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For other uses, see squat.
The international squatters' symbol
The international squatters' symbol
The Chien Rouge in Lausanne, a squat held in the old hospital.
The Chien Rouge in Lausanne, a squat held in the old hospital. Lausanne ( pronounced, Losanna is a city in Romandy, the French -speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva

Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or building that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have permission to use. In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made There are a great variety of modes of land ownership and tenure: Traditional land tenure Squatting is significantly more common in urban areas than rural areas, especially when urban decay occurs. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Urban decay is a process by which a City, or a part of a city falls into a state of disrepair According to author Robert Neuwirth, there may be as many as one billion squatters globally, or about one of every seven people. Robert Neuwirth is an American Journalist and author He wrote Shadow Cities A Billion Squatters A New Urban World, a book describing his experiences living in [1]

Contents

Overview

Graffiti found in Málaga, Spain of the international squatter's symbol.
Graffiti found in Málaga, Spain of the international squatter's symbol. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

In many of the world's poorer countries there are extensive slums or shanty towns, typically built on the edges of major cities and consisting almost entirely of self-constructed housing built without the landowner's permission. A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security Shanty towns (also called Squatter camps or Favelas are settlements (sometimes illegal or unauthorized of impoverished people who live in improvised A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status While these settlements may in time grow to become both legalised and indistinguishable from normal residential neighbourhoods, they start off as squats with minimal basic infrastructure. Thus, there is no sewage system, drinking water must be bought from vendors or carried from a nearby tap and if there is electricity, it is stolen from a passing cable. Urban areas require some methods for collection and disposal of Sewage. Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not

To squat in many countries is in itself a crime; in others it is only seen as a civil conflict between the owner and the occupants. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Private law (Civil law is that part of a Legal system that involves relationships between individuals Property law and the state have traditionally favored the property owner. Property law is the area of Law that governs the various forms of Ownership in Real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. However, in many cases where squatters had de facto ownership, laws have been changed to legitimize their status. Squatters often claim rights over the spaces they have squatted by virtue of occupation, rather than ownership; in this sense, squatting is similar to (and potentially a necessary condition of) adverse possession, by which a possessor of real property without title may eventually gain legal title to the real property. In Common law, adverse possession is the process by which title to another's Real property is acquired without compensation, by as the name In the Common law, real property (or realty) refers to one of the two main classes of Property, the other class being Personal property ( Title is a legal term for a bundle of rights in a piece of property in which a party may own either a legal interest or an equitable interest The rights

Anarchist Colin Ward comments: "Squatting is the oldest mode of tenure in the world, and we are all descended from squatters. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Colin Ward (born 14 August, 1924 in Wanstead Essex) was an editor of the British Anarchist newspaper Freedom This is as true of the Queen [of the United Kingdom] with her 176,000 acres as it is of the 54 per cent of householders in Britain who are owner-occupiers. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located They are all the ultimate recipients of stolen land, for to regard our planet as a commodity offends every conceivable principle of natural rights. "[2]

Besides being residences, some squats are used as social centres or host give-away shops, pirate radio stations and cafés. Social Centers are Community spaces They are buildings which are used for a range of disparate activities which can be linked only by virtue of being Not-for-profit Give-away shops, freeshops, or free stores are second-hand stores where all goods are free The term pirate radio usually refers to illegal or unregulated radio transmissions In Spanish-speaking countries squatters receive several names, like okupas in Spain or Argentina (from the verb ocupar meaning "to occupy"), or paracaidistas in Mexico (meaning "paratroopers", because they "parachute" themselves at unoccupied land). Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.

Africa

There are large squatter communities in Kenya such as Kibera in Nairobi. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Kibera in Nairobi, Kenya is the second largest Slum in Africa, the largest being Soweto in South Africa, and has a population Nairobi (naɪˈroʊbɪ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. A BBC News report described it as follows: "The first thing that hits you here is this rich stench of almost 1 million people living in this ditch - in mud huts, with no sewage pipes, no roads, no water, no toilet, in fact, with no services of any kind. "[3]

The South African Police disband a demonstration by the squatters' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo, 28 September, 2007
The South African Police disband a demonstration by the squatters' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo, 28 September, 2007

An estimated 1,000 people live in the Grande Hotel Beira in Mozambique. The Grande Hotel Beira was a luxury hotel in Beira Mozambique that was open from 1952 to 1963 Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa

The Zabbaleen settlement and the City of the Dead are both well known squatter communities in Cairo. The Zabbaleen ( Egyptian Arabic: زبالين "garbage people" are an Egyptian community of mainly Coptic Christians who are employed in the city Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt.

In South Africa, squatters tend to live in informal settlements or squatter camps on the outskirts of the larger cities, often but not always near townships. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa In South Africa, the term Township usually refers to the (often underdeveloped urban living areas that under Apartheid, were reserved for non-whites In 1994 when Nelson Mandela was elected President it was estimated that of South Africa's 44 million inhabitants, 7. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative 7 million lived in these settlements. [4] The number has grown rapidly in the post-apartheid era. Many buildings, particularly in the inner city of Johannesburg have also been occupied by squatters. The inner city is the central area of a major city or metropolis Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. Property owners or government authorities can usually evict squatters after following certain legal procedures including requesting a court order. In Durban the city council routinely evicts without a court order in defiance of the law and there has been sustained conflict between the city council and a shack dwellers' movement known as Abahlali baseMjondolo. Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. Abahlali baseMjondolo is a popular entirely non-professionalized and democratic mass movement of Shack dwellers and other poor people in South Africa. There has been a number of similar conflicts between shack dwellers, some linked with the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, and the city council in Cape Town. The Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign is a popular movement made up of poor and oppressed communities in Cape Town, South Africa Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the One of the most high profile cases have been the brutal evictions of squatters in the N2 Gateway homes in the suburb of Delft where over 20 residents were shot including a 3 year old child. There have been numerous complaints about the legality of government's actions and in particular whether the ruling of the judge was unfair given his party affiliations and the highly politicized nature of the case [5].

