Srivijaya ←   ← 200s – 1300s → The extent of Srivijayan Empire around 10th to 11th century. Kantoli was an ancient kingdom suspected to be located somewhere between Jambi and Palembang in southern Sumatra around the 5th century of the Sailendra (Sanskrit Lord of the Mountain) is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java. The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. Capital Palembang, Jambi Language(s) Old Malay, Sanskrit Religion Buddhism, Hinduism Government Monarchy Maharaja  - Circa 683 Jayanasa  - Circa 775 Dharmasetu  - Circa 792 Samaratunga  - Circa 835 Balaputra  - Circa 988 Sri Culamanivarmadeva History  - Established 200s  - Majapahit invasion 1300s Currency Native gold and silver coins

This article is part of the History of Indonesia series
See also: Timeline of Indonesian History
Prehistory
Early kingdoms
Srivijaya (3rd to 14th centuries)
Tarumanagara (358-723)
Sailendra (8th & 9th centuries)
Kingdom of Sunda (669-1579)
Kingdom of Mataram (752–1045)
Kediri (1045–1221)
Singhasari (1222–1292)
Majapahit (1293–1500)
The rise of Muslim states
The spread of Islam (1200–1600)
Malacca Sultanate (1400–1511)
Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518)
Aceh Sultanate (1496–1903)
The Sultanate of Banten (1526–1813)
Mataram Sultanate (1500s to 1700s)
European colonialism
The Portuguese (1512–1850)
Dutch East India Company (1602–1800)
Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)
The emergence of Indonesia
National Awakening (1899–1942)
Japanese Occupation (1942–45)
Declaration of Independence (1945)
National Revolution (1945–1950)
Independent Indonesia
Liberal Democracy (1950–1957)
Guided Democracy (1957–1965)
Start of the New Order (1965–1966)
The New Order (1966–1998)
Reformation Era (1998–present)
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Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital The Old Malay is possibly the ancestor of Malay language, including Indonesian. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or " High king " (a Karmadharaya from mahānt Dharmasetu was an 8th century Maharaja of Srivijaya. Under his reign he successfully incorporated Pan Pan, a kingdom located in the north of the Malay Samaratungga was the head of the Sailendra dynasty whom ruled Srivijaya in the 8th and the 9th century Balaputra was the Maharaja of Srivijaya in the 9th century CE as well as the former head of the Sailendra Dynasty. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator See also History of Indonesia This is a timeline of Indonesian history. See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese kingdom whose fifth-century ruler Sailendra (Sanskrit Lord of the Mountain) is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java. The Sunda Kingdom was according to primary historical records from the sixteenth century a kingdom covering areas of present-day Banten Province Jakarta, West Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries AD and was established by king Sanjaya, he was also known as Kediri was an Indianized kingdom based in East Java from 1042 to around 1222. Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292 Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Islam is thought to have first been adopted by peoples of the Indonesia n archipelago sometime during the Eleventh century, although Muslims had The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. The Sultanate of Demak was Muslim state located on Java 's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. The Sultanate of Aceh was a Sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the sixteenth century It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, who later went on to found Cirebon. The Sultanate of Mataram (pronounced muh-TAR-uhm was the last major independent Javanese empire on Java before the island was colonized by the Dutch The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the islands of Indonesia. See also Dutch East India Company The Dutch East India Company (VOC had a presence in the Indonesian archipelago from 1603 when the first trading See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Indonesian National Awakening is a term for the period in the first half of the twentieth century during which people from many parts of the archipelago first began to develop a national Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10 Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between An era of Liberal Democracy (Demokrasi Liberal in Indonesia began in 1950 following the securing of Indonesian independence in the Indonesian National Revolution Indonesia's transition to the " New Order " in the mid-1960s ousted the country's first president Sukarno after 22 years in the position The New Order ( Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966 Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. ^[1]The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6 months. Journey to Srivijaya and Nalanda Zhang Wen Ming became a monk at age 14 and was an admirer of Fa Xian and Xuanzang, both famous monks of his childhood ^[2][3] The first inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century, namely the Kedukan Bukit Inscription around Palembang in Sumatra, dated 683. The Kedukan Bukit Inscription was discovered by the Dutchman M ^[4] The kingdom ceased to exist between 1200 and 1300 due to various factors, including the expansion of Majapahit. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. ^[1] In Sanskrit, sri means "shining" or "radiant" and vijaya means "victory" or "excellence". Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical ^[5]

