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London, Jane Lang 1956 O. U. P.
  10. ^ page 209, Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London, Jane Lang 1956 O. U. P.
  11. ^ page 230, Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London, Jane Lang 1956 O. U. P.
  12. ^ page 252, Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London, Jane Lang 1956 O. U. P.
  13. ^ St. Paul's Cathedral. The History Channel. History, formerly known as The History Channel, is a Satellite and Cable TV channel, with shows on historical events and persons&mdashoften Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  14. ^ 1942531 Sapper George Cameron Wylie. Bomb Disposal: Royal Engineers—George Cross. 33 Engineer regiment, RE website. Retrieved on 2008-01-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
  15. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34956, pages 5767–5768, September 27, 1940. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-01-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Davies's George Cross and other medals are on display at the Imperial War Museum, London. The Imperial War Museum is a Museum in London, England featuring military vehicles weapons war memorabilia an extensive library open to the public
  16. ^ Paul's Cathedral, St. (November 28, 2006). Explore St. Paul's. explore-stpauls. net. Retrieved on 2006-11-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events
  17. ^ Paul's Cathedral, St. (November 28, 2006). St. Paul's Cathedral Floor. stpauls. co. uk. Retrieved on 2006-11-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events
  18. ^ Information about a significant new grant given to St Paul's, part of the World Monuments Fund's Sustainable Tourism initiative
  19. ^ Greater London Authority - Protected vistas

Bibliography

External links

360° view near the High Altar at St Pauls Cathedral.
360° view near the High Altar at St Pauls Cathedral. Ship of Fools is the name of a UK-based Christian website which was first launched as a magazine in 1977. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.

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