Asia

India

Street dwellers in Mumbai
Street dwellers in Mumbai

In Mumbai, there are an estimated 10 to 12 million inhabitants and six million of them are squatters. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial The squatters live in a variety of ways. Some possess two or three story homes built out of brick and concrete which they have inhabited for years. Geeta Nagar is a squatter village based beside the Indian Navy compound at Colaba. The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the armed forces of India. Colaba (कुलाबा is a part of the city of Mumbai, India. Squatter Colony in Malad East has existed since 1962 and now people living there pay a rent to the city council of 100 rupees a month. Dharavi is a community of one million squatters. Dharavi is a mega slum and administrative ward over parts of Sion Bandra(E Kurla and Kalina suburbs of Mumbai, India. The stores and factories situated there are mainly illegal and so are unregulated, but it is suggested that they do over $1 million in business every day. [6]

Other squatters live in shacks, situated literally on a pavement next to the road, with very few possessions.

Activists such as Jockin Arputham are working for better living conditions for slum dwellers. Jockin Arputham has worked for more than 40 years in ‘ Slums ’ and Shanty towns, building representative organizations into powerful partners with governments and

Philippines

In Metro Manila, squatting, or Iskwater in Tagalog, is a major issue in Filipino society, especially in industrialized areas of the society. Metropolitan Manila ( Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan) or the National Capital Region (NCR ( Filipino: Pambansang Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Squatting was started after World War II, as people built makeshift houses called Barong-Barong in abandoned private property plots. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

The Government tried to transfer those squatters to low cost housing projects, especially in Tondo (in the former Smokey Mountain landfill), Taguig (BLISS Housing Project), and in Rodriguez (formerly Montalban), Rizal. History See also Ancient Tondo The former region of Tondo is over eleven hundred years old Smokey Mountain is a large Landfill in Manila. It is famous for rotting at such a high temperature that parts of it caught on fire and collapsed thus killing For other uses see Water treatment and Land reclamation. A landfill, also known as a dump (and historically as Taguig (formerly spelled as Tagig; Filipino: Lungsod ng Taguig) is a city in Metro Manila Rizal is a province of the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region in Luzon, just 20 kilometers east of Manila.

Europe

In many European countries, there are squatted houses used as residences and also larger squatted projects where people pursue social and cultural activities. Examples of the latter include an old leper hospital outside Barcelona called Can Masdeu and a former military barracks called Metelkova in Slovenia. Leprosy (from the Greek lepi (λέπι meaning scales on a fish or Hansen's disease, is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Can Masdeu is a squatted Social centre in the valley of San Genis part of the Collserola Park in Barcelona. Metelkova is an autonomous Social centre in the centre of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Squats can be run on anarchist principles, for example Villa Amalia in Greece, Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus in Austria or Blitz in Norway. Villa Amalia is one of the first Anarchist Squats in Athens Greece. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus ( EKH) is a building in Vienna 's 10th district Favoriten. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Blitz is an anarchist, communist and socialist youth community in Oslo, Norway, founded in 1982 Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Young people squat buildings to use as concert venues for alternative types of music such as punk and hardcore. The eviction of one such place, Ungdomshuset, in March 2007 received international news coverage. Ungdomshuset (literally "the Youth House" was the popular name of the building formally named Folkets Hus ("House of the People" located on Jagtvej 69 in Others have been legalised.

In Italy, there is Bussana Vecchia, a ghost town in Liguria which was abandoned in 1887 following an earthquake and subsequently squatted in the 1960s. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Bussana Vecchia ( Old Bussana) is a 1000 years old Ghost town in Liguria, a few kilometers from the Italian-French border A ghost town is a Town or City that has been abandoned usually because the economic activity that supported it has failed or due to natural or human-caused Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer In France, there is Collectif la vieille Valette, a self-supporting squat village which has been active since 1991. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Denmark

Christiania is an independent community of almost 900 people founded in 1971 on the site of an abandoned military zone. Christiania, also known as Freetown Christiania (Danish Fristaden Christiania) is a partially self-governing neighbourhood of about 850 residents covering 34 hectares In Copenhagen, as in other European cities such as Berlin and Amsterdam, the squatter movement was large in the 1980s. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city It was a social movement, providing housing and alternative culture. Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific A flashpoint came in 1986 with the Battle of Ryesgade. The Battle of Ryesgade was a nine-day series of street fights in mid-September 1986 in the Copenhagen street Ryesgade Another flashpoint came in 2007 when Ungdomshuset was evicted. Ungdomshuset (literally "the Youth House" was the popular name of the building formally named Folkets Hus ("House of the People" located on Jagtvej 69 in While not a squat, it was a social center used by squatters and people involved in alternative culture more generally.