After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten and so historians had never considered that a large united kingdom could have been present in Southeast Asia. The existence of Srivijaya was only formally suspected in 1918 when French historian George Coedès of the École française d'Extrême-Orient postulated the existence of the empire. George Cœdès (1886-1969 was a 20th century scholar of Southeast Asian Archaeology and History. The École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO is a French institute dedicated to the study of Asian societies ^[5] Around 1992 and 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin proved that the centre of Srivijaya was along the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (situated in what is now the province of South Sumatra, Indonesia). South Sumatra or Sumatera Selatan is a province of Indonesia. ^[5]

Historiography and legacy

There is no continuous knowledge of Srivijaya in Indonesian histories; its forgotten past has been recreated by foreign scholars. No modern Indonesians, not even those of the Palembang area around which the kingdom was based, had heard of Srivijaya until the 1920s, when French scholar George Coedès published his discoveries and interpretations in Dutch and Indonesian-language newspapers. George Cœdès (1886-1969 was a 20th century scholar of Southeast Asian Archaeology and History. ^[6] Coedès noted that the Chinese references to "Sanfoqi", previously read as "Sribhoja", and the inscriptions in Old Malay refer to the same empire. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the ^[7]

Srivijaya became a symbol of early Sumatran greatness, and a great empire to balance Java's Majapahit in the east. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. In the twentieth century, both empires were referred to by nationalist intellectuals to argue for an Indonesian identity within and Indonesian state prior to the Dutch colonial state. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below ^[6]

Srivijaya and by extension Sumatra had been known by different names to different peoples. The Chinese called it Sanfotsi or San Fo Qi, and at one time there was an even older kingdom of Kantoli that could be considered as the predecessor of Srivijaya. Kantoli was an ancient kingdom suspected to be located somewhere between Jambi and Palembang in southern Sumatra around the 5th century of the ^[8][9] In Sanskrit and Pali, it was referred to as Yavadesh and Javadeh respectively. ^[8] The Arabs called it Zabag and the Khmer called it Melayu. Reference to the Sri Lankan materials king Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja is one of Javakan kings from Tambralinga kingdom one the kingdoms in the prehistory period of ^[8] This is another reason why the discovery of Srivijaya was so difficult. ^[8] While some of these names are strongly reminiscent of the name of Java, there is a distinct possibility that they may have referred to Sumatra instead. ^[10]

Formation and growth

Little physical evidence of Srivijaya remains. ^[11] According to the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, the empire of Srivijaya was founded by Dapunta Hyang Çri Yacanaca (Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa). The Kedukan Bukit Inscription was discovered by the Dutchman M He led 20,000 troops (mainly land troopers and a few hundred ships) from Minanga Tamwan to Palembang, Jambi, and Bengkulu. Palembang is a city of 1286000 in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Jambi is a province of Indonesia located on the east coast of central Sumatra. Bengkulu is a province of Indonesia. It is on the southwest coast of the island of Sumatra, and borders the provinces of West Sumatra,

The empire was a coastal trading centre and was a thalassocracy. The term thalassocracy (from the θάλασσα meaning sea and κρατείν meaning "to rule" giving θαλασσοκρατία "rule of the sea" As such, it did not extend its influence far beyond the coastal areas of the islands of Southeast Asia, with the exception of contributing to the population of Madagascar 3,300 miles to the west. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Around the year 500, Srivijayan roots began to develop around present-day Palembang, Sumatra, in modern Indonesia. Palembang is a city of 1286000 in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The empire was organised in three main zones — the estuarine capital region centred on Palembang, the Musi River basin which served as hinterland, and rival estuarine areas capable of forming rival power centres. The Musi River is located in southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It is about 750 kilometers long and drains most of South Sumatra province The areas upstream of the Musi river were rich in various commodities valuable to Chinese traders. ^[12] The capital was administered directly by the ruler while the hinterland remained under its own local datus or chiefs, who were organized into a network of allegiance to the Srivijaya maharaja or king. Datu or datto is the title for ancient tribal chieftains and monarchs in pre-Hispanic Philippines. A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a Tribe, or the head of a tribal form of self-government An allegiance is a duty of fidelity said to be owed by a subject or a Citizen to his/her state or sovereign. The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or " High king " (a Karmadharaya from mahānt Force was the dominant element in the empire's relations with rival river systems such as the Batang Hari, which centred in Jambi. The Batang Hari is the longest river in Sumatra, Indonesia. It originates in the Minangkabau highlands and flows to the east coast of Sumatra The ruling lineage intermarried with the Sailendras of Central Java. Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent Sailendra (Sanskrit Lord of the Mountain) is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta.

Candi Gumpung, a Buddhist temple at Muaro Jambi of Malayu Kingdom, later integrated as one of Srivijaya's important urban center. Muaro Jambi is a regency of Jambi, Indonesia. From the 4th until the 13th century it was the seat of the Hindu-Buddhist Melayu Kingdom. Melayu Kingdom (also known as Malayu, Dharmasraya Kingdom or the Jambi Kingdom) was a classical Southeast Asian kingdom that existed between the 4th and

Under the leadership of Jayanasa, the kingdom of Malayu became the first kingdom to be integrated into the Srivijayan Empire. Melayu Kingdom (also known as Malayu, Dharmasraya Kingdom or the Jambi Kingdom) was a classical Southeast Asian kingdom that existed between the 4th and This possibly occurred in the 680s. Malayu, also known as Jambi, was rich in gold and was held in high esteem. Jambi is a province of Indonesia located on the east coast of central Sumatra. Srivijaya recognized that the submission of Malayu to them would increase their own prestige. ^[13]

Chinese records dated in the late 7th century mention two Sumatran kingdoms as well as three other kingdoms on Java being part of Srivijaya. By the end of the 8th century, many Javanese kingdoms, such as Tarumanagara and Holing, were within the Srivijayan sphere of influence. Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese kingdom whose fifth-century ruler It has also been recorded that a Buddhist family related to Srivijaya dominated central Java at that time. ^[14] The family was probably the Sailendras. ^[15] According to the Kota Kapur Inscription, the empire conquered Southern Sumatra as far as Lampung. Lampung is a province of Indonesia, located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. The empire thus grew to control the trade on the Strait of Malacca, the South China Sea and Karimata Strait. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the The Karimata Strait is the wide Strait that connects the South China Sea to the Java Sea, between the Islands of Sumatra and Borneo

During the same century, Langkasuka on the Malay Peninsula became part of Srivijaya. ^[16] Soon after this, Pan Pan and Trambralinga, which were located north of Langkasuka, came under Srivijayan influence. These kingdoms on the peninsula were major trading nations that transported goods across the peninsula's isthmus.

With the expansion to Java as well as the Malay Peninsula, Srivijaya controlled two major trade choke points in Southeast Asia. In military strategy a choke point (or chokepoint) is a geographical feature on land such as a valley or defile, or at sea such as a Strait which an armed Some Srivijayan temple ruins are observable in Thailand, Cambodia and on the Malay Peninsula. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East

At some point in the 7th century, Cham ports in eastern Indochina started to attract traders. This diverted the flow of trade from Srivijaya. In an effort to divert the flow, the Srivijayan king or maharaja, Dharmasetu, launched various raids against the coastal cities of Indochina. The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or " High king " (a Karmadharaya from mahānt Dharmasetu was an 8th century Maharaja of Srivijaya. Under his reign he successfully incorporated Pan Pan, a kingdom located in the north of the Malay The city of Indrapura by the Mekong River was temporarily controlled from Palembang in the early 8th century. The Mekong is one of the world’s major Rivers It is the 11th-longest river in the world and 7th longest in Asia ^[15] The Srivijayans continued to dominate areas around present-day Cambodia until the Khmer King Jayavarman II, the founder of the Khmer Empire dynasty, severed the Srivijayan link later in the same century. The Khmer people are the predominant Ethnic group in Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of the 14 Founder of the First Dynasty of Angkor Jayavarman II (ជ័យវរ្ម័នទី២ a 9th century king of Cambodia is widely recognized as the founder The Khmer Empire was the largest empire of South East Asia based in what is now Cambodia. ^[17]

After Dharmasetu, Samaratungga became the next Maharaja of Srivijaya. Samaratungga was the head of the Sailendra dynasty whom ruled Srivijaya in the 8th and the 9th century He reigned as ruler from 792 to 835. Unlike the expansionist Dharmasetu, Samaratuga did not indulge in military expansion but preferred to strengthen the Srivijayan hold of Java. He personally oversaw the construction of Borobudur; the temple was completed in 825, during his reign. Borobudur is a ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. ^[18]

By the twelfth century, the kingdom included parts of Sumatra, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, Western Java, Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Borneo and the Philippines, most notably the Sulu Archipelago and the Visayas islands (and indeed the latter island group, as well as its population, is named after the empire). Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, ˈsɛlɛbiz is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP For the Star Trek character see Hikaru Sulu. For the sultanate see Sultanate of Sulu. Visayas ( Visayan: Kabisay-an) is one of the three island groups in the Philippines, along with Luzon and Mindanao. ^[19]

Srivijaya remained a formidable sea power until the thirteenth century. ^[1]