Germany

After the German reunification, many buildings were vacated due to the demise of former state-run enterprises and migration to the western parts of Germany, some of which then were occupied by squatters. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. In Berlin, the now-legalised squats are in desirable areas such as Mitte and Prenzlauer Berg. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Localities of the Mitte borough The new borough of Mitte consists of six localities Mitte (the former Mitte borough Moabit Prenzlauer Berg is a former borough of Berlin situated in the eastern part of the city Before the reunification, squats in Berlin were mostly located in former West Berlin's borough of Kreuzberg. West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 Kreuzberg, since 2001 part of the combined Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough located south of Mitte, is one of the best-known areas of Berlin The squats were mainly for residential and social use. Squatters became known by the term "instandbesetzen", a conflation of "instandsetzen" (i. e. renovating) and "besetzen" (i. e. occupying). [7]

Despite being illegal, squats exist in many of the larger cities. Examples are Au in Frankfurt and Hafenstraße and Rote Flora in Hamburg. Au the name of a building that has been squatted since June 4 1983 in Frankfurt, Germany. Hafenstrasse is a common german abbreviation of St Pauli-Hafenstrasse. The Rote Flora is a former theater in the neighbourhood Schanzenviertel in Hamburg. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany

Squatting can also take place for campaigning purposes, such as the Anatopia project which protested against a Mercedes-Benz test track. Anatopia was a land squat in Papenburg, Germany. The site was squatted July 4 1991 and evicted January 7 1995 after a long struggle Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the

Italy

In Italy, squatting has no legal basis but there are many squats used as social centers. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest They are known as C. S. O. A. (Centro Sociale Occupato Autogestito) which translates as "self-governing squatted social centers" and include: Leoncavallo in Milan, Officina99 in Naples, Brancaleone, Corto Circuito, Forte Prenestino and Villaggio Globale in Rome,Askatasuna in Torino. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, if a building is not in use for twelve months, empty and the owner has no pressing need to use it (such as a rental contract starting in the next month), then it can be legally squatted. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The only illegal aspect would be forcing an entry, if that was necessary. When a building is squatted it is normal to send the owner a letter and to invite the police to inspect the squat. The police check whether the place is indeed lived in by the squatter — in legal terms this means there must be a bed, a chair, a table and a working lock in the door which the squatter can open and close.

In cities there is often a kraakspreekuur (squatters' conversation hour), at which people planning to squat can get advice from experienced squatters. In Amsterdam, where the squatting community is large, there are three kraakspreekuur sessions in different areas of the city and so-called 'wild' squatting (squatting a building without the help of the local group) is not encouraged. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west [8] Dutch squatters use the term "krakers" to define people who squat houses with the aim of living in them (as opposed to people who break into buildings for the purpose of vandalism or theft). [9]

There are many residential squats in Dutch cities such as Leiden, Rotterdam, Groningen, Nijmegen, Haarlem, Zwolle and Amsterdam. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of Groningen is the capital city of the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. Nijmegen (ˈnɛɪmeɣən) (obsolete spellings Nijmwegen Nymegen Nieumeghen &mdash Nimwegen in local dialect and in German, Nimègue in French in the past usually Harlem in English is a city in the Netherlands. Zwolle is a Municipality and the capital city of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands, 120 kilometers northeast of Amsterdam. There are also some squats in the countryside such as a squatted village called Ruigoord near to Amsterdam and Fort Pannerden, near Nijmegen. Ruigoord ( is a former island and a village in the Houtrakpolder in the IJ meer in the Dutch province of North Holland. Fort Pannerden is a disused military Fort situated near to the village of Pannerden in the east of the Netherlands. Fort Pannerden (a military fort built in 1869) was evicted on November 8, 2006 by a massive police operation which used military machinery and cost one million euros. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e [10] The squatters then resquatted the fort on November 26 and have since made a deal with the local council which owns the fort. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" [11][12]

The Poortgebouw in Rotterdam
The Poortgebouw in Rotterdam

Sometimes squats can become legalised. This is the case with the Poortgebouw in Rotterdam, which was squatted in 1980. The Poortgebouw is a national monument located by the River Maas in the Kop van Zuid area of Rotterdam, in The Netherlands. In 1982, the inhabitants agreed to pay rent to the city council and they are still living there in 2008. ORKZ (Oude Rooms-Katholieke Ziekenhuis) in Groningen is an old Roman Catholic Hospital, which is now declared legal.

Well-known squats include the OT301 and ASCII in Amsterdam, Anarres in Dordrecht, Het Slaakhuis in Rotterdam and the LandbouwBelang and Kraakpand Wolder in Maastricht. OT301 used to be a Squat in the Dutch city of Amsterdam which is located on Overtoom 301 For the issue with Unicode URLs called "ASCII squatting" see IDNA The Amsterdam Subversive Center for Information Interchange ( ASCII Het Slaakhuis is a squat in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. It is located on a street called Slaak and was squatted in May 2003 De Blauwe Aanslag in The Hague was evicted in 2003. De Blauwe Aanslag was a Squat in the Dutch city of The Hague.

Squatting gained a legal basis in the Netherlands in 1971, when the Supreme Court ruled that the concept of domestic peace ("huisvrede") which means a house cannot be entered without the permission of the owner also applied to squatter. Since then, the owner of the building must take the squatters to court (or take illegal action) in order to evict them. A law was passed in 1994 which made it illegal to squat a building which was empty for less than one year. [13]

There have been moves to ban squatting. In 1978, the Council of Churches launched a protest which scotched the idea. In June 2006 two ministers from the Dutch government (Sybilla Dekker and Piet Hein Donner) proposed a plan to make squatting illegal. The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a Jan Pieter Hendrik Donner (born 20 October 1948 in Amsterdam) is Dutch Minister of Social Affairs and Employment in the [14] Other ministers, such as Alexander Pechtold, were not in favor of this plan. Alexander Pechtold (born December 16 1965) is a Dutch Politician. Representatives of the four largest Dutch cities wrote a letter stating that it would not be in their interest to ban squatting. [15] Squatters nationwide made banners and hung them on their squats in protest. [16]

Spain

Famous okupas squat near Parc Guell, overlooking Barcelona − the Bloques Fantasmas close to kasa de la Muntanya.
Famous okupas squat near Parc Guell, overlooking Barcelona − the Bloques Fantasmas close to kasa de la Muntanya.