Vajrayana Buddhism

This article is part of the History of Malaysia series
Prehistory (60,000–2,000 BCE)
Early kingdoms
Gangga Negara (2nd–11th century CE)
Langkasuka (2nd–14th century)
Pan Pan (3rd–5th century)
Srivijaya (3rd–14th century)
The rise of Muslim states
Kedah Sultanate (1136–present)
Malacca Sultanate (1402–1511)
Sulu Sultanate (1450–1899)
Johor Sultanate (1528–current)
Jementah Civil War (1879)
European colonialism
Portuguese Malacca (1511 - 1641)
Dutch Malacca (1641 - 1824)
Kingdom of Sarawak (1841–1946)
British Malaya (1874–1946)
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
Burney Treaty (1826)
Straits Settlements (1826–1946)
Larut War (1861–1874)
Klang War (1867–1874)
Pangkor Treaty of 1874
Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
Unfederated Malay States (1800s–1946)
Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
Battle of Penang (1914)
North Borneo (1882–1963)
Mat Salleh Rebellion (1896–1900)
World War II
Japanese occupation (1941–1945)
Battle of Malaya (1941–42)
Parit Sulong Massacre (1942)
Battle of Muar (1942)
Battle of Singapore (1942)
Syburi (1942–1945)
Battle of North Borneo (1945)
Sandakan Death Marches (1945)
Malaysia in transition
Malayan Union (1946–1948)
Federation of Malaya (1948–1963)
Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)
Bukit Kepong Incident (1950)
Independence Day (1957)
Federation of Malaysia (1963–present)
Operation Coldstore (1963)
Indonesia confrontation (1962–1966)
Brunei Revolt (1962–1966)
Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965)
1964 Race Riots (1964)
Communist Insurgency War (1967-1989)
Contemporary Malaysia
Malaysia today
May 13 Incident (1969)
New Economic Policy (1971–1990)
Operation Lalang (1987)
1988 constitutional crisis (1987–88)
Asian financial crisis (1997–98)
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A stronghold of Vajrayana Buddhism, Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from other parts of Asia. South East Asia whose strategic sea-lane position brought trade and foreign influences that fundamentally influenced its history Prehistoric Malaysia may be traced back as far as 60000 years ago from stone tools found at Kota Tampan, an archaeological site in Lenggong Perak Gangga Negara is believed to be a lost Hindu kingdom mentioned in the Malay Annals that covered present day Beruas, Dinding and Manjung Langkasuka (- langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" - sukkha of "bliss" was an ancient Hindu Malay kingdom located Pan Pan is a lost small Hindu Kingdom believed to have existed around 3rd-7th Century CE The Sultanate of Kedah was the earliest Sultanate in the Malay Peninsula and arguably the earliest in Southeast Asia founded in year 1136 The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. For the province see Sulu. The Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim State that ruled over many of the islands of the This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor For office of the sultan see Sultan of Johor. Jementah Civil War happened in 1879 in Jementah, Sultanate of Johor when Tengku Alam the heir of Sultan Ali of Muar refused to give the Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that for more than a century was a Portuguese colony. Dutch Malacca (1641 - 1824 was the longest period of Malacca under foreign control The Kingdom of Sarawak was a state established by Sir James Brooke in 1842 by gaining independence from the Sultanate of Brunei. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century History The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen due to the British occupation of Dutch properties during the Napoleonic Wars, as The Burney Treaty was a treaty signed between Siam and the British in 1826 The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826 Larut War was a series of four wars started in July 1861 and ended with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty of 1874. The Klang War or Selangor Civil War took place in the Malay state of Selangor and was fought between Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar, the administrator The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between the British and the Sultan of Perak. This article is not to be confused with the Unfederated Malay States. This article should not be confused with the Federated Malay States. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 or Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was a Treaty between the United Kingdom and Thailand signed on March 10[[ The Battle of Penang occurred on 28 October 1914, during World War I. North Borneo was an independent state and British Protectorate under the sovereign British North Borneo Company from 1882-1946 and subsequently a Mat Salleh Rebellion was a series of major disturbances in North Borneo, now Malaysian state of Sabah, from 1894 to 1900 Throughout much of World War II, British Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak were under Japanese occupation. The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8 1941 to January 31 On January 23, 1942, the Parit Sulong Massacre was committed against Allied soldiers by members of the Imperial Guards Division The Battle of Muar was the last major battle of the Malayan campaign. The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold Saiburi (SriBuri Thai: ไทรบุรี is the name for the Malay state of Kedah returned to Thailand when the Japanese occupied British The Battle of North Borneo was fought in June-August 1945 between Australian and Japanese forces in North Borneo (later known as Sabah) The Sandakan Death Marches were a series of forced marches from Sandakan to Ranau which resulted in the deaths of more than 3600 Indonesian The Malayan Union was a federation of the Malay states and the Straits Settlements excluding Singapore. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British The Malayan Emergency was a State of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Malaya in 1948 and lifted in 1960 as well as an insurrection and Bukit Kepong Incident was an armed encounter which took place on February 23, 1950 between the police and the Malayan Communists in pre-independence Hari Merdeka ( Independence Day) is a national day of Malaysia commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya from British colonial For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Operation Coldstore (sometimes spelled Operation Cold Store) was a security operation conducted by the Government of Singapore in February 1963 in which The Brunei Revolt broke out on December 8, 1962 and was led by Yassin Affandi and his armed rebels On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined the Federation of Malaya together with Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia The 1964 Race Riots were a series of Riots that took place in Singapore during two separate periods in July and September between Chinese and Malay The Communist Insurgency War, or Second Malayan Emergency was an Insurgency and guerrilla war, conducted by the Malayan Communist Party For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The May 13 Incident is a term for the Sino - Malay Race riots in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor For the Soviet New Economic Policy see New Economic Policy. The Malaysian New Economic Policy ( NEP or DEB for Dasar Operation Lalang ( Weeding Operation; also referred to as Ops Lalang) was carried out on October 27, 1987 by the Malaysian The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis was a series of events that began with United Malays National Organisation (UMNO general election in 1987 and ended with the suspension The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( Vajrayana Buddhism is also known as Tantric Buddhism, Tantrayāna, Mantrayana, Mantranaya, Secret Mantra, Esoteric Buddhism and Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices These included the Chinese monk Yijing, who made several lengthy visits to Sumatra on his way to study at Nalanda University in India in 671 and 695, and the 11th century Bengali Buddhist scholar Atisha, who played a major role in the development of Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet. Journey to Srivijaya and Nalanda Zhang Wen Ming became a monk at age 14 and was an admirer of Fa Xian and Xuanzang, both famous monks of his childhood Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India. Events By Place Europe Perctarit returns from exile to become king of the Lombards. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The people of Byzantium revolt against Justinian II. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Early life Atisha is most commonly said to have been born in the year 980 in Vajrayogini village in Bikrampur, the northeastern region of Bengal (located in Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Yijing reports that the kingdom was home to more than a thousand Buddhist scholars; it was in Srivijaya that he wrote his memoir of Buddhism during his own lifetime. Travellers to these islands mentioned that gold coinage was in use on the coasts, but not inland.

Relationship with regional powers

Pagoda in Srivijaya style in Chaiya, Thailand

Although historical records and archaeological evidence are scarce, it appears that by the seventh century, Srivijaya had established suzerainty over large areas of Sumatra, western Java and much of the Malay Peninsula. The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Dominating the Malacca and Sunda straits, Srivijaya controlled both the spice route traffic and local trade, charging a toll on passing ships. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra The Sunda Strait ( Indonesian: Selat Sunda) is the Strait between the Indonesian Islands of Java and the island of Sumatra Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. Serving as an entrepôt for Chinese, Malay, and Indian markets, the port of Palembang, accessible from the coast by way of a river, accumulated great wealth. Envoys travelled to and from China frequently.

The Jambi kingdom was the first rival power centre absorbed into the empire, and thus began the domination of the region through trade and conquest in the 7th and 9th centuries. Jambi's gold mines were a crucial economic resource and may be the origin of the word Suvarnadvipa (island of gold), the Sanskrit name for Sumatra. Srivijaya helped spread the Malay culture throughout Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and western Borneo. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Srivijaya's influence waned in the 11th century. It was in frequent conflict with, and ultimately subjugated by, Javanese kingdoms, first Singhasari and then Majapahit. Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292 Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. The seat of the empire moved to Jambi in the last centuries of Srivijaya's existence.

Some historians claim that Chaiya in the Surat Thani province in Southern Thailand was at least temporarily the capital of Srivijaya, but this claim is widely disputed. Chaiya (ไชยา is a district ( Amphoe) and town in southern Thailand in Surat Thani Province. Surat Thani (often in short Surat, สุราษฎร์ธานี is the largest of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand, on However, Chaiya was probably a regional centre of the kingdom. The temple of Borom That in Chaiya contains a reconstructed pagoda in Srivijaya style. A pagoda is the general term in the English language for a tiered Tower with multiple Eaves common in China, Japan, Korea The Khmer Empire may also have been a tributary in its early stages. The Khmer Empire was the largest empire of South East Asia based in what is now Cambodia. The term tributary state refers to one of the two main ways in which a pre-modern state might be subordinate to a more powerful neighbour

Srivijaya also maintained close relations with the Pala Empire in Bengal, and an 860 inscription records that maharaja Balaputra dedicated a monastery at the Nalanda university in Pala territory. The Pala Empire was a dynasty in control of the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent, mainly the Bengal and Bihar regions from the 8th to Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang This article is about the year 860 For the area code see Area code 860. Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India. Relations with the Chola dynasty of southern India were initially friendly but deteriorated into actual warfare in the eleventh century.