Squatting became popular in Spain in the 1960s and 1970s, as a result of the shortage of urban accommodation during the rural exodus. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It was revived in the mid-1980s during the La Movida Madrileña, under the name of the okupa movement, when thousands of illegal squats were legalized. La Movida Madrileña ( English: The Madrilenian groove) was a sociocultural movement that took place in Madrid during the first ten years after the Influenced by the British Levellers, the movement's popularity rose again during the 1990s, once more due to a housing crisis, this time related to the 1992 Summer Olympics and the concomitant urban regeneration. The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Barcelona, Property speculation and house price inflation continue to catalyze okupa activism. Speculation, in a financial context is making an investment that increases the overall risk in a portfolio In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change [17]

Related to the anarchist movement, okupas support the ideal of Autogestion and create social centers, which carry out various grassroots activities. Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production For other meanings see Grass roots (disambiguation. A grassroots movement (often referenced in the context of a Political movement The okupa movement represents a highly politicized form of squatting, so much so that participants often claim they live in squats as a form of political protest first and foremost. [18]The movement is involved in various other social struggles, including the alter-globalization movement. Alter-globalisation (or Alter-mondialization from the French altermondialisme) is the name of a Social movement whose political line is close to Anti-globalization In 1996, during José María Aznar's presidency, the first specific legislation against squatting was passed and became the prelude to many squat evictions. (born 25 February 1953 served as the Prime Minister of Spain from 1996 to 2004 In the barrio of Lavapiés in Madrid, the Eskalera Karakola was a feminist self-managed squat, which was active from 1996 to 2005 and participated in the nextGENDERation network. Lavapiés is a Barrio of the city of Madrid, centred on Plaza de Lavapiés Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Eskalera Karakola is a squat in Madrid, which is held by Feminists and works on Autogestion principles Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate [19]

As of 2007 there were approximately 200 occupied houses in Barcelona. At least 45 of these, as Infousurpa, a collective event calendar mentions, are used as social and cultural centers – so called "open houses". [20] A number of popular rock groups have come out of this kind of venue, such as Sin Dios in Madrid and Ojos de Brujo in Barcelona. Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. A musical ensemble is a group of two or more Musicians who perform instrumental or vocal Music. Sin Dios (English Godless) is a hardcore / Anarcho-punk band from Spain that formed in 1988 in Madrid. Ojos de Brujo ("Wizard Eyes" in English) is a nine-piece band from Barcelona, Spain, who describe their style as "jipjop

The Basque Country is another area where a high number of houses are occupied. The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. There are at least 46 squats or gaztetxes ("youth's houses" in the Basque language). Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain [21] During the 80s a house was occupied by squatters in almost every town and the booming punk movement used them to organize concert tours, and expositions. The punk subculture is based around Punk rock. It emerged from the larger Rock music scene in the mid-to-late-1970s in the United Kingdom, the United During the last 10 years, at least 15 gaztetxes have closed down, often after protests and clashes with the police [22]. The most well-known gaztetxe currently is from Gasteiz. Squatting has always been related with the Basque independence movement.

Kasa de la Muntanya, Barcelona-Vallcarca

C. S. A. Can Vies, Barcelona-Sants

Casa sense nom and Atteneu popular de l'eixample, Barcelona-La Sagrada Familia

Ruïna Amàlia, Barcelona

Bahía, Barcelona-Sants

Bahía

Switzerland

There are squats in the Swiss cities of Berne, Geneva, Winterthur, Lausanne and Zürich. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The city of Berne or Bern (, Berne, Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the Bundesstadt ( Federal Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Winterthur (pronounced Ger /vɪntərtur/ Eng /tʊər/ is a city in the canton of Zurich in northern Switzerland. Lausanne ( pronounced, Losanna is a city in Romandy, the French -speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the

The RHINO ("Retour des Habitants dans les Immeubles Non-Occupés"; in English, "Return of Inhabitants to Non-Occupied Buildings") was a 19 year long squat in Geneva. RHINO was a famous Squat in Geneva, Switzerland It occupied two buildings on the Boulevard des Philosophes in downtown Geneva a few blocks away from the main Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking It occupied two buildings on the Boulevard des Philosophes, a few blocks away from the main campus of the University of Geneva. The University of Geneva (Université de Genève is a university in Geneva, Switzerland. The RHINO organisation often faced legal troubles, and Geneva police evicted the inhabitants on July 23, 2007. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [23]

United Kingdom

The "Square Occupied Social Centre" [1], a squat in Russell Square.
The "Square Occupied Social Centre" [1], a squat in Russell Square. Russell Square is a large garden square in Bloomsbury, in the London Borough of Camden.

England and Wales

In England and Wales, the term 'squatting' usually refers to occupying an empty house in a city. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The owner of the house must go through various legal proceedings before evicting squatters. Eviction is the removal of a Tenant from rental property by the Landlord. Squatting is regarded in law as a civil, not a criminal, matter. Civil law, as opposed to Criminal law, refers to that branch of Law dealing with disputes between Individuals and/or Organizations, in which The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different Jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential [24] However, if there is evidence of forced entry then this is regarded as trespass and the police have the powers to remove the occupants. Forcible entry is defined by Mirriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law as the unlawful taking of possession of real property by force or threats of force or unlawful entry Trespass (Fr trespas a crime properly a stepping across from Lat If the squatter legally occupies the house, then the owner must prove in court that they have a right to live in the property and that the squatter does not, while the squatter has the opportunity to claim there is not sufficient proof or that the proper legal steps have not been taken. In order to occupy a house legally, a squatter must have exclusive access to that property, that is, be able to open and lock an entrance. The property should be secure in the same way as a normal residence, with no broken windows or locks.