Golden age

The graceful golden statue of Avalokiteçvara in Malayu-Srivijayan style, discovered at Rataukapastuo, Muarabulian, Jambi, Indonesia. Avalokiteśvara ( Nepali: अवलोकितेश्वर, lit Jambi is a province of Indonesia located on the east coast of central Sumatra. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.

After trade disruption at Canton between 820 and 850, the ruler of Jambi was able to assert enough independence to send missions to China in 853 and 871. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Events By Place Byzantine Empire A Byzantine fleet destroys Damietta, Egypt. Events By Place Europe Nine battles are fought between the Danes and Wessex. Jambi's independence coincided with the troubled time when the Sailendran Balaputradewa, expelled from Java, seized the throne of Srivijaya. Sailendra (Sanskrit Lord of the Mountain) is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java. Balaputra was the Maharaja of Srivijaya in the 9th century CE as well as the former head of the Sailendra Dynasty. The new maharaja was able to dispatch a tributary mission to China by 902. Only two years later, the expiring Tang Dynasty conferred a title on a Srivijayan envoy. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by

In the first half of the tenth century, between the fall of Tang and the rise of Song, there was brisk trade between the overseas world and the Fujian kingdom of Min and the rich Guangdong kingdom of Nan Han. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms This article is about the People's Republic of China province Min 閩 was one of the Ten Kingdoms which was in existence between the years of 909 and 945. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Srivijaya undoubtedly benefited from this, in anticipation of the prosperity it was to enjoy under the early Song. Circa 903, the Muslim writer Ibn Rustah was so impressed with the wealth of Srivijaya's ruler that he declared one would not hear of a king who was richer, stronger or with more revenue. Events By Place Europe The Vikings invade England. Asia Abaoji is named commander A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Ibn Rustah (in Persian احمد ابن رسته اصفهانی - Aḥmad ebn Roste Eṣfahānī was a 10th century Persian explorer and geographer born in Rosta The main urban centres were at Palembang (especially the Bukit Seguntang area), Muara Jambi and Kedah. Muaro Jambi is a regency of Jambi, Indonesia. From the 4th until the 13th century it was the seat of the Hindu-Buddhist Melayu Kingdom. Kedah ( Jawi: قدح pop 1778188 is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia.

Decline

In 1025, Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Coromandel in South India, conquered Kedah from Srivijaya and occupied it for some time. "Rajendra Chola" redirects here For Rajendra Chola II see Rajendra Chola II. The Coromandel Coast is the name given to the southeastern coast of the Indian peninsula South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Kedah ( Jawi: قدح pop 1778188 is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests throughout what is now Indonesia and Malaysia for the next 20 years. Although the Chola invasion was ultimately unsuccessful, it gravely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms based, like Kediri, on intensive agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade.

Srivijaya's Empire and its neighbors in 900 AD.

Between 1079 and 1088, Chinese records show that Srivijaya sent ambassadors from Jambi and Palembang. ^[20] In 1079 in particular, an ambassador from Jambi and Palembang each visited China. Jambi sent two more ambassadors to China in 1082 and 1088. ^[20] This suggests that the centre of Srivijaya frequently shifted between the two major cities during that period. ^[20] The Chola expedition as well as changing trade routes weakened Palembang, allowing Jambi to take the leadership of Srivijaya from the 11th century on. ^[21]

According to a Chinese source in the book of Chu-fan-chi written around 1200, Chou-Ju-Kua describe that in Southeast Asia archipelago there was two most powerful and richest kingdoms; Srivijaya and Java (Kediri). Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. In Java he founds that the people adhere two kinds of religions; buddhism and the religions of brahmins (hinduism), while the people of Srivijaya adhere buddhism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The people of Java are brave and short tempered, dare to put a fight. Their favourite pastimes was cockfighting and pigfighting. The curency was made from the mixture of copper, silver, and tin. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50

Srivijaya Empire and Kediri around 12th to early 13th century AD.

The book of Chu-fan-chi mentioned that Java was ruled by a maharaja, that rules several colonies: Pai-hua-yuan (Pacitan), Ma-tung (Medang), Ta-pen (Tumapel), Hi-ning (Dieng), Jung-ya-lu (Hujung Galuh), Tung-ki (Jenggi, west Papua), Ta-kang (Sumba), Huang-ma-chu (Southwest Papua), Ma-li (Bali), Kulun (Gurun, identified as Gorong or Sorong in Papua or an island in Nusa Tenggara), Tan-jung-wu-lo (Tanjungpura in Borneo), Ti-wu (Timor), Pingya-i (Banggai in Sulawesi), and Wu-nu-ku (Maluku). The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or " High king " (a Karmadharaya from mahānt Sumba is an island in Indonesia, and is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago

About Srivijaya, Chou-Ju-Kua reported that Kien-pi (Kampe, in northern Sumatra) with armed forced rebellion has liberated themselves from Srivijaya, thus has coronated their own king. The same fate goes to some Srivijaya's colonies at Malay Peninsula that liberated themselves from Srivijaya domination. The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast However Srivijaya still the mightiest and wealthiest state in western part of archipelago. Srivijaya's colony are: Pong-fong (Pahang), Tong-ya-nong (Trengganu), Ling-ya-ssi-kia (Langkasuka), Kilan-tan (Kelantan), Fo-lo-an (?), Ji-lo-t'ing (Jelutong), Ts'ien-mai (?), Pa-t'a (Batak), Tan-ma-ling (Tambralingga, Ligor), Kia-lo-hi (Grahi, northern part of Malay peninsula), Pa-lin-fong (Palembang), Sin-t'o (Sunda), Lan-wu-li (Lamuri at Aceh), and Si-lan (Sailan?) ^[22]. Pahang ( Jawi: ڨهڠ is the third largest state on Malaysia, after Sarawak and Sabah, occupying the huge Pahang River River Terengganu ( Jawi: ترڠڬانو, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu) is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia Langkasuka (- langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" - sukkha of "bliss" was an ancient Hindu Malay kingdom located Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. Palembang is a city of 1286000 in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The Sunda Kingdom was according to primary historical records from the sixteenth century a kingdom covering areas of present-day Banten Province Jakarta, West See also Sultanate of Aceh Aceh (ʔaˈtɕɛh generally anglicized as ˈɑːtʃeɪ is a special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Indonesia According to this source in early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, Malay peninsula, and western Java (Sunda). The Sunda Kingdom was according to primary historical records from the sixteenth century a kingdom covering areas of present-day Banten Province Jakarta, West About Sunda, the book describe it further that the port of Sunda (Sunda Kelapa) is really good and strategic, pepper from Sunda is among the best quality. The Sunda Kingdom was according to primary historical records from the sixteenth century a kingdom covering areas of present-day Banten Province Jakarta, West Sunda Kelapa is the old port of Jakarta. In the original name it is known "Sunda Kalapa" (from Sundanese words People work on agriculture and their house are build on wooden piles (rumah panggung). However the country was invested by robbers and thieves. In sum, this Chinese source from early 13th century suggested that the Indonesian archipelago was ruled by two great kingdoms, western part was under Srivijaya's rule, while eastern part was under Kediri domination. The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia.

In 1288, Singhasari, the successor of Kediri in Java, conquered Palembang, Jambi as well as much of Srivijaya during the Pamalayu expedition. Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292 The Pamalayu expedition was a force sent by King Kertanegara of Singhasari to conquer the Sumatran Melayu Kingdom.

In the year 1293, Majapahit ruled much of Sumatra as the successor of Singhasari. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Prince Adityawarman was given responsibilities over Sumatra in 1347 by Hayam Wuruk, the fourth king of Majapahit. Adityawarman (also Adityavarman) according to a 16th century Javanese text was the son of a Malay princess captured in 1263 and a Javanese prince Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Hayam Wuruk, also called (after 1350 Rajasanagara, (1334 -1389 was the ruler of the Javanese Hindu state of Majapahit at the time of Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. The rebellion in 1377 was squashed by Majapahit but it left the area of southern Sumatra in chaos and desolation. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two

In the following years, sedimentation on the Musi river estuary cut the kingdom's capital off from direct sea access. The strategic disadvantage crippled the trade in the Kingdom's capital. As the decline continued, Islam made its way to the Aceh region of Sumatra, spreading through contacts with Arab and Indian traders. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. See also Sultanate of Aceh Aceh (ʔaˈtɕɛh generally anglicized as ˈɑːtʃeɪ is a special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Indonesia The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country By the late 13th century, the kingdom of Pasai in northern Sumatra converted to Islam. for the town in Burma see Pasai Burma Pasai, also known as Samudera and Samudera-Pasai sometimes called At the same time, Srivijaya was briefly a tributary state of the Khmer empire and later the Sukhothai kingdom. The term tributary state refers to one of the two main ways in which a pre-modern state might be subordinate to a more powerful neighbour The Sukhothai kingdom was an early kingdom in the area around the city Sukhothai, in north central Thailand. The last inscription, on which a crown prince, Ananggavarman, son of Adityawarman, is mentioned, dates from 1374. Pagaruyung (also Pagarruyung and Pagar Ruyung) was the seat of Minangkabau kings though little is known about it Adityawarman (also Adityavarman) according to a 16th century Javanese text was the son of a Malay princess captured in 1263 and a Javanese prince