In 2003, it was estimated that there were 15,000 squatters in England and Wales. [25]

The legal process of eviction can take a month or longer, perhaps even years. This is what happens when the property is owned by a council or a housing association. A city council is a form of Local government, usually covering a City or other Urban area, such as a Town. Housing associations in the United Kingdom are independent not-for-profit bodies that provide low-cost "social housing" for people in housing Private landlords have been known to use various intimidatory methods to convince a squatter to move out or indeed, to pay squatters to leave. Landlord is the owner of a House, Apartment, Condominium, or Real estate which is rented or Leased to an individual or business

Local Authority Housing Departments, facing rising court costs when evicting squatters, often resort to taking out the plumbing and toilets in empty buildings to deter squatters.

To show that the occupier of the squatted building is in fact in physical possession of the property, squatters often put up a legal warning known as a 'Section 6', a copy of which is often displayed on the front door. [26] Doing so attempts to claim that there are people living there and they have a legal right to be there. It also claims that anyone — even the technical owner of the property — who tries to enter the building without permission is committing an offence. These claims are fallible following amendments to the law in 1994. [27]

Some properties are still occupied by squatters who have resisted eviction for 20 years. Squatters have a right to claim ownership of a dwelling after 12 years of having lived there if no one else claims it, by adverse possession under common law. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive In practice this can be difficult, since the squatter must prove in a court of law that he or she has lived in the building continuously for the whole 10 years. A court is a forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour administrative and criminal Justice under its For example, St Agnes Place in London had been lived in for 30 years until 29 November 2005, when Lambeth Council evicted the entire street. St Agnes Place was a squatted street in Kennington, South London, which resisted Eviction orders for more than 30 years London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The London Borough of Lambeth ( is a London borough in South London, England and forms part of Inner London. [28] The law of adverse possession has been fundamentally altered following the passing of the Land Registration Act 2002. The Land Registration Act 2002 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which repealed and replaced previous legislation governing Land registration In effect, after 10 years of actual physical possession, a squatter must apply to the Land Registry to have their title recognised as the owner in fee simple. In Law, land registration is a system by which the Ownership of estates in land, is recorded and registered usually by Government, in order Fee simple is an estate in land in Common law. It is the most common way Real estate is owned in common law countries and is ordinarily the most The original owner of the property will receive notification from the Land Registry and will be able to defeat the application by simple objection. Obviously, this will seriously curtail the ability of squatters to claim adverse possession.

In London, a group called the Advisory Service for Squatters runs a volunteer service helping squatters. The Advisory Service for Squatters (ASS is a Non-profit group based in London, UK, run by Volunteers which aims to provide practical advice It publishes the Squatters' Handbook.

The most empty homes in the UK are in Birmingham (17,490), Liverpool (15,692) and Manchester (14,017). Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary North West England has the most empty homes (135,106), which is close to 5% of its housing. North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. The fewest empty homes are in South East England and East Anglia, but there are currently thousands of empty homes in London, as house prices are soaring above the level of income that most people earn. South East England is one of the nine official Regions of England. East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles.

History

In 1649 at Saint George's Hill, Walton-on-Thames in Surrey, Gerrard Winstanley and others calling themselves The True Levellers occupied disused 'common land' and cultivated it collectively in the hope that their actions would inspire other poor people to follow their lead. Walton-On-Thames is a Town in the Elmbridge borough of Surrey in South East England. Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. Gerrard Winstanley ( 1609 - September 10, 1676) was an English Protestant religious reformer and political activist during the The Diggers were an English group begun by Gerrard Winstanley as True Levellers in 1649, who became known as "Diggers" Common land (a common) is a piece of land owned by one person but over which other people can exercise certain traditional rights such as allowing their livestock to graze Gerrard Winstanley stated that "the poorest man hath as true a title and just right to the land as the richest man". [29] While the True Levellers, later more commonly known as the Diggers, were not perhaps the first squatters in England their story illustrates the heritage of squatting as a form of radical direct action.

More recently there was a huge squatting movement involving ex-servicemen and their families following World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including This involved thousands of people occupying sites as diverse as former military bases and luxury apartment blocks in West London. Etymology The word bases is first recorded in English language from c A tower block, block of flats, or apartment block, is a multi-unit High-rise Apartment building. West London is the area of Greater London to the west of Central London. [30]

The 1960s saw the development of the Family Squatting Movement which sought to mobilise people to take control of empty properties and use them to house homeless families from the Council Housing Waiting List. The council house is a form of public or social housing in the United Kingdom. This movement was originally based in London (where Ron Bailey and Jim Radford were instrumental in helping to establish family squatting campaigns in several London boroughs) and several local Family Squatting Associations signed agreements with Borough Councils to use empty properties under licence (although only after some lengthy and bitter campaigns had been fought — most particularly in the Boroughs of Redbridge and Southwark). The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs. A borough is an Administrative division of various countries In principle the term borough designates a self-governing Township although in practice The London Borough of Redbridge ( is a London borough in north east London, England and forms part of Outer London. The London Borough of Southwark ( is a London borough in south east London, England.

In 1969 members of the London Street Commune squatted a mansion at 144 Piccadilly in central London to highlight the issue of homelessness but were quickly evicted. The London Street Commune was a movement formed during the 1960s in London. [31]

In the early seventies Ron Bailey and Jim Radford were closely involved in founding the Family Squatting Advisory Service which promoted and provided information for Family Squatting Associations and direct action Housing Campaigns. However, there was a growing conflict between the original activists of the Family Squatting Movement and a newer wave of squatters who simply rejected the right of landlords to charge rent and who believed (or claimed to) that seizing property and living rent-free was a revolutionary political act. These new wave squatters (often young and single rather than homeless families) were a mixture of Anarchists, Trotskyists — the International Marxist Group (IMG) being especially prominent — and self-proclaimed hippie-dropouts and they denounced the idea that squatters should seek to make agreements with local Councils to use empty property and that Squatting Associations should then become landlords (or Self Help Housing Associations as they were sometimes styled) in their own right and charge rent. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. See also the International Marxist Group (Germany. The International Marxist Group (IMG was a Trotskyist Political party The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world Dropping out means leaving a group for either practical reasons necessities or disillusionment with the system from which the individual in question leaves Lease Renting is an agreement where a payment is made for the temporary

In 1979 there were estimated to be 50,000 squatters throughout Britain, with the majority (30,000) living in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [32] There was a London's Squatters' Union in which Piers Corbyn was involved. Piers Richard Corbyn (born 10 March 1947 is in the meteorological community a maverick British weather forecaster and consultant and owner of the business For eighteen months it was housed at Huntley Street, where over 150 people lived in 52 flats. The Union organised festivals and provided homes for the homeless. [33]

Scotland

Squatting is a criminal offence in Scotland, punishable by a fine or even imprisonment. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The owner or lawful occupier of the property has the right to eject squatters without notice or applying to the court for an eviction order, although when evicting they cannot do anything that would break the law, for example use violence. [34]

North America

Mexico

In Mexico squatters are known as paracaidistas (that is, paratroopers, because they "drop" themselves mostly at unoccupied lands), and it is a common practice in large cities. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Paratroopers are Soldiers trained in Parachuting and generally operate as part of an airborne force. Since the most valuable real property is located near the downtowns of the cities, the paracaidistas usually establish slums at unoccupied lands at the outskirts of the cities. Since Mexican laws establish that an individual may take legal possession of a property after 5 years of peaceful occupation, many paracaidistas establish themselves with the hope that the legitimate owner will not discover them and expel them before 5 years. Large extensions of many Mexican cities were established originally as squats (for example, Nezahualcoyotl, in Mexico City). Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl (aka Ciudad Neza is a city and seat of the municipality of Mexico State adjacent to the northeast corner of Mexico Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico

United States of America

In the United States, squatting laws vary from state to state and city to city. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For the most part it is rarely tolerated to any degree for long, particularly in cities. Laws based on a contract ownership interpretation of property make it easy for deed holders to evict squatters under loitering or trespassing laws. Loitering (ˈlɔɪtərɪŋ is an Intransitive verb meaning to stand idly to stop numerous times or to delay and procrastinate [35] The situation is more complicated for legal residents who fail to make rent or mortgage payments, but the result is largely the same. A mortgage is the pledging of a property to a Lender as a security for a Mortgage loan.

Most squatting in the US is dependent on law enforcement and the person legally considered to be owner of the property being unaware of the occupants. Often the most important factors in the longevity of squats in the US are apathy of the owner and the likeliness of neighbors to call police. This was not always the case, particularly in the era of Westward expansion, wherein the Federal government specifically recognized the rights of squatters. This is a simplified list of United States territorial acquisitions, beginning with American independence. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. For example, see the Preemption Act of 1841. The Preemption Act of 1841 (27 Cong Ch 16 5 Stat 453 was a United States federal law approved by the U

The United States Homestead Act legally recognized the concept of homesteading and distinguished it from squatting since it gave homesteaders permission to occupy unclaimed lands. The' Homestead Act' was a United States Federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to 160 Acres (one quarter section or about 65 Hectares Broadly defined homesteading is a lifestyle of simple agrarian Self-sufficiency. Additionally, US states which have a shortage of housing tend to tolerate squatters in property awaiting redevelopment until the developer is ready to begin work; however, at that point the laws tend to be enforced. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government

Squats used for living in can be divided into two types (although they are not absolutes): So-called "back window squats" (the most common type, in which occupants sneak in and out of the building with the intent of hiding that they live there), and "front door squats" (where the occupants make little or no effort to conceal their comings and goings). Many squats may start out as one or the other and then change over time. Frequently squatters will move in and then later assess how open they can be about their activities before they approach the neighbors; others will not move into a place until they have first met and discussed the idea with the neighbors. The difference between the two types can be signs of vast differences in philosophies of squatting and its purpose, how long the occupants plan to be around, and on the atmosphere of the neighborhood, among many other factors.