By 1402 Parameswara (the great-great-grandson of Raden Wijaya, the first king of Majapahit), the last prince of Srivijaya founded the Sultanate of Malacca on the Malay peninsula. Parameswara (1344 &ndash 1414 (also called Iskandar Shah) was a Malay Hindu prince (from Palembang district of Srivijaya Empire) who Raden Wijaya (also known as Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (reigned 1293-1309 was the founder and first Raja of the Majapahit kingdom on Java Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409.

Commerce

In the world of commerce, Srivijaya rapidly rose to be a far-flung empire controlling the two passages between India and China, namely the Sunda Strait from Palembang and the Malacca straits from Kedah. The Sunda Strait ( Indonesian: Selat Sunda) is the Strait between the Indonesian Islands of Java and the island of Sumatra Arab accounts state that the empire of the maharaja was so vast that in two years the swiftest vessel could not travel round all its islands, which produced camphor, aloes, cloves, sandal-wood, nutmegs, cardamom and crubebs, ivory, gold and tin, making the maharaja as rich as any king in the Indies.

List of Rulers

Part of History of Thailand. The history of Thailand begins with the migration of the Thais from their ancestral home in southern China into mainland southeast Asia around the 10th century
Prehistoric Thailand
Early history of Thailand
Initial states of Thailand (3 BCE-1238) Suvarnabhumi Funan Dvaravati Lavo Singhanavati Pan Pan Raktamaritika Langkasuka Srivijaya Tambralinga
Sukhothai Kingdom (1238-1448 )
Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351-1767)
Thonburi Kingdom (1768-1782)
Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782-1932)
Kingdom of Thailand 1932 - 1973 1973 - present
Regional history Hariphunchai Isan Lanna Nakhon Si Thammarat Phitsanulok
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• Jayanasa (Kedukan Bukit Inscription, 683 and Talang Tuo Inscription, 684)
• Indravarman (Chinese story, 704-716, 724)
• Rudrawikrama or Lieou-t'eng-wei-kong (Chinese story, 728)
• Dharmasetu (Ligor Inscription, 775)
• Sangramadhananjaya or Vishnu (Arabian text, 790)
• Samaratunga (792)
• Maharaja (Arabian story, 851)
• Balaputra (Nalanda Inscription, 860)
• Sri Uda Haridana or Cri Udayadityawarman (Chinese story, 960)
• Sri Wuja or Cri Udayaditya (Chinese story, 962)
• Hia-Tche (Chinese, 980)
• Sri Culamanivarmadeva (Chinese, 988, 1003; Tanjore Inscription or Leiden Inscription, 1044)
• Sri Maravijayottunga or Maraviyayatunggawarman (Chinese, 1008; Leiden Inscription, 1044)
• Sumatrabhumi (Chinese, 1017)
• Samgramavijayottunga or Cri Sanggaramawijayatunggawarman Chola Inscription, 1025)
• Sri Deva (Chinese, 1028)
• Dharmavira
• Sri Maharaja (Chinese, 1156)
• Trailoraja (Chinese, 1178)
• Maulibhusana Varmadeva (Bronze Buddha Chaiya, 1183)

References

Further references

• D. G. E. Hall, A History of South-east Asia. London: Macmillan, 1955.
• D. R. SarDesai. Southeast Asia: Past and Present. Boulder: Westview Press, 1997.
• Lynda Norene Shaffer. Maritime Southeast Asia to 1500. London: ME Sharpe Armonk, 1996.
• Stuart-Fox, Martin. A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade, and Influence. London: Allen and Unwin, 2003.
• Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9814155675.  

Images

Images

A ruin of Srivijayan Wat Phra Kaew in Chaiya, Thailand. This article is about the temple in Bangkok For other temples see Wat Phra Kaew (disambiguation.

The construction of the Borobodur begun by Sangramadhananjaya and completed under the reign of Samaratunga.

External links

• Review of Srivijaya resources on the Internet - but many are dead links
• Review of the origin of Melayu dialectics based on Srivijayan Inscriptions; site in Indonesian on Old Malay
• Timeline of Indonesia from prehistory to present: click on the period for info
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