Squatters can be young people living in punk houses or low-income or homeless people, as observed in Philadelphia. A punk house is a dwelling occupied by individuals that can be identified as members of the Punk subculture. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə [36] A group called Homes Not Jails advocates squatting houses to end the problem of homelessness. Homes Not Jails is an American organization which describes itself as "an autonomous group of individuals whose mission is to end Homelessness and abolish the It has opened "about 500 houses, 95% of which have lasted six months or less. In a few cases, [these] squats have lasted for two, three or even six years. "[37]

In common law, through the legally recognized concept of adverse possession, a squatter can became a bona fide owner of property without compensation to the owner. In Common law, adverse possession is the process by which title to another's Real property is acquired without compensation, by as the name
In early 2008, Cleveland, Ohio began recognizing hundreds of homeless people taking shelter in foreclosed homes. Foreclosure is the legal proceeding in which a mortgagee, or other Lienholder, usually a lender obtains a court ordered termination of a mortgagor

New York City

In New York City, homeless people squatting in underground spaces such as Freedom Tunnel have come to be known as Mole People. The City of New York Homelessness is the condition and social category of people who lack housing because they cannot afford or are otherwise unable to maintain regular safe and adequate shelter The Freedom Tunnel is the name given by urban explorers, Graffiti artists and a handful of Homeless people to the Amtrak tunnel under Riverside They were the subject of an award-winning documentary called Dark Days. Dark Days is a documentary made by Marc Singer, a British filmmaker

It is estimated that in the 1990s there were between 500 and 1,000 squatters occupying 32 buildings on Manhattan's Lower East Side. The Lower East Side is a Neighborhood in the southeastern part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. The buildings had been abandoned as a result of speculation by owners or police raids as part of a crackdown on drug use. [38] As the area became gentrified, the squats were evicted, Dos Blockos being one. Dos Blockos was a squat situated at East 9th Street 713 in Manhattan, New York City. Three buildings on 13th Street were evicted without notification following a prolonged legal battle in which the squatters argued through their lawyer Stanley Cohen that they were entitled to ownership of the buildings through adverse possession since they had lived there since 1983. [39] In 1995 a preliminary injunction had been granted against the eviction plans, but this was overturned by state appellate. [40]

Despite squatting being illegal, artists had begun to squat buildings to live in and use as atelier space. European squatters coming to New York brought ideas of cooperative living with them such as a bar, support between squats, and tool exchange. [41]

In 2002, eleven squats out of the twelve remaining on the Lower East Side signed a deal with the city council brokered by the Urban Homesteading Assistance Board in which they bought the buildings for $1 and agreed to undertake essential renovation work. [42] One of the squats is C-Squat another is the social center ABC No Rio, which was founded in 1980. C Squat is a squat located at 155 Avenue C in the Lower East Side of Manhattan New York City, in an area called Loisaida. ABC No Rio is a Social center located at 156 Rivington street in New York City 's Lower East Side that was founded in 1980

South America

Around many South American cities there are shanty towns. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Shanty towns (also called Squatter camps or Favelas are settlements (sometimes illegal or unauthorized of impoverished people who live in improvised Sometimes the authorities tear the houses down, but often the squatters simply rebuild again. The houses are built out of whatever material can be scavenged from the local area or bought cheaply. As time goes by, the squatters start to form communities and become more established. The houses are rebuilt piece by piece with more durable materials. In some cases, a deal is reached with the authorities and connections for sewage, drinking water, cable television and electricity are made.

In Peru, the name given to the squatter settlements is pueblos jóvenes. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Literally meaning "young towns" pueblos jóvenes is the nickname given to the vast Shanty towns that surround Lima and other cities of Peru In Venezuela, they are called barrios and in Argentina the term used is villa miseria. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Barrio is a Spanish word meaning District or Neighborhood. The Word has come into use in English mostly through the large For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Vista Riachuelo desde Puente Boschjpg|thumb|240px| Villa miseria along the Riachuelo, on Buenos Aires' industrial southern edge

Brazil

A favela in Rio de Janeiro
A favela in Rio de Janeiro

In Brazil, these squatter communities are called favelas and a famous example is Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro, estimated to be home of 500,000 people. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Favela (Portuguese and Spanish for slum) is a specifically Brazilian word for a Shanty town. Rocinha (literally Portuguese for small ranch) is the largest Favela in Brazil Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil Favelas are home to the extremely poor of Brazil. They lack much infrastructure and public services. They are equivalent to slums or shanty towns. There are 25 million people living in favelas all over Brazil. [43]

In São Paulo, the largest favela is Heliópolis and there is also a 22 story squatted highrise building called Prestes Maia. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world Heliópolis is a neighborhood in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The Prestes Maia, is by far the largest squatted highrise building on the South American continent

There are also rural squatter movements, such as the Landless Workers' Movement which has an estimated 1. Brazil 's Landless Workers Movement, or in Portuguese Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST is the largest Social movement in 5 million members.

Social centers

In Europe, it is common for buildings to be squatted to be used as social centres. Social Centers are Community spaces They are buildings which are used for a range of disparate activities which can be linked only by virtue of being Not-for-profit Cafés, bars, libraries, free shops, swaps shops and gyms have all been created, with many squats also holding parties and concerts. A free party is a party " free " from the restrictions of the legal club scene which typically involves a sound system playing electronic dance music from Social centers are often a combination of many things that happen in one space with the aim of creating a space for people to meet in a non-commercial setting, whether it be for a party, political workshop, to see a film, have a drink or have breakfast. There are many squatted social centers around the world but they exist mainly in countries where squatting is legal. Examples include Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus in Austria, the RampART Social Centre in England, OT301 in the Netherlands and Ungdomshuset in Denmark (evicted on the 1 March 2007 and demolished four days later). The Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus ( EKH) is a building in Vienna 's 10th district Favoriten. OT301 used to be a Squat in the Dutch city of Amsterdam which is located on Overtoom 301 Ungdomshuset (literally "the Youth House" was the popular name of the building formally named Folkets Hus ("House of the People" located on Jagtvej 69 in The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Notable and well known squats

A squat in Viladecans (Barcelona)
A squat in Viladecans (Barcelona)
A squat in Zagreb (Zagreb)
A squat in Zagreb (Zagreb)

Austria

Belgium

Brazil

Canada

Croatia

Denmark

Finland

Germany

Greece

Italy

Lithuania

Mozambique

Netherlands

Norway

Philippines

Slovenia

Spain

Switzerland

The Chien Rouge in Lausanne, a squat held in the old hospital
The Chien Rouge in Lausanne, a squat held in the old hospital

United Kingdom

United States

Well-known squatters

See also

References

  1. ^ Neuwirth, R (2004) Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, A New Urban World, Routledge ISBN 0415933196
  2. ^ Ed. The Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign is a popular movement made up of poor and oppressed communities in Cape Town, South Africa Wates and Wolmar (1980) Squatting: The Real Story (Bay Leaf Books) ISBN 0950725900
  3. ^ Living amidst the rubbish of Kenya's slum
  4. ^ Informal settlements in South Africa
  5. ^ [Western Cape Housing Crisis: Writings on Joe Slovo and Delft http://westerncapeantieviction.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/joeslovo_delft-leggasick.pdf]
  6. ^ Pages 110-114 Neuwirth, R (2004) Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, A New Urban World, Routledge ISBN 0415933196
  7. ^ Pruijt H Squatting in Europe - English version of Pruijt, H. , 2004, Okupar en Europa, in Miguel Martínez Lopez and Ramón Adell (eds) ¿Dónde están las llaves? El movimiento okupa: prácticas y contextos sociales, Madrid, La Catarata, 35-60 Available online
  8. ^ Wiegand E. (2004) Trespass at Will: Squatting as Direct Action, Human Right & Justified Theft (LiP Magazine)
  9. ^ Pruijt H Squatting in Europe - English version of Pruijt, H. , 2004, Okupar en Europa, in Miguel Martínez Lopez and Ramón Adell (eds) ¿Dónde están las llaves? El movimiento okupa: prácticas y contextos sociales, Madrid, La Catarata, 35-60 Available online
  10. ^ Politie hervat ontruiming Fort Pannerden
  11. ^ Fort Pannerden voorlopig niet ontruimd
  12. ^ Fort Pannerden blijft voorlopig
  13. ^ Pruijt H (2003) Is the institutionalization of urban movements inevitable? A comparison of the opportunities for sustained squatting in New York City and Amsterdam in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 27, nr. 1 Available online
  14. ^ Kraken wordt strafbaar
  15. ^ Grote steden tegen verbod op kraken
  16. ^ Landelijke spandoekenaktie kraakverbod
  17. ^ The 'success' of Barcelona
  18. ^ CASA Participants 2005
  19. ^ nextGENDERation network
  20. ^ Infousurpa – Butlleti setmanal de contr@informació des del 1996. Nr. 486, 11 to 17 July 2007 (collective, weekly updated event calendar of 45 occupied houses in Barcelona; hanging out in occupied houses)
  21. ^ http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaztetxe
  22. ^ YouTube - Desalojo del gaztetxe Euskal Jai en Iruña
  23. ^ Eviction of squatters from SwissInfo
  24. ^ Anonymous, (12th edition, 2004)Squatter's Handbook, Advisory Service for Squatters ISBN 0950776955
  25. ^ Fallon A Squatters are back, and upwardly mobile in The Independent on Sunday October 12, 2003
  26. ^ The Section 6 Legal Warning
  27. ^ Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
  28. ^ 'Oldest squat' residents evicted
  29. ^ Ed. Wates and Wolmar (1980)Squatting: The Real Story (Bay Leaf Books) ISBN 0950725900
  30. ^ Ed. Wates and Wolmar (1980)Squatting: The Real Story (Bay Leaf Books) ISBN 0950725900
  31. ^ Police storm squat in Piccadilly News On This Day September 21 1969
  32. ^ Kearns, K (1979) Intraurban Squatting in London, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Dec. 1979), pp. 589-598
  33. ^ Etoe, C Empty again, the squat attacked by bulldozers Camden New Journal August 21 2003
  34. ^ Squatting
  35. ^ Pruijt H (2003) Is the institutionalization of urban movements inevitable? A comparison of the opportunities for sustained squatting in New York City and Amsterdam in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 27, nr. 1 Available online
  36. ^ Conley, Brooke. Claiming Place: Squatter Movements in Berlin and Philadelphia Thesis abstract, Bryn Mawr, 2001
  37. ^ Wiegand E. (2004) Trespass at Will: Squatting as Direct Action, Human Right & Justified Theft (LiP Magazine)
  38. ^ Neuwirth R Squatters' Rites in City Limits Magazine (September/October 2002) Available online
  39. ^ Lueck T Police Evict Squatters From Three City-Owned Tenements in the East Village in The New York Times August 14, 1996 Available online
  40. ^ Ciezadlo A Squatters' Rites: Taking Liberties - A Brief History of New York City's Squats in City Limits Magazine Available online
  41. ^ Pruijt H (2003) Is the institutionalization of urban movements inevitable? A comparison of the opportunities for sustained squatting in New York City and Amsterdam in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 27, nr. 1 Available online
  42. ^ Neuwirth R Squatters' Rites in City Limits Magazine (September/October 2002) Available online
  43. ^ Neuwirth, R (2004) Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, A New Urban World, Routledge ISBN 0415933196
  44. ^ The Robert Louis Stevenson Silverado Museum
  45. ^ Squat 'n' roll hero
  46. ^ The Dope on The Sex Pistols
  47. ^ Gerard Winstanley: 17th Century Communist at Kingston (Christopher Hill, 1996)

Further reading

External links

Dictionary

squatting

-noun

  1. The act or general practice of occupying a building or land illegally.

-verb

  1. Present participle of squat.
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